Areas of Practice (12%) Flashcards

Question

What are the three neighborhood sizes?

Answer 1

1. Face Block (small) 2. Residential neighborhood (cluster of face blocks) 3. Institutional neighborhood

Answer 2

(neighborhood size = small) all lots on a block fronting on a public or private street - both sides of a street and the houses facing it. Traffic impacts the level of connection on a street. - Donald Appleyard

Answer 3

he wrote several books including: - The View from the Road (1963), - Planning a Pluralistic City (1967), - The Conservation of European Cities (1979), - Improving the Residential Street Environment (1981), - and Livable Streets (1981).

Answer 4

a cluster of face blocks and they're all connected to each other

Answer 5

Several residential neighborhoods that encompass a larger catchment area of an institution like a school system or hospital.

Answer 6

The face-block neighborhood refers to two sides of a street on one or two blocks while a residential neighborhood is larger and consists of a cluster of face-block neighborhoods.

Answer 7

- Elevation - Plan - Section - Isometric Drawing (good for 3D review)

Answer 8

maps out all soil types in your state or county developed by the National Resources Conservation Service distributed by the USDA

Answer 9

Identifies land that has at least a 1% chance of flooding in any given year. The 1-percent annual chance flood is also referred to as the base flood or 100-year flood. Can be used as a base map. Special Flood Hazard Area delineated on this map = high-risk zone

Answer 10

USGS Topographic Map has contour lines. Boundaries are indicated with different dashed lines. Roads and highways also indicated. Not really used for site planning because the scale is too large to show enough detail on a particular site.

Answer 11

A topo map with a scale of 1:24,000

Answer 12

eg. Google Earth and google maps uses orthoimagery data combines visual attributes of an aerial photograph with spatial accuracy and reliability of a planimetric map. USGS maintains these maps; high-resolution data. The USGS National Map is available online.

Answer 13

involves the creation of maps that show only the horizontal position of features on the Earth's surface. high-resolution satellite imagery or aerial photographs; this map depicts features horizontally and vertically and the accurate distances between them 3D planimetric data is useful in many ways for spatial analysis.

Answer 14

The majority of the land in the US was laid out and partitioned under the US Public Land Survey after the US reached independence in the late 1700s. The idea was to dispose of the land quickly in the West. Logical, orderly system to parceling out land in the US.

Answer 15

Every jurisdiction is different but they usually include: 1. Location map 2. Site plan 3. Grading plan 4. Zoning, setbacks, parking 5. Drainage system (no financial information or demographics)

Answer 16

APA did a color study in 1994 and came up with land-based classification standards/a land-use color coding standard. There's a different color for each land use.

Answer 17

Scale: 1:24,000 Not useful for site planning because the scale is too large to be detailed enough for site planning.

Answer 18

Sustainability is about not compromising resources needed in the future. Resiliency goes beyond sustainability to address systems that have already been compromised. There is overlap in indicators in sustainable and resilient cities though. Resiliency is a key principle in defending the need for urban sustainability.

Answer 19

Providing for the needs of the present without compromising resources needed to meet future needs.

Answer 20

Mitigation is the reduction of greenhouse gases, for example. Adaptation is about confronting the impacts of climate change rather than actually reducing greenhouse gases. From a planning perspective, we should be doing both.

Answer 21

Carbon neutrality. focused on ENERGY USE, not on building design. a greenhouse gas strategy where you want to have a net zero carbon footprint - balancing carbon released with an equivalent amount that is offset. A Net Zero building produces as much energy (or more) than it uses. a concept that comes up in sustainability

Answer 22

Recommendation is an R rating of 49 in Northern climates. The R rating is even better than increasing the energy efficiency of appliances.

Answer 23

LEED building ratings of various kinds about building design.

Answer 24

Carbon neutral/net zero focus on energy use of the building while a green building is more concerned about building design.

Answer 25

involves greenhouse gas emissions, understanding what the inventory is, what the targets are for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Typically about: -promoting land use patterns that might reduce VMT -promoting multimodal transportation systems -regulation of utilities to require efficiency -newer plans cover hazards management issues like permafrost thawing in Alaska or saltwater intrusion in Florida

Answer 26

A building that produces as much energy as it uses in a given time period.

Answer 27

1. Disposal 2. Recycling 3. Recovery 4. Diversion

Answer 28

Recovery is about energy recovery from incineration or landfill gas or extraction from advanced processing.

Answer 29

Diversion is about diverting waste from disposal, landfill, and incineration. Disposal prevention by reuse or recycling or composting.

Answer 30

-public safety & health -waste prevention/reduction -clean air, water, and land -polluter pays -cost minimization

Answer 31

-post-care of closed facilities -long-term monitoring of facilities -material mgmt and resource planning -generational equity -job creation -self-reliance

Answer 32

1. Environmentally Responsible 2. Socially Accountable 3. Economically Efficient

Answer 33

Land use patterns

Answer 34

Transportation and parking policies

Answer 35

Because it decreases commuting.

Answer 36

-Preservation of historic buildings -Green building standards -Range of housing opportunities -Renewables -Encourage development where there are not hazards -Water conservation -Growing food for local consumption -Centralized facilities equipped with communications -Sea level is rising -Cap and trade system for carbon emissions

Answer 37

Green spaces are natural carbon sinks.

Answer 38

important tools that help communities anticipate and respond to a wide range of possibilities resulting from climate change - very proactive.

Answer 39

1. Size 2. Economy 3. Ecosystem

Answer 40

A system that limits total emissions from a group of emitters by setting a “cap” on maximum emissions. A market-based policy to reduce overall emissions of pollutants and encourage business investment in fossil fuel alternatives and energy efficiency.

Answer 41

Mostly provided on land that is privately owned. 56% of US forest land is privately owned.

Answer 42

1. Supporting 2. Provisioning 3. Regulating 4. Cultural

Answer 43

ecosystem services not used directly by people, but which are necessary for all other ecosystem services Eg. soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient and water cycling

Answer 44

products produced by ecosystems that are used by or directly impact human populations Eg. food, fuel, and fresh water

Answer 45

relate to ecosystem process regulation: pollination, air quality, climate, and water

Answer 46

human benefits obtained through ecosystem services like cultural diversity, recreational opportunities, or aesthetic amenities

Answer 47

1. Land acquisition (the purchase of land for conservation or management by local gov't, land trust, or conservancy) 2. Conservations easements (where the owner keeps the property in private ownership but development is prohibited or certain uses are restricted) 3. Tax incentives (tax abatements and tax credits that landowners can take - eg. a deduction of 50 percent of their income for donating a conservation easement for 15 years OR qualifying farmers and ranchers can deduct up to 100 percent of their income) 4. Sustainable land management programs (promote ongoing mgmt of resources for productive use. Eg. the U.S. Forest Service’s Forest Stewardship Program provides assistance to landowners through the state and private forestry program to promote land stewardship and agroforestry practices for long-term sustainability)

Answer 48

Climate change can be addressed through compact housing design, preservation of existing housing stock, and a provision of a range of housing opportunities.

