Fundamental Planning Knowledge (15%) Flashcards

Question

What 3 things would be most useful in marketing in order to attract e-commerce companies?

Answer 1

E-commerce companies need a well-educated workforce with web design skills. They prefer a region with utility competition, which results in lower costs for internet service. They prefer downtown offices and their workforce wants vibrant urban scenes and active nightlife. 1. A large university in the region with a well-known design program 2. Significant utility competition 3. A vibrant downtown with an active nightlife

Answer 2

Audience Response System - an instant polling software where answers are sent anonymously

Answer 3

ARS is an instant polling software used in conjunction with a slide presentation. A USB receiver/base station retrieves the data provided by an audience using wireless hand-held devices and stores this information on the presenter’s computer. Some ARS programs offer the option of participating in the process via personal cellular phones or laptop computers. The most obvious benefit of ARS is the chance to receive instant and accurate feedback from the audience. This feedback is assumed to represent honest opinions because the answers are sent anonymously.

Answer 4

An auger test - An auger can be used to retrieve soil samples and then examined for the soil profiles.

Answer 5

An auger can be used to retrieve soil samples and then examined for the soil profiles.

Answer 6

Some individuals in a population either consume more than their fair share of a common resource, or pay less than their fair share of the cost of a common resource. Someone benefits from the consumption of a public good without paying their full share.

Answer 7

have only two different values, typically represented as 0 and 1. Binary variables are used for variables for which there are only two possible outcomes, such as male or female, or yes or no.

Answer 8

Biophilic Design brings humans and nature together through sustainable strategies, which can include lighting, ventilation, access to water and natural elements. includes: -Natural attributes in buildings -Stormwater reuse irrigation -Dynamic artificial lighting

Answer 9

1. Grant variances to provide relief from the terms of the zoning ordinance 2. Hear and decide appeals from determinations made by local zoning officials Board of Zoning Adjustments cannot: enact or amend zoning ordinances or permit special exceptions or develop a comprehensive plan Those are achieved through a legislative process with the planning commission. issued by this Federal Department of Commerce (1924)

Answer 10

I.Getting a sense for what agencies want to accomplish together II. Identifying the measurable improvements that will be achieved through working together III. Informally gathering input in the initial stages of a project

Answer 11

A transitional phrase to stay on message when the question could take you off topic. Bridging is used to bring the conversation back to the central message when questions take you off topic.

Answer 12

Brownfields - contaminated industrial sites

Answer 13

A buffer is a reclassification based on distance. Buffering measures distance outward in directions from an object, in this case a stream. Buffering can be done on three types of vector data - point, line, area. Could be used to illustrate: A proposed stream corridor protection ordinance which calls for a 50 foot setback from all stream corridors. As part of the staff report for the draft ordinance you want to include a map that illustrates the ordinance.

Answer 14

Police Power

Answer 15

Police Power is the power of a government to impose what it considers reasonable restrictions on the liberties of its citizens for the maintenance of public order and safety. In the case of a building permit this is ensuring the safety of citizens.

Answer 16

form a block watch, or pass an ordinance against loitering. DON'T simply to place the homeless in jobs.

Answer 17

A cap park provides a park over a segment of the freeway to encourage people to move through the space going from one area to another.

Answer 18

Among Hispanics, 61% have wireless service only. With a younger population, they are unlikely to respond to a mail survey. While social media is a way to publicize the survey, you will be more likely to get a response through direct contact with residents via cell phone. According to the Pew Research Center, almost half of Americans have a cell phone, but no landline service (as of 2015) (http://www.pewresearch.org/methodology/u-s-survey-research/collecting-survey-data/).

Answer 19

Fairly apportioning the number of seats in the United States House of Representatives for each state. NOT to determine the population or to distribute funds; though, it does help serve these purposes, too

Answer 20

It uses a series of monthly samples to produce annually updated estimates for census tracts and block groups.

Answer 21

Charles Lindblom - wrote about incrementalism as a step by step incremental approach to achieving plans.

Answer 22

Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope The Court in 1968 found that planned unit developments are acceptable if the regulations focus on density requirements rather than specific rules for each lot.

Answer 23

White City The term has been applied to mean the color of the buildings as well as the exclusionary tactics used.

Answer 24

A chicane is a short, shallow S-shaped turn that requires drivers to turn slightly left and then right again to stay on the road, which results in slowing speeds down. Chicanes are most effective when there are volumes of traffic that are similar from both approaches.

Answer 25

Diagonal parking can reduce traffic speeds, this is best applied in non-residential areas.

Answer 26

Roundabouts are intended to slow traffic while increasing traffic efficiency. Use when there is a desire to increase efficiency of traffic movement, to encourage more traffic movements.

Answer 27

While a speed hump could be used to slow traffic, they have to be placed continuously along a road to be effective.

Answer 28

Appointing a single person to adjudicate dispute and make a final decision.

Answer 29

i. No broadband access ii. Language barriers iii. Sight impairment iv. Difficulty reading material

Answer 30

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe In the 1960s, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park filed suit against US Secretary of Transportation John Volpe after he announced plans to build Interstate 40 through Overton Park in Memphis. The suit claimed that he was violating section 4(f) of the Dept. of Transportation Act of 1966, which required the government to show there were no "feasible and prudent" alternatives to using public lands, such as parks when building freeways. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park. This led to a considerable increase in grassroots environmental organizing.

Answer 31

City Beautiful

Answer 32

City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams City of Rancho Palos Verdes established that there are administrative procedures to remedy violations of the telecommunications act and that an individual cannot force compliance.