Answer 49

Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) are regional planning agencies that are almost exclusively planning and programming entities. It is up to cities, counties, transit agencies, and state DOTs to implement the plans of the MPOs.

Answer 50

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) per capita. VMT is calculated as the total annual miles of vehicle travel divided by the total population in a state.

Answer 51

Bus transportation is better because: -it requires less government subsidy (it is profitable) -it has MUCH less VOC emissions -it has MUCH less carbon dioxide emissions. -fare is cheaper and more scheduling options anyway I'd be interested to know what is better in comparing Amtrak to surface travel by car.

Answer 52

According to the 2021 U.S. Department of Energy Data Book, Amtrak is 46% more energy efficient than traveling by car and 34% more energy efficient than domestic air travel.

Answer 53

Level of Service - relevant most often as it relates to transportation/traffic service

Answer 54

Free flow of traffic with low traffic volume and high speeds. Best LOS!

Answer 55

Reasonably free stable flow of traffic, with a high degree of freedom to select speed

Answer 56

Restricted stable flow of traffic, with significant interactions with others in the traffic stream; declining general level of comfort and convenience. Mostly stable but speed and maneuverability are somewhat constricted by volume of cars on the road.

Answer 57

Approaching unstable flow. High density traffic flow where speed and freedom to maneuver are severely restricted. Flow is stable but comfort and convenience have declined.

Answer 58

Unstable flow of traffic at or near capacity with poor levels of comfort and convenience. 2nd to worst LOS.

Answer 59

The Worst LOS. Forced or breakdown flow of traffic. Constant traffic jam stop-and-go. Poor travel times. Low comfort and convenience. Increased accident exposure.

Answer 60

the number of vehicles passing through an intersection divided by the number of vehicles it's designed to handle

Answer 61

Used in mathematical traffic/transportation planning model. TAZ is the area to be studied, divided into zones. Each zone is identified as producing or attracting trips. Defined by Census Bureau/data. Very similar to Census tracts. Might be used in employment projections - tabulating traffic-related data–especially journey-to-work and place-of-work statistics

Answer 62

Trip distribution refers to the number of trips originating and ending at place to place. the estimation of the # of vehicles that travel from one location to another. Eg. you are considering how to create an appropriate mix of land uses that would result in appropriate movement across the subarea. As part of this study, you need to understand how many vehicles will travel from one particular place to another place.

Answer 63

Travel demand models use current travel behavior to predict future travel patterns from a sample of travel behavior data. These are a critical tool for planners who use them to forecast the transportation needs of the communities they serve (predicts travel demand). Includes 4 steps.

Answer 64

1. Trip generation (volume of trip origins and destinations) 2. Trip distribution (across TAZs) 3. Modal split 4. Trip assignment - pathways used by each trip

Answer 65

Conducted to understand the pattern and distribution of daily vehicular trips. There are different spikes in vehicular use at different times of the day based on the type of trip (eg. commute, personal/family/shop, school/church, social/recreational) Non-work trips add to congestion.

Answer 66

An evaluation conducted by the DOT that responds to citizen concerns like traffic speed, volume, and type, and aggressive driving behaviors. Assessments are performed within defined geographic areas like blocks. Outcomes of this investigation may include a reduction in traffic speed or improved general safety for pedestrians and bicyclists.

Answer 67

(traffic calming tool) A curb extension! Usually at an intersection, that narrows the vehicular pathway to inhibit fast turns and shorten the crossing distance for pedestrians. Like the annoying ones they have in Allegheny Commons

Answer 68

(traffic calming tool) A series of fixed objects, usually extensions of the curb, which alter a straight roadway into a zigzag or serpentine path to slow vehicles.

Answer 69

(traffic calming tool) A narrowing of a fixed street, often in the middle of a block or near an intersection. A choker can be done with curb extensions, landscaping, or islands in the street. Chokers are curb extensions that narrow a street by widening the sidewalks or planting strips, effectively creating a pinch point along the street. Narrowing of the main road section is referred to as a “choke” or “mid-block crossing.”

Answer 70

1. Curb extensions 2. Landscaping 3. Islands in the street

Answer 71

Eg. raised intersections, speed bumps

Answer 72

Eg. Chicanes, traffic circles

Answer 73

Eg. Bulb-outs/neck-downs, and chokers/mid-block crossings Techniques that narrow points along the roadway so that drivers are forced to slow to negotiate the narrowed points.

Answer 74

a “choke” or “mid-block crossing” narrowing of the MAIN ROAD SECTION while a “neck-down” or “bulb-out" narrows at an intersection. The purpose fo both is to shorten pedestrian crossing distances and slow car traffic turning at intersections. Traffic calming methods that improve pedestrian safety.

Answer 75

No, on-street parking contributes to traffic calming.

Answer 76

Vertical traffic calming refers to things like raised intersections and speed bumps. Horizontal traffic calming refers to horizontal shifts like traffic circles. A horizontal deflection hinders the ability of a motorist to drive in a straight line by creating a horizontal shift in the roadway.

Answer 77

-Multi-modal/multi-user -Bike and pedestrian compatibility -Economic activity -Green infrastructure -Street furniture/pedestrian amenities (eg. trash receptacles)

Answer 78

Provide for streets to accommodate multiple users and goals. You want to be very integrative: thinking about goals of economic development and green ,

Answer 79

There is an oversupply of free parking (99% of parking is free in the US), which is making driving less expensive when we should not be subsidizing it.

Answer 80

1. understand sociodemographic trends 2. maximize infrastructure capacity 3. encourage multimodality 4. support econ dev goals 5. reduce fuel consumption/support climate action 6. raise environmental awareness 7. mitigate effects on low-income and minority populations 8. ensure affordable transportation access

Answer 81

1. Core and Incumbent Services model 2. Innovative Services model

Answer 82

public transit, car rental, taxis, shuttles, pedicabs, paratransit, limos

Answer 83

bikesharing, carsharing (eg. Zipcar), microtransit, P2P bikesharing, P2P vehicle sharing, ridesourcing, scooter sharing

Answer 84

microtransit is a flexible and dynamic demand-response mode of passenger transportation a form of bus demand responsive transport vehicle for hire with highly flexible routing using small-scale vehicles like shuttles, cars, minibuses Eg. UberPOOL

Answer 85

An act that was advancing the highway system through the US, motivated by Eisenhower and having it be the basis of national defense.

Answer 86

Presented as an intermodal approach to highway and transit funding about collaboration amongst planning agencies giving significant power to metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs). George Bush signed it into law, but it expired in 1997. It was followed by the Transportation Equity Act

Answer 87

This act followed Ice-Tea and is now expired.