Answer 33

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination and segregation on the basis of race, religion, national origin and gender in the workplace, schools, public accommodations and in federally assisted programs.

Answer 34

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin. The Fair Housing Act (FHA) is also known as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

Answer 35

Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs The idea was to create complete neighborhoods that provided convenient access for residents to school and businesses.

Answer 36

Clarence Stein is a co-founder of the Regional Planning Association of America.

Answer 37

The US EPA and the Army Corp of Engineers Clean Water Act of 1972 exercised its power to regulate interstate commerce by prohibiting discharges into the nation’s navigable waters. If the body of water can be used to transport goods from one state to another it is covered by the Clean Water Act. The Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corp of Engineers have regulatory power to prepare rules for navigable waters.

Answer 38

Coalition building - bringing together organizations that support light rail to build a coalition would be most helpful. An open house could be used to inform the public about light rail. A public hearing could be used to express interest in the part of the city council. A visual preference survey would not be helpful because people don’t need to vote on pictures of light rail.

Answer 39

Coalitions often have goals as varied as coalitions themselves, but they often include one or more elements of: I. Influencing or developing public policy, usually around a specific issue II. Changing people’s behavior III. Building a healthy community

Answer 40

Local government. A COG or regional council is a multi-service entity that delivers a variety of federal, state, and local programs, and they are accountable to local units of government. They can also function as partners for state and federal governments.

Answer 41

There is essentially no difference. The terms regional council (RC) and council of governments (COG) are generally interchangeable. They might also be called regional planning commissions, regional commissions, or planning districts.

Answer 42

The Cohort Survival method, also known as the population pyramid, is one of the most detailed population estimation methods. It uses the population at the time of the last census divided into five-year age groups and gender. A death rate is applied to each age group. New groups are created based on birth rates and net migration rates. smallest time frame using this method is 5 years.

Answer 43

9 to 15. Having at least 9 members ensures that all personality types are represented with a diversity of voices. A small committee can at times not bring a broad enough set of interests to the table. In this case you would want a mix of stakeholders, such as parents, neighbors, teachers, staff, administrators etc.

Answer 44

Communicative theory emphasizes that the planner is Consensus building. Bringing stakeholders to the table to build consensus is a cornerstone of communicative planning.

Answer 45

Using a scientific process to plan

Answer 46

Viewing planning as a series of incremental steps

Answer 47

Working one-on-one with citizens to develop a plan

Answer 48

Consensus Building brings together stakeholders to work together to come to a solution.

Answer 49

A Town Hall Meeting is good to identify issues.

Answer 50

Coalition Building brings parties who agree together to promote an idea.

Answer 51

Conservation zoning requires the clustering of homes while preserving open space. The subdivisions can be designed to protect well water areas by placing septic systems in other areas. A regulatory technique that would be useful if within your city’s jurisdiction there has been a rapid increase in the number of homes built with septic tanks and the city is concerned about the possibility of well water contamination.

Answer 52

National Corridor Planning and Development Program and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program It provided funding between 1999 and 2005, but was DISCONTINUED under The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act and the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program.

Answer 53

Council of Governments (CoGs—also known as regional councils, regional commissions, regional planning commissions, and planning districts) are regional governing and/or coordinating bodies that exist throughout the United States. Started in 1954!

Answer 54

Takes a safety-based approach to the design of the environment, including features such as lines of sight and lighting. The American Planning Association Policy Guide on Security provides for best practices in designing secure spaces:https://www.planning.org/policy/guides/adopted/security.htm

Answer 55

1. Talent (a highly talented/educated/skilled population): Significant existing employment in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Arts, Design, and Media 2. Tolerance (a diverse community, which has a 'live and let live' ethos) 3. Technology (the technological infrastructure necessary to fuel an entrepreneurial culture)

Answer 56

A longitudinal survey — a survey over time— which is implied by the question since you are assessing how opinions will change.

Answer 57

A survey over time.

Answer 58

A cross-sectional survey is a type of survey that involves the analysis of data collected from a representative subset of a population at one specific point in time.

Answer 59

The Delphi Method encourages the panel of subject matter experts to achieve consensus by revising their answers to hypothetical questionnaires. Participants fill out a questionnaire and then are encouraged to revise their answers after hearing one another’s replies, decreasing the range of answers over time. It is a technique that can be used to develop consensus on an issue and relies on input from individuals with different types of knowledge. Successive rounds of questions are used.

Answer 60

A group of appointed citizens to advise the governing body.

Answer 61

Department of the Interior is responsible for the National Park Service, which is responsible for overseeing the National Register of Historic Places.

Answer 62

the equation [(children + elderly)/(working age population)] The dependency ratio is a ratio of dependents, those who are younger than 15 and those older than 64, to represent the working age population. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working age population.

Answer 63

Distinguished from inferential statistics (or inductive statistics), in that descriptive statistics aim to summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn about the population that the sample of data is thought to represent. If you have data about a population, you would use descriptive statistics to describe your data.

Answer 64

The legal basis for enforcing the design standards

Answer 65

A development agreement - can be used to clarify what infrastructure will be provided as part of a development.

Answer 66

Discrete Variable

Answer 67

A dichotomous variable has only two values, typically zero and 1. This is also known as a binary variable.

Answer 68

I. Historic Preservation II. Parking Capacity III. Wayfinding IV. Small Business Promotion

Answer 69

It keeps implementation moving forward and citizens will be motivated to keep track of actions proposed to achieve the vision they helped create. It keeps the process on track and citizens can make sure the rest of the process addresses vision achievement. It serves as a catalyst and brings residents together in new ways.