Answer 88

APA refers to this as the first long-term transportation funding bill passed since 2005. APA labeled this act a "mixed bag." It allows cities and metropolitan areas to set their own street design standards for projects that are federally funded, but the APA was unhappy that it didn't raise the gas tax in order to fund transportation improvements.

Answer 89

user funding

Answer 90

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ("Ice-Tea")

Answer 91

While it allowed local planners to determine the street design standards for federally funded projects, it did not raise the gas tax in order to fund transportation improvements.

Answer 92

1. Utilities 2. Streets and roads 3. Communications 4. Public facilities

Answer 93

water, sewer, electric (power plants & transmission lines)

Answer 94

-Transportation Infrastructure -Broadband Infrastructure -Green Infrastructure -Funding Infrastructure (how it's funded) -Resilient Infrastructure

Answer 95

1. Serve multiple modes and types of infrastructure 2. There should be local visions and strong regional planning about how infrastructure should be developed. 3. Long-term funding sustainability of infrastructure should be addressed 4. Private sector investment and creativity should be harnessed to protect public interest. 5. Consider key factors of location 6. Promote access 7. Advance opportunity for all 8. Embrace and support innovation 9. Make communities safer and more resilient

Answer 96

1. Typical demand 2. Demand under worst case scenario (eg. fire or drought) 3. How will roadways be used in worst case scenario? 4. Sewer facilities and capacity - what is the depth and velocity of flow

Answer 97

Planners would consider: -Fire insurance ratings -Distance between the fire station and the development -Water pressure/availability

Answer 98

1. Cost effective 2. Integrated with gray infrastructure 2. Multifunctional (benefit flood control, reduce dependence on oil, and improve public health outcomes) 4. Lessen heat island effects

Answer 99

Gray infrastructure refers to structures such as dams, seawalls, roads, pipes, gutters, drains, dykes, levees, or water treatment plants. Historically, we use this gray human-engineered infrastructure for water resources such as water and wastewater treatment plants, pipelines, and reservoirs. Through massive feats of engineering, stormwater is directed away from certain locations and toward others. These change nature’s natural processes. Grey infrastructure typically refers to components of a centralized approach to water management.

Answer 100

Green infrastructure mimics nature and captures rainwater where it falls. Can include permeable pavement, rain gardens, bioretention cells (or bioswales), vegetative swales, infiltration trenches, green roofs, planter boxes, rainwater harvesting (rain barrels or cisterns), rooftop (downspout) disconnection, urban tree canopies/a row of trees along a major city street, greening an alleyway, acres of open park space outside a city center, or constructing a wetland near a residential housing complex.

Answer 101

Both are related to water management. Gray infrastructure is what we historically use for stormwater management to move it from one place to another. Green infrastructure mimics nature and more cost effectively manages stormwater. A Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies report on the Philippines concluded that in almost all scenarios, green infrastructure is more cost-effective than gray.

Answer 102

Stormwater runoff is a major cause of water pollution in urban areas. It carries trash, bacteria, heavy metals, and other pollutants through storm sewers into local waterways. Heavy rainstorms can also cause flooding that damages property and infrastructure.

Answer 103

A historic change in the US law governing communications that was enacted to ensure that advanced telecommunications are available to everybody - a policy of universal service. The FCC and the states are the regulatory bodies and implement this law. This act preempts local regulation of cell tower radio frequency emission effects, but requires zoning decisions be in writing and supported by substantial evidence.

Answer 104

Planners should be considerate of: 1. Production - efficiencies can reduce use of raw materials and energy 2. Consumption - consume less by replacing products with virtual goods 3. By-Products - monitor and manage the waste stream to reduce pollutants and reuse by-products of broadband communications

Answer 105

1. Depth of flow 2. Velocity of flow

Answer 106

Requires state and local government to plan for natural and human-induced disasters. State governments and cities are supposed to identify possible natural risks, assess impact, and prepare strategies.

Answer 107

These are plans that have been required since 2000 that plan is supposed to address issues of disaster mitigation. Supposed to be updated every 5 years. Includes a list of natural hazard mitigation actions that the community is intending to take (eg. how they will change building codes, restore natural function of a floodplain, etc..)

Answer 108

1. Required local governments to identify flood-prone areas. 2. Required a link between identifying these flood-prone areas and the ability to buy flood insurance. Some people are required to buy flood insurance if they live in certain areas designated on a FEMA flood map.

Answer 109

Every 5 years.

Answer 110

1. Identify flood-prone areas 2. Identify the link between living in a flood prone area and the ability to buy flood insurance.

Answer 111

Results from land runoff, precipitation, drainage, seepage - may be associated with a particular land use. Comes from many diffuse sources and covers a wide area. As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries away natural and human-made pollutants, finally depositing them into lakes, rivers, wetlands, coastal waters and ground waters. defined to mean any source of water pollution that does not meet the legal definition of "point source"

Answer 112

any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged. discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged Commonly from factories/industrial and sewage treatment plants. EPA defines point source pollution as any contaminant that enters the environment from an easily identified and confined place. Eg. smokestacks, discharge pipes, and drainage ditches.

Answer 113

-Fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides contain nitrates and phosphates (turns water green with algae) -Oil, grease and toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy production -Bacteria and nutrients from livestock, pet wastes and faulty septic systems -Salt from irrigation practices and acid drainage from abandoned mines

Answer 114

Smokestacks, discharge/sewer pipes, chemical factory, and drainage ditches. They come from a specific site.

Answer 115

40 decibels

Answer 116

120 db A really loud rock concert is about 130 db.

Answer 117

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 Created a process and funding pool to deal with the superfund sites (eg. Love Canal in New York) This Superfund used to be funded by a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided federal authority to respond to releases of these hazardous substances. The program has been underfunded. Cleanups have decreased to 8/1200 in 2014.

Answer 118

The Superfund bill, which identified Superfund sites.

Answer 119

She wrote Silent Spring in 1962 which was catalytic in generating public awareness about environmental issues in the 1960s. created the EPA after her book, that's how transformational it was.

Answer 120

NEPA is the National Policy Act of 1969. It requires federal agencies to prepare and Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for all major federal actions that may significantly affect quality of the human environment. President Nixon

Answer 121

Under NEPA, a federal agency must prepare an EIS when it determines that a proposed action may significantly affect the quality of the human environment. For example: -building an airport -the expansion of a mining operation -drilling for natural gas or clearing a forest to make room for a hydropower plant

Answer 122

Environmental Assessment (EA), which determines whether or not you have to do the EIS. If the EA determines that no significant impact is likely, the agency can release a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI).

Answer 123

It is a tool for decision-making. A detailed analysis of potential environmental impacts. There are four steps: 1. Notice of Intent (NOI) 2. Draft EIS 3. Final EIS 4. Record of Decision (ROD)

Answer 124

1. Notice of Intent (NOI) 2. Draft EIS 3. Final EIS 4. Record of Decision (ROD) filed

Answer 125

aka "bioswales" are broad, shallow, open channels topped with vegetation that collect stormwater and allows it to infiltrate into the ground. contoured land areas or ditches covered in plants or grass. They are designed to collect stormwater runoff.