Answer 70

1. Visioning adds to the cost of the planning process since it is an intensive public participation effort. 2. Visioning can create unrealistic expectations that the government can't fulfill. 3. Visioning is dependent on a facilitator.

Answer 71

The purpose of visioning is to build consensus.

Answer 72

Determine whether minority populations, low-income populations, or Indian tribes are present. It states that consideration of environmental justice issues must be considered during preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement. These considerations include documentation, data analysis and public participation, but not mitigation of past environmental injustices.

Answer 73

Submit a petition to the AICP Ethics Committee.

Answer 74

Advocacy planning, created by Paul Davidoff, emphasized the importance of planning for the needs of diverse groups of stakeholders in the community.

Answer 75

Prepare the report outlining the options for incentives and the pros and cons associated with the incentive options.

Answer 76

Seek informal advice from the APA Ethics Officer

Answer 77

"We shall not, as salaried employees, undertake other employment in planning or a related profession, whether or not for pay, without having made full written disclosure to the employer who furnishes our salary and having received subsequent written permission to undertake additional employment, unless our employer has a written policy which expressly dispenses with a need to obtain such consent." Moonlighting is acceptable, but it should be in a position that does not conflict with your primary employment and permission is needed from your employer.

Answer 78

A Euclidean buffer measures the distance in two-dimensional Cartesian plan – that is straight line distances are calculated. This type of buffer works well when working at a city scale. If a city is considering a new zoning requirement that would require a 10 foot setback from waterways, you'd use a euclidean buffer to present a spatial analysis of the impact of the ordinance.

Answer 79

A geodesic buffer accounts for the curvature of the earth and would be used when the map projection is at a large regional scale or global scale.

Answer 80

A vector data model is an overarching term that would cover buffering, overlays, distance measurement and spatial statistics.

Answer 81

In the 1920s, Vieux Carre (aka the French Quarter_, New Orleans created the nation's first historic preservation commission.

Answer 82

The purpose of fiscal impact analysis is to estimate the impact of a development or a land use change or a plan on the costs and revenues of governmental units serving the development.

Answer 83

Form based zoning focuses on defining desired development patterns. It also allows the market to determine the use.

Answer 84

As part of the region’s visioning process, Future Search is a 2 ½ day event designed to result in a common vision of the future. The event is organized into five tasks of approximately 3-4 hours each. -Create a group mind map -Identify highly differentiated points of view -Identify common futures

Answer 85

FV = PV (1 + r)^n Where PV is current value ($300,000), r is the discount (or interest) rate, 0.10, and n is the number of years (4). So, the future value of $300,000 at this interest rate is $300,000 x (1.10)^4 = $300,000 x 1.464 = $439,200. The reverse, the present value of $500,000 four years from now is $500,000/ 1.464 = $341,530. So, if you waited four years and spent $500,000, it would cost you $41,530 more in today’s equivalent value (at the discount rate of 10%) than if you spent $300,000 today.

Answer 86

Two types of local governments are: 1) general-purpose local government, which includes counties and townships; and 2) single-purpose, which includes school districts and fire districts.

Answer 87

The General fertility rate is the number of live births per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 years.

Answer 88

Zoning and subdivision regulations manage land use. NOT Nuisance laws since they're not always about regulating land use, and NOT restrictive covenants since they're private restrictions.

Answer 89

Groupware - includes a variety of electronic technologies that support virtual collaboration. Techniques use hardware, software, and or internet technology to allow for sophisticated collaboration activities.

Answer 90

A heat map that shows the variation in concentrations of vacant housing across the city. A heat map would illustrate the areas of the city where vacant housing is most concentrated. Because 5% is a relatively low number it would be less impactful in a chart. A city-wide map would not be at a scale small enough to show individual properties. A photomontage would help illustrate the issue and could be used in combination with a heat map.

Answer 91

Environmental indicator is a scientific measurement that tracks environmental conditions over time.

Answer 92

Key Message → First Proof → Second Proof The key message comes first to provide a clear and consistent statement, followed by the two “proof layers” to back up and reinforce this statement.

Answer 93

Bridging is a technique used by planners to reframe controversial issues.

Answer 94

-Consider long range capital facility and operating costs -Forecast revenue and expenditure estimates into the future -Determine long term benefits costs of adding personnel

Answer 95

1. Classification Scheme 2. Recruitment 3. Professional Development 4. Performance Assessments

Answer 96

This is about the kinds of employees you would have and the job titles they would have. Through this, you know the positions.

Answer 97

Consultation with the City Attorney about commission procedures. Final plat approval, Review of a conditional use permit, and Rezoning applications are public.

Answer 98

Land capability analysis

Answer 99

Common law, the constitution, and statutes. NOT zoning and subdivision regulations - enabled by state statutes.

Answer 100

In the 1930s, large-scale federal aid programs were instituted to spur recovery from the Great Depression.

Answer 101

Postcards mailed to residents - the mailer is the method that allows for the broadest contact with residents. It is likely that you would pursue a mix of methods to ensure broad awareness of the meeting.

Answer 102

A mean is only appropriate for interval and ratio scale data. The values of nominal data just represent categories and in and of themselves are meaningless. The values given to the ranks for ordinal data similarly are not appropriate for computations.

Answer 103

A way of communicating a message to the public using a clear statement and evidence to support your statement. The Message Pyramid is an approach to communicating clearly to the public. The Message Pyramid involves a concise key statement that creates an environment and belief system for the audience. This statement is followed by two pieces of evidence: one that supports the benefits of planning and one that amplifies the first using data or evidence.

Answer 104

National Scenic Byway Program provides guidelines for preparing scenic corridor plans.

Answer 105

The National Scenic Byway Program provides guidelines for preparing scenic corridor plans. The National Scenic Byways Program is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Established in Title 23, Section 162 of the United States Code under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 and reauthorized and expanded significantly in 1998 under The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century and again under The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users in 2005.

Answer 106

A visual preference survey best determines aggregate resident preferences, especially around the physical look of the natural and built environments.

Answer 107

A public hearing is best at the end of the planning process to allow for final thoughts.

Answer 108

Brainstorming is best for determining goals at the beginning of the project rather than specific details.

Answer 109

Mediation is best for identifying interests and priorities of opposing groups, rather than getting a sense for general resident preferences.

Answer 110

-Pedestrian scale facades -Variety of housing types -Multi-modal transportation and gridded street pattern

Answer 111

Nominal Group Technique The nominal group technique allows for brainstorming, enabling all members of a group to meaningfully participate. There are silent times allowing for idea generation followed by individual sharing of ideas.

Answer 112

You should provide notice to all properties within the prescribed radius (even if they're outside of the city's jurisdiction).

Answer 113

A null hypothesis is a neutral statement that does not suggest the direction of the result. The null hypothesis is the commonly accepted fact; it is the opposite of the alternate hypothesis. Researchers work to reject, nullify or disprove the null hypothesis. Researchers come up with an alternate hypothesis, one that they thin

Answer 114

Planning Commission meetings be open to the public.

Answer 115

All of these conditions must be met for the ordinance to be upheld as constitutional: 1. The condition must have some essential nexus with the public purpose it seeks to fulfill 2. The condition must bear some rough proportionality to the impact of the development for which the permit is sought 3. The condition may be satisfied by the payment of a fee in lieu of (FILO) compliance 4. Not result in the temporary loss of use of property while the application for the development permit is undergoing review by government staff.

Answer 116

A land owner to be compensated if the land regulation results in a devaluation of the property if they are the owner at the time the regulation was put in place. Oregon Measure 37 has had a significant impact on the ability of local governments to engage in land regulation.

Answer 117

Participatory Rural Appraisal is a group of techniques that allow for the provision and analysis of information by the public. These are typically highly visual including creation of maps or picture cards.

Answer 118

A leaderless meeting intended to help negotiations in controversial issues. While there is no 'leader', a professional facilitator can welcome participants and explain the seating arrangements, rules, timelines and the process.

Answer 119

the direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution.

Answer 120

Planning Cell - allows citizens to learn about, assess and choose between multiple alternatives. Planning cells is a method for deliberation developed by Dr. Dienel, and is designed to be a "micro-parliament." In a planning cell, about 25 people from various backgrounds work together to develop a set of solutions to a problem delegated to the participants by a commissioning body.

Answer 121

Prescriptive Easement is typically obtained under principles of adverse possession. A prescriptive easement can be earned through the ongoing and regular use of a property. A prescriptive easement allows the right to use the property and does not allow the farmer to gain title to the land. A “prescriptive' easement arises when, for 21 consecutive years, one landowner uses the land of another in an “open, notorious and uninterrupted' manner. If your neighbors run their cable line across your property, then after 21 uninterrupted years they have established the right to do so.

Answer 122

An easement appurtenant allows access to your property, for example giving you the right to use your neighbor’s driveway to access your property.

Answer 123

A public utility easement

Answer 124

Before the plan goals have been set

Answer 125

Record the issues and suggested solutions as presented during the facilitation and group similar issues and solutions together. As a facilitator, DON'T suggest potential solutions that best address the issues. The facilitator can introduce bias if the issues are specified by the facilitator and potential solutions are best suggested by the participants rather than the facilitator. The role of the facilitator is to record the meeting and help group ideas together.

Answer 126

Emphasize the importance of bringing together regional stakeholders including public and private sectors.

Answer 127

You would use a SAM to understand the existing state of the economy and use this to analyze the likely effects of policy proposals. A social accounting matrix is a framework for organizing statistical data about the economy. It considers household income, household expenditures, input-output of industries, trade, taxes, government expenditures, investments, and savings. A SAM allows for an understanding of the economic actors and is a tool for understanding how policy changes could result in economic changes.

Answer 128

-The street is sloped so that the high point is in the middle and it drains to the edges. -If there is a sidewalk, it is included in the right of way of the street. -Roads are typically sloped 1/2 inch per foot or higher to ensure proper drainage. -The traffic lanes are typically 9 to 12 feet in width.

Answer 129

Street furniture - includes benches, planting, trash receptacles, and physical elements that improve the way pedestrian experience the district.

Answer 130

Unclear; consult state and local regulations to determine if social media posts are considered public record

Answer 131

The facilitator is often a trusted community member. The facilitator is third party with no direct stake in the outcome facilitates the discussion.

Answer 132

Mediation is often used to help resolve conflict outside of court BETWEEN 2 PEOPLE (often not of communities). This method has multiple stages. The mediator is a third party with no direct stake in the outcome facilitates the discussion.

Answer 133

Traffic analysis zones - geographic units that divide a region into similar areas of land use.

Answer 134

Urban Growth Boundary - a regional boundary, that limits sprawl by mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for higher density urban development and the area outside be used for low density development, such as agriculture.

Answer 135

Based on the Quick Response Urban Travel Estimation Techniques and Transferable Parameters, assisted living facilities would have the lowest number of average vehicle trips per unit.

Answer 136

Vernacular architecture refers to architecture based on locally available materials.

Answer 137

A visual preference survey best determines aggregate resident preferences, especially around the physical look of the natural and built environments.