Answer 126

land areas of either planted or indigenous vegetation, situated between a potential pollutant-source area and a surface-water body that receives runoff. so basically a bioswale intentionally placed near a pollutant source area to mitigate pollution effects.

Answer 127

Riparian buffers are vegetated areas ("buffer strips") near a stream, usually forested, which helps shade and partially protect the stream from the impact of adjacent land uses. It plays a key role in increasing water quality

Answer 128

Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires a permit be obtained from the Army Corp for the discharge of material. -US Army Corps of Engineers administers the program including permit decisions -EPA develops and interprets policy and guidance and environmental criteria -US Fish & Wildlife Service evaluates impacts in fish and wildlife The 404 permit process protects wetlands - which are essential to control nonpoint pollution because this slows the rate of surface water runoff and removes sediment and pollutants before reaching lakes and streams.

Answer 129

Federal Law covering the entire covering the entire country. States do much of the work to carry out the act. designed to curb four major threats to both the environment and public health: acid rain, urban smog, toxic air pollution and the hole in the Earth's ozone layer

Answer 130

a US state plan (1970s) for complying with the Clean Air Act Review and approval of the plan by the U.S. EPA is required before the SIP is complete. The EPA approves state implementation plans and any revisions to those plans. The purpose of the state implementation plans is to demonstrate that the state has an air quality management program and to identify emission control requirements that the state will use to attain the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS).

Answer 131

Enacted by Congress with the purpose to reduce energy consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards regulate how far our vehicles must travel on a gallon of fuel

Answer 132

1. Retaining existing businesses and industry 2. Attracting new commercial or industrial businesses 3. Developing and financing infrastructure to attract new business 4. Richard Florida's Creative Class focus on people

Answer 133

US Federal Law encouraging banks (and savings & loan associations) to help meet the needs of borrowers in all parts of the community. The purpose of the CRA is to reduce redlining where parts of the community were shut out. Banks must show CRA compliance.

Answer 134

Geographic areas characterized by high levels of poverty and economic distress delineated by the city where companies can qualify for a variety of subsidies. Initiatives sought to reduce unemployment and generate economic growth through the designation of Federal tax incentives and award of grants to distressed communities. Intent of the empowerment zone program is to encourage businesses to stay. Clinton administration 1993-1994. EZs, ECs, RCs are geographic areas that have been granted special tax breaks, regulatory exemptions, or other public assistance in order to encourage private economic development and job creation. HUD manages this in partnership with locals.

Answer 135

an opportunity to stimulate business development Targets investment to stimulate economic development in underserved communities. Incentivizes community development and stimulate economic growth through the use of tax credits that attract private investment to distressed communities. Permits individual and corporate investors to receive tax credits against their federal income tax in exchange for making equity investments in specialized financial intermediaries called Community Development Entities (CDEs). Credits are claimed over a period of 7 years. The New Markets Tax Credit Program spurs business development by providing tax credit incentives to investors for equity investments in Community Development Entities. The Community Development Entities then invest in development in low-income communities.

Answer 136

1. Become "manufacturing aware" 2. Inventory industrial land, buildings, and businesses 3. Create regulations and policies that protect industrial land 4. Utilize federal and university resources for advanced manufacturing practices 5. Develop industrial district design guidelines 6. Upgrade physical infrastructure 7. Help local industry access capital and production space 8. Support and advocate for industry

Answer 137

About small-scale manufacturing. Enlivening local communities by re-energizing industrial production on a small scale. 1. Digital desktop tools used to create designs for new products and prototype them. 2. Cultural norm to share those designs and collaborate with others in online communities. 3. Use of common design file standards allowing anyone to send designs to commercial manufacturing services to be produced in any number.

Answer 138

640 acres in one square mile.

Answer 139

43,560 square in one acre.

Answer 140

400 square feet are needed for one parking space.

Answer 141

Approximately 9 acres are needed for 1,000 parking spaces.

Answer 142

Often, the goal is to increase intersection density for greater connectivity. Grids tend to be better connected than the superblocks of Irvine, CA (for example). More blocks, more connectivity.

Answer 143

A catchment area, typically 1 quarter mile (Clarence Perry). For transit oriented development (TOD) the catchment areas could be a little larger at 1/2 a mile.

Answer 144

Gross density refers to the sum of all development and activity across a larger area (eg. private land + areas that are not available for development like streets and public facilities) Net density is the level of activity on a single parcel of land. Describes the desired intensity of land use on an individual parcel or group of parcels.

Answer 145

Depends on where you're located; though, highest in the downtown urban core. Downtown: 16-60 du/acre City Center: 10-30 du/acre Suburban Center: 5-20 du/acre du=dwelling units

Answer 146

He wrote a book called The Image of the City. Important for the history/establishment of urban design as a field, written in 1960.

Answer 147

from Kevin Lynch's book The Image of the City: 1. Paths 2. Edges 3. Districts 4. Nodes 5. Landmarks

Answer 148

CNU's mission is to champion walkable urbanism. CNU leverages New Urbanism's unique integration of design and social principle to advance three key goals: to diversify neighborhoods, to design for climate change, and to legalize walkable places. Their Charter for New Urbanism book includes 27 principles about what our goals should be in the built environment.

Answer 149

a mapping technique/urban planning graphic tool used to illustrate the relationship between built and unbuilt space in cities. Land coverage of buildings is visualized as solid mass (figure), while public spaces formed by streets, parks and plazas are represented as voids (ground).

Answer 150

known for writing the book Rural by Design.

Answer 151

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Oscar Newman wrote Defensible Space in 1972 about strategies incorporated into urban design as a way of preventing crime There are several things that Newman mentions are important to inhibit crime.

Answer 152

-Physical expression of the social fabric -Real or imaginary barriers that control entry into a space and discourage trespassing -Limited access points -Clear demarcation of whether or not a space is public or private (ambiguity creates less safety) -Territorial markers -Natural surveillance (eyes on the street) -Management & maintenance

Answer 153

DIY urbanism. Demonstration > Pilot > Interim Design > Long-Term/Capital

Answer 154

A pedestrian shed is the area around a given resource, typically based on a radius of 1/4 or 1/2 mile.

Answer 155

Depends on location, but typically ranges from 10-30 dwelling units per acre around a station in a city center, to 5-20 units per acre around a station in a suburban center.

Answer 156

-Bubble Diagram -Movement Diagram -Layered Diagram

Answer 157

sketches the general location of buildings or activities

Answer 158

shows how people or traffic move through an area, how they enter or exit. locates paths and connections between places or uses.