Answer 138

Congested traffic flow. Congestion can be measured by a volume-to-capacity ratio (V/C Ratio). A V/C Ratio of greater than 1.0 indicates severe congestion.

Answer 139

Half a mile is a typical standard for transit oriented development. Pedestrians will typically walk up to half a mile to reach transit or destinations.

Answer 140

called "the largest single act of national planning in our history.” -rectangular survey where coordinates were created for virtually all of the country west of the Appalachians. - Set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west/Old Northwest. -Township = 36 sq. mi. - Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation, so land sales provided an important revenue stream. - The Ordinance set up a survey system that eventually covered over 3/4 of the area of the US. - Laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act of 1862. - Established the basis for the Public Land Survey System. - The initial surveying was performed by Thomas Hutchins. - Significant for establishing a mechanism for funding public education. - Adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation

Answer 141

-Opened the lands of the public domain to settlers for a nominal fee and they had to stay there for 5 years. -This act was signed into law during the Civil War by Abraham Lincoln -This law turned over vast amounts of the public domain to private citizens. 270 millions acres, or 10% of the area of the United States was claimed and settled under this act. -The Homestead Act remained in effect until 1976, with provisions for homesteading in Alaska until 1986. -A homesteader had to be the head of a household or at least 21yo to claim a 160 acre parcel of land for a nominal fee. -Each homesteader had to live on the land, build a home, make improvements and farm to get the land. They had to be a citizen and not an enemy of the US.

Answer 142

-Congress passed this Morrill Land Grant College Act in 1862 which set aside federal lands to create colleges -This Act authorized the proceeds from the sale of land to fund the creation of colleges: "land-grant colleges" -The new land-grant institutions emphasized agriculture and mechanic arts. -The Morrill Act committed the federal government to grant each state 30,000 acres of public land. A land-grant university/college is an institution of higher education designated by a state to receive benefits.

Answer 143

-gave the president the power to create forest reserves by proclamation

Answer 144

Authorized states to be able to do zoning and called for zoning regulations to be made in accordance with a comprehensive plan. supported by Herbert Hoover while he was the Secretary of Commerce published by the US Department of Commerce (1922-1926)

Answer 145

Authorized states to be able to conduct city planning; directed the planning commission to "make and adopt a master plan for the physical development of the municipality" (also referred to as the comprehensive or official plan) The SCPEA covered: 1. The organization and power of the planning commission, which was directed to prepare and adopt a "master plan" 2. The content of the master plan for the physical development of the territory 3. Provision for adoption of a master street plan by the governing body 4. Provision for approval of all public improvements by the planning commission 5. Control of private subdivision of land 6. Provision for the establishment of a regional planning commission and a regional plan published by the US Department of Commerce

Answer 146

Assigned by President George Washington in 1791 to layout DC. He produced a Baroque multi-centered plan. comparable to Paris - boulevards, sequences of spaces linked by avenues - dramatic urban form.

Answer 147

-movement specific to the US -Daniel Burnham's "White City" Chicago. The buildings were white, people of color were also excluded from the city and the exposition. -1893 World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago) -with McMillan Commission (Olmsted Sr.) pan for the monumental core of DC in 1902 + Burnham = resurrection of Pierre L'Enfant's Baroque, multi-centered plan for DC. -took root in commercial cities in the US. -1909 Chicago Plan - civic ordering of the land, imposed on the Chicago grid. -criticized as being not practical, not recognizing poverty and focusing on beauty and commercial benefit.

Answer 148

-launched by Ebenezer Howard (+ John Ruskin) -only 3 cities: Letchworth, Welwyn, and Wythenshawe (UK) - Garden cities were meant by Howard as having communal ownership of land, industry is part of it, and it's completely planned as a city that had a source of employment and everything you needed for daily life -produced many developments from this movement ("garden suburbs") -It involved the establishment of a limited-dividend company -Farmland for the Garden City was to be purchased using an agricultural rate A premise of Howard’s model was that construction of the Garden City would increase land values, and that the increase in value would pass back to the community.

Answer 149

-created the Garden City Movement -wrote Tomorrow, A Peaceful Path to Social Reform (1898) -wrote Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902)

Answer 150

-A counter-reaction against City Beautiful aka "City Efficient" and "City Scientific" -National Conference on City Planning (1909) is the launch. -denounces the City Beautiful -aim of this movement is to remedy congestion and making cities work well for commerce and commercialization -Helps Zoning take off in the 1920s. -Standardization: SSZEA/SCPEA

Answer 151

City Functional/Efficient/Scientific 1. Benjamin Marsh, An Introduction to City Planning (1909) 2. Charles Mulford Robinson, The Improvement of Towns and Cities (1907) 3. John Nolan, Replanning Small Cities (1912) 4. Flavel Shurtleff and Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr, Carrying Out the City Plan (1914)

Answer 152

-NYC code that became law. -This zoning ordinance divided NY into (1) commercial, (2) residential and (3) unrestricted districts. - There were 5 types of "heights-of-buildings districts" - Set-back design is mandated. Ziggurat tower came out of this 1916 code.