Answer 159

uses multiple types of drawings to convey a lot of information quickly. eg. bubble + movement

Answer 160

1. Conduct a visual preference survey of the visual environment 2. Evaluate land use and circulation relationships 3. Delineate "hard" (paved outdoor areas, roads, sidewalks, and plazas) "soft" (unpaved areas, lawns, planting strips) areas 4. Translate proposals for action

Answer 161

Tony is the inventor of the Community Visioning Process using the Visual Preference Survey and Vision Translation workshops.

Answer 162

key for tackling a design problem in a group setting working with design professionals collaboratively to visualize future development

Answer 163

-degree of conflict between pedestrians and vehicles -compatibility of land uses, but typically not design guidelines -availability of places to rest, observe, and meet -creation of a sense of security -protection from rain, noise, and wind -ease of orientation for users

Answer 164

-topography -land area -amount of traffic that will be generated -adequacy of public infrastructure -parking space requirements -generated need for schools -parks and playgrounds -relevant zoning and subdivision ordinances -orientation

Answer 165

-allowing "granny flats" - ability to add accessory dwelling units -improving transmit -overlap with "Complete Streets" -loans for accessibility improvements -Universal design

Answer 166

Universal design is a broader concept than accessibility and refers to ensuring that all locations are "visitable" by anyone. Accessible Design is focused on the needs of people with disabilities, Universal Design considers the wide spectrum of human abilities. Universal Design is inclusive of Accessibility, and not solely focused on Accessibility. Universal Design expands Accessibility's definition by including all persons, not only persons with disabilities.

Answer 167

The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) was established. The goal was to make housing and home mortgages more affordable. It stimulated single-family homeownership. Part of FDR's New Deal.

Answer 168

Created the US Housing Authority to construct public housing. It was shortlived and ended in 1947. Catherine Bauer - a strong housing advocate involved in getting this act passed was involved with the US Housing Authority

Answer 169

Provided federal financing for SLUM CLEARANCE. Increased the FHA mortgage insurance program. Constructed 810,000 public housing units.

Answer 170

This was federal planning assistance to local governments. It stimulated the creation of comprehensive plans.

Answer 171

Shortly after the National Housing Act of 1954, Pruitt-Igoe was built in 1955 right outside of St. Louis - demolished in 1972 because there was no funding provided for maintenance.

Answer 172

1965, under Lyndon Johnson as part of the Great Society program

Answer 173

intent was to outlaw discrimination in housing. you cannot refuse to sell or rent to anyone because of the religion, sex, race, color, or family status.

Answer 174

Allocates funds to 1,100 local and state governments on a formula basis. You are required to prepare a Consolidated Plan that establishes the goals for use of CDBG funds.

Answer 175

This plan establishes the goals for use of the CDBG funds. It is required by the CDBG program. AND It links the provision of subsidized housing to community development and it encourages local governments to develop strategies to assist low- and moderate-income residents to obtain housing. The consolidated planning process serves as the framework to identify housing and community development priorities that align and focus funding from the block grant programs like CDBG, HOME, HTF...etc. The Consolidated Plan is designed to help states and local jurisdictions to assess their affordable housing and community development needs and market conditions, and to make data-driven, place-based investment decisions.

Answer 176

US Supreme Court housing case. There was a lot of housing segregation in Chicago. Dorothy Gautreaux sued the Chicago Housing Authority for the segregation of housing. As a result, CHA was ordered to provide scattered site housing, including housing in white, suburban areas.

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This program was set up using Section 8 vouchers. They are given to renters to subsidize their housing in the private market. Vouchers to be used in white, suburban areas.

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Some people moved to traditional public housing and some used vouchers to move to white, higher-income neighborhoods. Results were at first mixed. Research has come out recently - in tracking these families for a longer period of time, you can see that they have better outcomes.

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Under the Section 701 program, it provided federal planning assistance to local governments and therefore stimulated the production of comprehensive plans.

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about mixed-income housing development - evolved into Choice Neighborhoods design was based on New Urbanist principles

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a broader, more comprehensive program where HUD is paying more attention to: -educational outcomes, -services, -support for families, -and the neighborhood context

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high poverty communities where HUD partners with local leaders to: -increase economic activity -help educational outcomes -leverage private investment

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1.2 million households managed by 3,300 PHAs

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-The largest funding source for affordable housing -created by Tax Reform Act of 1986 -Allows investors to take a federal tax credit -Competitive allocation via state agency/State Allocation Plans

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A program managed by HUD that provides grants to states to produce and preserve affordable housing for extremely low- and very low-income households.

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Set up under Obama The program is about making sure that communities are desegregating their public housing. A way of providing assessment tools so people can figure out whether or not their housing is integrating and inclusive.

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-some zoning regulations may be too restrictive in not allowing tiny houses; remove unintentional barriers -identify appropriate locations -mitigate negative potential impacts, if any

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The key is making regulations that are clear, easily enforced, allow voices to be heard and do not make residents or landlords out to be "scofflaws" unnecessarily.

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According to the APA, small group homes should be considered a residential land use.

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leading non-profit dedicated to the advancement of parks, recreation, and conservation. partnership with APA supporting green infrastructure including parks They have a Great Urban Parks Campaign.

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bioswales, constructed wetlands, green parking lots/streets/alleys, green roofs, green schoolyards, permeable pavement, rain gardens, river and streambank restoration

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Incorporate features such as depressed curbs, permeable pavement, and plant materials to capture and/or filter stormwater before it is absorbed into the ground or directed into another stormwater containment system.

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A park built over a segment of a freeway. They've been around since the 1950s. Seattle's Freeway Park from 1976 is a GREAT example.

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-Acreage per population -Park conditions -Park amenities -Park pressure (based on the density of an area compared to available access to parks)

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Historic preservation keeps historic properties in active use and accommodate appropriate improvements to sustain viability.

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An important event to know on the topic of historic preservation. Built in 1910, demolished in 1963. There was no landmarks protection law at this time. The PA Railroad owned the property and destroyed it.

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signed by President Lyndon Johnson It created the National Register of Historic Places, officers, and State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO).

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The National Register does not protect historic places from demo. The best way is to designate a Historic District and integrate historic preservation controls within a zoning ordinance.

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This mandated federal agencies to undergo a review process for federally funded and permitted projects.

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Includes standards (regulatory) and guidelines (advisory) used by all levels of government including planning commissions. Lays out the difference between: -preservation -rehabilitation -restoration -reconstruction

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created by Congress - there are 49 across the US. They are not federally owned or managed. The NPS plays an advisory role. They are administered by State governments or non-profits.

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retention of form

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acknowledges the need to alter

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a property at a particular period of time

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recreation

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to the interior, exterior, landscape, site, and environment

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only applies to income-producing buildings. 1976: accelerated depreciation 1979: 10% tax credit 1986: two tiers - 20% and 10% HPTC

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A tax benefit/incentive for those who provide these easements - a voluntary legal agreement in the form of a deed where you are permanently protecting a historic property by placing restrictions.