Answer 153

-A popular "city efficient" technique -An achievement of the City Efficient/ Functional Movement from the realists of city growth (opposing City Beautiful) -takes off in the 1920s -when land uses were regulated with zoning in NYC, zoning became well-known. -Edward Bassett = father of zoning

Answer 154

“setback” or “ziggurat” approach to skyscraper design. The style was fueled by the 1916 act to allow light and air to reach the streets. The “set-back” style encouraged a diversity of buildings in NYC,

Answer 155

known as "the father of zoning" Chairman of the Heights-of-Buildings Commission in NYC put together zoning resolution for NYC, which was the city's first comprehensive zoning ordinance

Answer 156

argued that zoning should be legalized before the Supreme Court Euclid vs. Ambler Realty (1926) Herbert Hoover supported zoning abd

Answer 157

-argued by Alfred Bettman in the Supreme Court -a landmark case established legal precedent and constitutional justification for zoning and, implicitly, "comprehensive" land-use planning -Ambler Realty sued Euclid, Ohio because they owned several acres of land and didn't like the zoned districts that determined what they could build or use their own land for. upheld a local zoning ordinance as a constitutionally valid exercise of governmental power Euclid's zoning ordinance DID NOT become a standard used by many other communities. The ordinance was not very good (hence the legal challenge), so other cities chose to write different ordinances.

Answer 158

-realist, quintessential City Efficient plan -8 volumes of different surveys -In one of the surveys, Clarence Perry's concept of the "neighborhood unit" was formulated.

Answer 159

-created concept of the "neighborhood unit" -very famous diagram -this was picked up by developers all over the US -Perry envisioned that the center of every neighborhood would have a school, community center, and it would be the lifeblood of the neighborhood -mix of housing types in the neighborhood -problematic figure because he had racist views.

Answer 160

created by Clarence Perry 1. a self-contained residential area 2. bounded by major streets 3. shops at the intersections 4. school in the middle

Answer 161

-against the NY RPNY, as not being enough for an equitable future. -headed by Lewis Mumford; formed by Clarence Stein (1923)

Answer 162

a "Garden City" a very famous planning development based on Clarence Perry's idea of a neighborhood unit It was originally designed for 30,000 people and it called for a mix of uses. planned out and only partially developed because of the stock market crash.

Answer 163

-starts happening in the 1910s and 1920s after urban planning starts to get going. -Greenbelt and Green Towns development - federal government developed towns

Answer 164

Greenbelt, Maryland was created in 1937 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rural Resettlement Administration, as part of the “New Deal.” Modeled after European “garden cities” of that era, it was one of just three “greenbelt” towns created inside a ring of woodlands. Greenhills, Ohio (Cincinnati) 1938 Greendale, Wisconsin (Milwaukee) 1938 idea is to move everyone out, tear the city down, and make parks - criticized by Robert Fishman for this approach. calling it "corporate regionalism" / anti-urban. Greenbelt towns which provided affordable housing for federal government workers were planned by Rexford Guy Tugwell, head of the United States Resettlement Administration, under authority of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act.

Answer 165

1. Suburban Housing - furthered by FDR, National Housing Act 2. Automobile policy to add more roads to serve urban expansion 3. Regional infrastructure put into place that march outward toward suburbia

Answer 166

criticizes 40s-60s agenda post-war to stop the funding of garden cities and asks to stop suburban expansion and infrastructure policy supporting suburbs to focus on central cities instead.

Answer 167

1. Burgess Concentric Model 2. Hoyt Sector Model Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

Answer 168

1925 Ernest Burgess wrote an essay in the book The City (1925) that talks about this model.

Answer 169

Homer Hoyt used this model to contribute to our understanding of the spatial aspects of city growth. it prioritizes the role of transportation in urban development. In Sector theory, areas in a city develop in sectors along the lines of communication, from the CBD outwards. High-quality areas locate along roads; industrial sectors develop along canals and railways, away from high-quality housing; working-class housing locates near industry. Sector theory is a model of urban development proposed by Homer Hoyt in which sectors radiate out like pie shaped wedges from the central business district. Each sector represents a specific land use, and thus represents a distinct area of land values. Land use sectors either complement or oppose each other. High-quality housing is located away from industry.

Answer 170

1945 developed to argue that growth and development occurs around multiple centers of economic activity in a city. This became more prominent

Answer 171

freedom of speech and freedom of association (eg. group homes)

Answer 172

1st Amendment 5th Amendment 14th Amendment

Answer 173

just compensation for when a taking occurs (about eminent domain) cases are focused on takings (vs. valid use of police power) also a 14th amendment case (when someone argues that it's a taking they will also argue that it's a violation of due process) payment for private property taken for public use - eminent domain tied to just compensation

Answer 174

Zoning was legitimated as a valid use of police power rather than a taking so communities don't have to pay everyone for the zoning laws they enact

Answer 175

due process, equal protection under the law

Answer 176

(1976) 1st amendment case Ordinance that an adult theater must not be located within 1,000 feet of any other regulated use upheld

Answer 177

(1981) 1st amendment case Metromedia vs. San Diego was an important case about the aesthetics of sign regulation. Supreme Court found that partial ban on signs was unconstitutional. It was decided that cities could regulate billboards, HOWEVER San Diego/municipal governments could not treat commercial outdoor advertising more harshly than noncommercial messages. San Diego prohibiting outdoor advertising display signs to improve appearance of the city is invalid. The Supreme Court held that aesthetics alone may serve as a sufficient justification for sign regulation. There are substantial state interests in traffic safety and aesthetics and that sign regulations are a legitimate means of serving those objectives.

Answer 178

(1984) 1st amendment case Supreme Court found that an ordinance banning all signs on public property was not unconstitutional but it applied to everyone equally (it is content neutral). Acceptable because it didn't restrict particular groups.

Answer 179

(1986) 1st amendment case Renton enacted a zoning ordinance that prohibited adult motion picture theaters from locating within 1,000 feet of a residential dwelling, church, park or school - upheld by the Supreme Court

Answer 180

(1994) 1st amendment case Supreme Court decided it was not permissible for a sign ordinance to ban some signs based on content. The law has to be applied equally to all people. (eg. 1st amendment concerns would be raised if planners try to restrict distracting subject of messages or prohibit digital billboards along major roads BUT the planner COULD control billboard luminance and how fast the billboard message changes/sequencing.)