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A privately funded non-profit responsible for taking on acquisition and administration of historic sites. Set up in 1949 Offer programs, resources, education, advocacy, and sustainability. They maintain a lot of historic sites.

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Yellowstone, 1872. President Grant.

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Charleston, SC created in 1931

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Cultural/Socially: helps maintain a connection to the community's heritage. Environmentally: reduction of env impacts by reusing a space resources/not creating a new one; avoiding landfill impacts Economically: preservation creates higher property values, job creation, increased heritage tourism.

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The demolition of New York's Penn Station in 1963.

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Schools and religious organizations.

Answer 215

a useful guide School locations affect community land use patterns and infrastructure investments. Community decisions to site schools and make other investments influence housing and transportation choices, neighborhood vitality, economic development, the cost of providing local services, environmental quality, and overall community health and well-being. The strong connections between school location and community development suggest the importance of coordinating school siting with other community decisions.

Answer 216

Council Educational Facility Planning International (CEFPI) - published guidelines that focused on having more acreage and larger schools. guideline: minimum 1 acre of land per 100 students school facilities have been managed by this document. Today we have 1/3 of the schools we used to have but double the population.

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-supporting neighborhood-centered schools (smaller and closer to students) -reducing trips -using existing infrastructure -reducing land impact

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The 1953 school siting guidelines are still in effect in many places and call for large school sites that are inconsistent with walkable neighborhoods and smart growth principles.

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Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 allows: -prisoners to be able to worship as they please. -gives churches a way to avoid zoning law restrictions.

Answer 220

St. John's UCC vs. City of Chicago, 2007 St. John's church fought the O'Hare Airport expansion which intended to take out a nearby cemetery that they owned. St. John's lost. Court said this was an act of eminent domain not zoning. Since RLUIPA is related to zoning, they church couldn't use it.

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Food Policy Councils

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a food system in which food production, processing, distribution, and consumption are integrated to enhance the environmental, economic, social and nutritional health of a particular issue.

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-food security -proximity between food and where people live -self-reliance -sustainability

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1. Production issues (farmland preservation, farmers markets, food gardens) 2. Processing issues (local vs. external) 3. Distribution issues (transportation, warehousing) 4. Access issues (co-ops, school meals, food stamps, the WIC program) 5. Use issues (food safety and handling, restaurants, street vendors) 6. Food recycling (food banks, pantries, soup kitchens) 7. Waste stream issues (composting, feeding pigs)

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socially distressed neighborhoods with low average household incomes and an inadequate accessibility to healthy food.

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food production, processing, distribution, consumption (and often disposal)

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According to the 2010 census, the 65+ population grew much faster: 15.1% growth for the 65+ group vs. 9.7% for the US.

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-comprehensive plans -urban growth boundaries -agricultural protection zone -subdivision ordinances -right-to-farm laws -local property tax reduction programs

Answer 229

Agricultural Protection Zoning (APZ) ordinances designate areas where farming is the primary land use and discourages other land uses in those areas. APZs typically restrict the density of non-farm residential development. By limiting development potential, APZs can also help keep land affordable to farmers and ranchers.

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reduce taxes beyond state authorized taxes - reduce operating costs for farm operations

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They protect farmers who use standard farming practices and have been in prior operation from private nuisance lawsuits and overly restrictive local regulations, even if these practices harm or bother adjacent property owners or the general public.

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where you compensate farmers and ranchers for permanently protecting their land.

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type of zoning allows property owners in designated areas to sell development rights to other property owners very useful zoning technique that can be used to permanently protect farmland and other resources by transferring development potential from a farmland parcel to an area that can accommodate new development -TDR creates a market where people can sell their development rights to someone wishing to develop in a receiving area -a way to help stop sprawl -an economic incentive for preserving undeveloped land Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) represents an innovative way to direct growth away from lands that should be preserved to locations well suited to higher density development. Areas that may be appropriate for additional development include pre-existing village centers or other districts that have adequate infrastructure to service new growth. TDR can protect: -Well fields and aquifer recharge zones -Agricultural land -Riparian buffers

Answer 234

Small towns need medium density not low density.

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Rural by Design (Randall Arendt) promotes this. Not the same as PUDs. Conservation design is about making the most use of the open space created by the PUDs.

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-Open space preserved as a result of PUD planning ended up not being particularly useful. -Conservation design is about making the most use of the open space preserved by the PUDs/clustered development -Pocket neighborhoods -Importance of cohousing -Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs) -Land Trusts -TDRs and PDRs -Low Impact Development (LID)

Answer 237

-nested housing -eyes on the commons (strong network of neighbors) -cottage scale, compact-size (1.5 stories) -porch rooms -living large in a small house

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PDRs are planned development rights and involve the selling of development rights. Purchase of Development Rights? (PDRs) allows someone to voluntarily separate ownership of property from the right to develop it. It's expensive (unlike TDR) but it's good for small units of development like 20-40 acres and excellent for protection of small farms.

Answer 239

principles for recharging groundwater to be incorporated in development through better design of streets, swales, furrows.

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1. Identify primary (wetlands, floodplains, steep slopes) and secondary (unprotected areas that also deserve to be preserved from development) conservation areas. 2. Identify potential development areas and locate house sites 3. Align streets and trails 4. Draw the lot lines

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wetlands, floodplains, steep slopes

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unprotected areas that also deserve to be preserved from development

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-land preservation -usable open space -a lot of land is used

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clustering development so that you protect open space and land could look like rezoning for "nodal development" as compared to conventional linear commercial districts

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Swales collect, absorb and filter rainwater from streets and houses into the ground before going into the city storm drain.

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They direct water away from the house via a path of gravel and crushed rock.

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Conservation design is about making open space usable when development is clustered; according to Rural by Design, open space that was preserved as a result of PUDs tended to neglect his consideration.

Answer 248

PDRs are planned development rights and involve the selling of development rights. TDRs involve transferring development to a receiving area.

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LID's goal is to preserve and recharge groundwater by using appropriate principles of site development and design.

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Land use, because it contributes differently to water contamination. For example, you would expect more polluting runoff from a fertilized golf course than you would from a house.

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Pattern of daily trips Origin-Destination studies are conducted to understand the pattern of the movement of persons and goods in a particular geographic area.

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a 25 year flood.

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Business Improvement District increases the tax rate to pay for a mix of services, programs, and improvements that specifically benefit the property owners in that district.

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The cost of infrastructure

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1. The size of the service area 2. The future population of the service area 3. The per capita service requirements

Answer 256

Acquire the "conservation easements" (development rights) for certain key properties along the streams. In order to achieve the plan for a linear park system, there will be a need to acquire an easement to allow people move through a natural area.

Answer 257

You form a committee to negotiate the text before the proposed rule is published. Negotiated Rulemaking is a process for drafting regulations that brings together parties who would be affected by a rule.