Answer 181

Berman v. Parker - a landmark Supreme Court case that interpreted the Takings Clause of the 5th Amendment. an eminent domain case It upheld the use of eminent domain for aesthetic purposes - for the redevelopment of a large area of DC so as to eliminate and prevent slum and substandard housing conditions. case upheld redevelopment program to take (through eminent domain) and transfer property to private developers to eliminate blight It held that private property could be taken for public purpose with just compensation. a redevelopment agency can condemn land for aesthetic purposes, if tied to a general plan

Answer 182

(1978) 5th amendment case INTRODUCED THE CONCEPT OF TDR court ruled that historic preservation ordinances were constitutional because they fulfilled a valid public purpose Penn Central could not develop air space over Grand Central Terminal (to construct a multistory office building above it)

Answer 183

(1987) 5th amendment case State claimed that Nollan's house would interfere with access to the public beach. State said that they would grant a building permit but only if they allowed public access to the beach. Supreme Court said this was a taking. State should use the power of eminent domain and compensate the owner if they wanted to maintain public access to the beach.

Answer 184

(1994) 5th amendment case Supreme Court ruled that government can require a person to deed portions of their property if they want to get a building permit. This involved deeding a portion of their land for a greenway as a condition of expanding a business. The amount that is charged must be proportionate to the impact. the burden on the property owner must be roughly proportionate to the benefit for the government. This decision limited the power of governments to force property owners to make or contribute to improvements on public property through zoning and land use regulations in situations when the improvement is unrelated to the owner's property.

Answer 185

(2002) 5th amendment case Supreme Court ruled that development moratoria don't constitute a taking and don't require a just compensation. Governments can block development and do not have to pay or use eminent domain because this is not a taking.

Answer 186

(2005) 5th amendment eminent domain case Upheld that planners can take properties through eminent domain for the purposes of economic development. Economic development is a valid public purpose. New London city used eminent domain to seize private property to sell to private developers. Kelo (a property owner) argued that taking private property to sell to private developers was not a public use, but the Supreme Court ruled for New London - economic development is a valid public purpose. In response, some states enacted legislation to prohibit local governments from seizing land for private development (against the Kelo case). The Kelo decision found that the use of eminent domain for economic development is a valid use of police powers.

Answer 187

(1974) 14th amendment case Court upheld that a community may prohibit unrelated individuals from living as a family in the same house. Purpose of this case was to keep more than 2 unrelated students from renting a house together.

Answer 188

(1977) 14th amendment case, which was about violation of the Equal Protection Clause Supreme Court upheld a zoning ordinance that denied approval of a rezoning application for low-income housing. This was because the ordinance didn't violate the equal protection clause. The Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. (MHDC) was trying to build racially integrated low-and moderate-income housing, but it needed a zoning change to switch from a single to a multiple-family classification. MHDC challenged Arlington's denial as racially discriminatory. The US Supreme Court held that MHDC failed to establish Arlington's racially discriminatory intent or purpose. While indicating that Arlington's zoning denial may result in a racially disproportionate impact, the Court held that the evidence did not show that this was Arlington's deliberate intention.

Answer 189

a landmark housing case (1975) (1975; 1983) 14th amendment case 1st case - landmark housing case - the court required that a township provide the opportunity for low-income housing development through the zoning ordinance 2nd case - "Mount Laurel 2" - courts instruct townships to provide their fair share of low income housing which led NJ legislature to pass the Fair Housing Act in 1985

Answer 190

Zoning Law Case - US Supreme Court that provided the ability to limit building height Local governments have power to zone via Euclid v. Ambler case, but even before that we had this case. Decision by court upheld that the statutes of Massachusettes limiting the heights of buildings in a certain quarter of the city did not violate the constitution.

Answer 191

Zoning Law Case - 14th Amendment case considered whether some restrictions or prohibiting certain activities constituted a taking. (eg. banning a brickyard) The Court held that an ordinance of LA, prohibiting the manufacturing of bricks within specified limits of the city did not unconstitutionally deprive the petitioner of his property without due process of law, or deny him equal protection of the laws. Hadacheck v Sebastian was a zoning case testing whether a Los Angeles zoning ordinance violated the 14th Amendment Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. The US Supreme Court found that the ordinance prohibiting the location of a brick manufacturing plant in a specific location in the city did not violate the 14th Amendment. It was ruled that the restrictions didn't constitute a taking.

Answer 192

Zoning Law Case - US Supreme Court upheld zoning as a constitutional/valid use within the Police Power of the state - it's not a taking.

Answer 193

Police Power controls actions and property of individuals without compensation. Eminent Domain takes private property for a public purpose WITH just compensation.

Answer 194

Growth Management Case (1971) supports the idea of growth mgmt. Court ruled that governments can preserve open space and small town character by managing growth in an orderly way. The rules upheld the city's annual limits on the number of permits that can be issued. The court held that a 5 year municipal housing and zoning plan that restricted housing development in the form of projects of 5 or more units for a total of 500 units per year is a valid exercise of Police Power.

Answer 195

Growth Management Case (1972) Ramapo established a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on availability of public utilities. This case was upheld. Made development conditional based on the provision of services. The Golden case marked the first time in the U.S. that a town was legally approved to control its own growth. upheld an ordinance that made issuance of a development permit contingent on the presence of public facilities. Golden v. Ramapo (1972) was the first growth management case, allowing the city to control its own growth. The case upheld a growth management system that awarded points to development proposals based on the availability of public utilities, drainage facilities, parks, road access, and firehouses. A proposal would only be approved upon reaching a certain point level. Developers could increase their point total by providing the involved facilities themselves.