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Negotiated Rulemaking is a process for drafting regulations that brings together parties who would be affected by a rule. This was enacted as US federal law in 1990 under the Negotiated Rulemaking Act. (eg. you form a committee to negotiate the text before the proposed rule is published)

Answer 259

Residential/local roads generally have the lowest design speed.

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Mass wasting

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Seaside, Florida is a neotraditional community built on the principles of new urbanism.

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I. Overcome conflicting science II. Produce new data III. Identification of research gaps IV. Joint interpretation of data All of these would be expected benefits of using a joint fact-finding method. This method involves scientists from a wide range of perspectives in a process designed to produce new data that will lead to consensus scientific recommendations.

Answer 263

I. Demonstrate a nationally unique natural, historic, cultural or scenic resource II. Ask your congressperson to sponsor authorizing legislation III. Describe the unique story that links the sites together IV. Establish a non-profit organization to manage the National Heritage Area

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A National Heritage Area can be managed by a non-profit or a state government. A National Heritage Area is created by authorizing legislation of Congress based on an areas unique resources and the unique story it tells about the United States.

Answer 265

Inclusionary Zoning

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Inclusionary Zoning is a tool included in zoning ordinances that requires a given share of new construction to be affordable to people with low to moderate incomes.

Answer 267

Conditional Use

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Local governments maintain the authority to regulate the location of wireless phone towers.

Answer 269

Peak Oil - a situation where the petroleum output is at its maximum with a continued increase in demand.

Answer 270

I. Creates an economic incentive to preserve land II. Creates a market for trading development rights III. Reduces sprawl Transfer of Development Rights is an incentive-based program that allows landowners to sell development rights from their land to a developer or other interested party who then can use these rights to increase the density at another location.

Answer 271

Transportation Demand Management (TDM) is the application of strategies and policies to reduce motor vehicle travel demand or to redistribute this demand in space or in time. Tools for transportation demand management include: -Telecommuting (WFH) -High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes -Ride sharing/car pools -Guaranteed ride home program -Bicycle racks on buses NOT Adding lanes to a freeway

Answer 272

1. end of trip facilities 2. transit fare subsidy

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1. increasing migration into the US 2. increasing diversity of the population 3. greater gap in household income between higest and lowest quintiles 4. increase number of households below the poverty line

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9.52 trips

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written to satisfy requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) when a major action will have a significant impact on the environment.

Answer 276

deep lakes that have a low supply of nutrients and thus contain little organic matter

Answer 277

passed by the U.S. Congress in 1972 to provide for the management of the nation’s coastal resources (including CA, the Great Lakes, etc...) Created to protect the coastal environment from growing demands associated with residential, recreational, commercial, and industrial uses (e.g., State and Federal offshore oil and gas development). The goal is to “preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore or enhance the resources of the nation’s coastal zone.”

Answer 278

The Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act has seven goals including safety, infrastructure condition, congestion reduction, system reliability, freight movement & economic vitality, environmental sustainability and reduced project delivery delays.

Answer 279

State Multimodal freight planning typically happens at a national and state level, focusing on supporting adequate, convenient and safe access for goods movement. According to the APA Surface Transportation Policy Guide, freight planning should seek to facilitate good movement, while addressing potential negative impacts.

Answer 280

Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act (1990) created the HOME program. The HOME program provides block grants to local governments to increase the supply of affordable housing. The funds can be used to provide down payment assistance, construct or renovate affordable housing, acquire sites for affordable housing development, and support Community Housing Development Organizations in providing affordable housing.

Answer 281

Channelization straightens and increases the volume of water delivered to streams.

Answer 282

the Superfund is not a state program it's a federal program.

Answer 283

decreases as the system nears its capacity

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The United States Congress passed this in order to address the many problems associated with coastal barrier development in 1982

Answer 285

environmental protection

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Superfund sites

Answer 287

Sustainability - Environment, Equity, and Economy The triple bottom line is a business and planning concept that posits firms should commit to measuring their social and environmental impact—in addition to their financial performance—rather than solely focusing on generating profit (the standard “bottom line"). It can be broken down into “three Ps”: profit, people, and the planet. A policy measure that provides environmental, economic, and social benefits. firms should also value environmental and social externalities and benefits.

Answer 288

Green infrastructure networks ✓ Hubs – anchor the system. ✓ Links – tie the system together.

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have poor ambient air quality

Answer 290

Street connectivity

Answer 291

This type of map is used as the starting point for many planning projects and shows the essential natural or man-determined features of an area Basemaps serve as a reference map on which you overlay data from layers and visualize geographic information. An individual basemap can be made of multiple feature, raster, or web layers. Basemaps are the foundation for your maps and provide context for your work.

Answer 292

The Council on Environmental Quality coordinates federal environmental efforts and works with federal agencies on the development of environmental policies and initiatives. -National Environmental Policy Act -Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act -Farm Bill Conservation

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Effluent - The state establishes basic effluent limits for all facilities to protect surface water quality and air quality standards. A point source is a source of effluence, while wastewater is a type of effluent.

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heating, cooling, and lighting buildings.

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A mixture of land and water-based activities. on developed trails or recreation sites. aka "water trails" are marked routes on navigable waterway such as rivers, lakes, canals, and coastlines for recreational use. A connected stretch of rivers, lakes, canals, or coastlines, providing opportunities for recreational boating etc. includes: paddling, cycling, walking along trails on the water aka Ohiopyle

Answer 296

The US Army Corp of Engineers Planning for flood protection projects typically occurs at the National level of government While planning for flooding does occur at the city and state level, the Army Corp has a primary responsibility while partnering with other organizations.

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A cartogram is a map that distorts the geography or size of regions in order to convey the information of an alternate variable.

Answer 298

Smart cities are defined as a city that equitably integrates technology, community, and nature to enhance its livability, sustainability, and resilience, while fostering innovation, collaboration, and participatory co-creation. A connection to nature and a focus on sustainability are inherent elements of true smart cities. Smart cities equitably integrate technology into planning to enhance city organization, future resilience, and the quality of life of residents.

Answer 299

i. With the abundance of data collected about urban residents, cities are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. ii. Data gaps and inconsistencies can replicate existing biases and exacerbate inequality. iii. Access to broadband and digital services does not currently extend to all residents. 1. cybersecurity and data privacy, 2. data gaps and biases, and 3. access gaps to technology

Answer 300

Maximum lot coverage regulations - set limits on the amount of land that may be covered by impervious surface and can be helpful in stormwater management. Floodplain regulations only apply to properties in the floodplain and require buildings to be elevated.

Answer 301

-smaller neighborhood schools -renovate rather than replace schools serve as an anchor to communities. where you site them has a HUGE impact on communities. -Students in small schools have better attitudes toward school and higher attendance rates. -Students in small schools are more likely to participate in extra-curricular activities. -There are fewer discipline problems in small schools. -The level of parental participation – and parental satisfaction – is higher in small schools. -Students feel safer and more secure in small schools because they are well known by their teachers and peers.

Answer 302

-Extension of water and sewer lines -Construction of a new regional mall -Building of a package sewer plant

Answer 303

=links/nodes approach requires new development to meet a minimum score on a “connectivity index”, which is calculated by dividing the number of street LINKS by the sum of intersections and culs-de-sacs (NODES) -Links are stretches of roadway that connect nodes. -Nodes exist at street intersections and cul-de-sac heads within a development A roadway connectivity index refers to the density of connections in a road network and the directness of links. A well-connected road has many short links, intersections and minimal dead ends. As the connectivity increases, travelers have more route options and more direct travel between destinations. HIGH RATIO = great the connectivity.

Answer 304

100-year flood Flood hazard areas identified on the Flood Insurance Rate Map are identified as a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). SFHA are defined as the area that will be inundated by the flood event having a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. The 1-percent annual chance flood is also referred to as the base flood or 100-year flood.

Answer 305

Institute a food waste diversion program at all city facilities and create an urban forestry program. Planting trees as part of an urban forestry program will result in carbon sequestration. In addition, the diversion of food waste to composting (rather than a landfill) will also result in carbon sequestration.

Answer 306

Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide can be stored in vegetation such as grasslands or forests, as well as in soils and oceans. Forests and woodlands are considered one of the best forms of natural carbon sequestration.

Answer 307

A grocery store would be the most suitable anchor. The average size of grocery stores grew throughout the 2000s and by the end of the decade averaged approximately 48,000 square feet. -Restaurant = around 5,000 square feet or smaller. -Departments stores are larger = around 150,000+ square feet. -Discount store, such as Walmart, averages = 175,000 square feet.

Answer 308

environmental impact statement. Scoping is required in the early states of preparing an EIS. A scoping meeting introduces the public to the project and the environmental issues.

Answer 309

the interconnection via the internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data. Eg. In order for driverless cars to become a reality in the region, cities will need to upgrade their traffic infrastructure ensuring the use of the Internet of Things for traffic control devices to communicate with driverless vehicles.

Answer 310

ALL I. Degree of conflict between pedestrians and vehicles II. Compatibility of land uses III. Availability of places to rest, observe, and meet IV. Creation of a sense of security From an urban design perspective, all of these criteria are appropriate to consider.

Answer 311

1. visually survey the area, 2. then explore circulation patterns and identify green space 3. develop design proposals / alternative design concepts

Answer 312

I. Organization of Native Americans residing on reservations II. Adoption of constitutions for Native Americans living on reservations The 1934 Act allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare. aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility. The Wheeler-Howard Act restored land management to Native Americans in order to create an economic foundation for residents.

Answer 313

Under the Environmental Protection Agency guidelines that the Army Corps administers when considering whether to issue a section 404 permit, it may presume that other practical alternatives are available to the landowner unless it receives compelling proof to the contrary.

Answer 314

Under the Clean Water Act, a party must obtain a Section 404 permit from the Army Corps of Engineers before discharging any dredged or fill material into “waters of the United States.” This typically means that a permit must be obtained before construction or other work is performed in those areas, together with a water quality certification. Section 404 requires a permit before dredged or fill material may be discharged into waters of the United States, unless the activity is exempt from Section 404 regulation (e.g., certain farming and forestry activities). Fill activities may include the placement of fill material to build structures, roads or causeways, the construction of levees.

Answer 315

Housing that is both adaptable and affordable. Adaptability is a feature of housing that allows occupants and owners opportunities for incremental expansion, multigenerational living, and higher-density occupancy.

Answer 316

Review and approval of the plan by the U.S. EPA The EPA approves state implementation plans and any revisions to those plans. The purpose of the state implementation plans is to demonstrate that the state has an air quality management program and to identify emission control requirements that the state will use to attain the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS).

Answer 317

The Clean Water Act of 1972 governs water pollution. The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the principle law governing pollution control and water quality of the Nation's waterways. The object of the CWA is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Nation's waters -regulates discharges of pollutants into U.S. waters, -controls pollution by means such as wastewater standards -Regulates toxic runoff and chemical contamination -Regulates development of wetlands -Regulates water pollution CWA was amended from the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948.

Answer 318

protection of historically significant areas In order to ensure that the systems for allowing design review by a design review board or historic preservation commission do not amount to an unconstitutional delegation of legislative authority, the emerging trend is for courts to require legislative boards to adopt more precise, concrete standards to guide and limit the approving board's discretion.

Answer 319

ALL. Under the US DOT's process, consideration of environmental justice issues must be considered during preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). General principles required as part of the EIS analysis are: Identification of Minority or Low-Income Populations, Public Participation, Numeric Analysis (that agencies should consider relevant demographic, public health and industry data), and Alternatives and Mitigation.

Answer 320

1. Description of the proposed action and its purpose and need 2. Description of the affected environment 3. Presentation of a range of alternatives to the proposed action, including a “no action” alternative 4. An analysis of the environmental impact of each of the proposed actions and range of alternatives.

Answer 321

most important for advancing environmental justice stated that federal actions shall address environmental justice in minority and low-income populations. Every federal agency has as its mission to try to address environmental justice. stated that federal actions shall address environmental justice in minority and low-income populations.

Answer 322

-Domestic violence -Lack of affordable health care -Underemployment Physical disabilities are NOT a major factor.

Answer 323

A watershed is an area that drains into a lake, stream or other body of water. Other names for it are basin or catchment area. Everyone lives in a watershed regardless of whether their property is in a designated floodplain or not. A watershed is simply a land area that collects and feeds water runoff into a channel or drain. This water can come in the form of rain, snow, irrigation, etc. Located in these watersheds are areas designated as floodway and floodplain.

Answer 324

-comprehensive -cooperative -continuing

Answer 325

determines how laws policies or projects affect public health by using data, expertise, and public input. HIA is a rapidly growing field that positions decision makers to make better choices by bringing together scientific data, health expertise, and public input to identify the potential and often overlooked effects, both positive and negative, of proposed laws, regulations, projects, policies, and programs on public health (Health Impact Project). HIAs provide pragmatic, evidence-based recommendations about how to reduce risks, promote benefits, and monitor the health effects of the implemented decision. HIA is a systematic, six-step process that determines the potential health effects of a proposed action, such as a plan, policy, or project. The process incorporates multiple data sources and analytic methods, and considers input from community members, residents, experts, and other stakeholders to identify potential health impacts and how those impacts might be distributed within the population.

Answer 326

(along with amendments that became law in 1977) was enacted to protect and ensure the quality of surface and ground waters.

Answer 327

A wellhead protection area is a surface and subsurface land area regulated to prevent contamination of a well or well-field supplying a public water system. Wellhead protection is established under the Safe Drinking Water Act and each state develops its own implementation approach. A wellhead protection ordinance would protect: Primary Recharge Area Secondary Recharge Area Tertiary Recharge Area NOT Quaternary