Answer 196

Growth Management Case (1976) related to the timing/phasing of development and performance standards CA Supreme Court ruled that it was permissible to phase growth to allow for relief of overcrowded schools and sewer treatment facilities and to try to increase water reserves. The City of Livermore enacted an ordinance prohibiting issuance of new residential building permits until local educational, sewage-disposal, and water-supply facilities complied with specified performance standards. The Associated Home Builders Associations (Plaintiffs) brought suit to prevent the implementation of the ordinance on the grounds that the ordinance was unconstitutional. ruled that if a municipal land use ordinance is reasonably related to the public welfare, then the ordinance is a valid exercise of the police powers.

Answer 197

-Right to farm laws -Spur Industries v. Webb Development Company (1972); AZ Supreme Court -Alternative: "amortization of nonconforming use"

Answer 198

"Coming to Nuisance" cases In the US, nuisance lawsuits are denied if against farmers who use accepted and standard farming practices and have been in prior operation even if these practices harm or bother adjacent property owners or the general public. Agricultural nuisances may include noise, odors, visual clutter and dangerous structures. Passed to preserve farmland and agricultural practices in the US. Their intent is to make farming more viable. All 50 states have some form of Right to Farm law.

Answer 199

"Coming to Nuisance" case Involved new retirement community's efforts to prohibit the operation of a preexisting feed lot. The feed lot was allowed to continue to operate.

Answer 200

A community can use this if they want to eliminate an existing use (eg. adult bookstore) Ordinance can require the termination of uses over a period fo time. At the end of the amortization period, the nonconforming use has to end and no payment has to be made by the community.

Answer 201

1. Synoptic Rationality Planning 2. Incremental Planning (Lindblom) 3. Advocacy Planning (Davidoff) 4. Communicative Planning 5. Transactive Planning 6. Radical 7. Utopianism 8. Equity Planning

Answer 202

A scientific planning theory "synoptic rationality" or "comprehensive rationality" Banfield and Perloff Collection and analysis of data, consideration of all alternatives, and selection of the best alternative Five steps/Five "Ds": 1.set a goal (DESIRES) 2. come up with alternatives (DESIGNS) 3. evaluate the means against the ends (DEDUCTION) 4. consider costs and benefits (DECISIONS) 5. implement the best alternatives (DEEDS) Rational planning follows a process of determining values, analyzing data, identifying alternatives and identifying the best alternative: useful planning model but is much criticized doesn't take the communities desires into that much consideration It does not consider what people actually want, and it is often not realistic cost-wise. Centralized, Rational: the planner as applied scientist

Answer 203

A scientific planning theory: incrementalism = "mutual adjustment" -Lindblom (1965 book, The Intelligence of Democracy) -Etzioni "mixed-scanning method" don't try to solve everything about planning all at once. think about it incrementally. Centralized, Nonrational: the planner confronts politics

Answer 204

"Mixed-Scanning Method" that is related to incremental planning organizations should plan on two levels: 1. tactical 2. strategic scan the environment on multiple levels and choose different strategies and tactics to address what they found. Etzioni was kind-of criticizing Lindblom's incremental planning theory because he said it was too functional.

Answer 205

a planning theory Paul Davidoff we should recognize different groups with different perspectives. planning should be an advocate for groups (not just the under-served) planners can focus on the needs of particular groups. a version of this is also Norman Krumholz's idea of Equity Planning Decentralized, Rational: the planner as political activist

Answer 206

-Norman Krumholz 1970s -related to advocacy planning theory HOWEVER it is the principle of working inside the government to address the needs of the under-served. -Thought the principle focus of planning should be helping the underserved. that we should ensure planning benefits the poor and underserved.

Answer 207

a planning theory about consensus building and bringing key stakeholders together. integrate scientific thinking with people who have their own values and goals to bring to the table. Decentralized, Nonrational: the planner as communicator

Answer 208

John Friedman 1970s planning theory -the job of the planner is to distribute information and get feedback. -relies on face-to-face interaction, interpersonal dialogue -decentralized process where individual citizens have a say -most appropriate for small scale problems because cities are too large to use this approach

Answer 209

planning theory where the planners role is to facilitate and provide information (idea that we don't really need planners) planners coordinate. hasn't really taken off in the planning world

Answer 210

Theory of "how things ought to be" Kevin Lynch believed this planning theory was "spindly and starved for light" - that normative planning theory is underdeveloped. important for the urban design realm theories behind what ought to happen in the planning of cities: how should our cities look and function Kevin Lynch made the argument that there are 3 types of planning theories.

Answer 211

(listed in AICP Code of Ethics) 1. equity and social justice 2. public interest 3. sustainability 4. healthy and prosperous communities 5. diversity 6. democratic engagement 7. transparency

Answer 212

-a livable built environment -planning for multi-modal transportation -transit-oriented development -harmony with nature -resilient economy

Answer 213

understanding how we can make people who are engaged in urban planning come from a more diverse set of backgrounds. we need diverse of thought, planning, and approach

Answer 214

the more important goal for us is focusing on the outcome of giving everyone the same level of resources Equity is all about improving the distribution of resources, funding, or access in a fair or impartial way and understanding how discrimination has created these inequities.

Answer 215

-combating structural racism -affordable housing -living wage jobs & job training -quality education & early learning -healthy food & food systems -equitable justice system -healthy built and natural environments -community economic development -transportation -safe and supportive neighborhoods -health care & human services -parks & natural resources -diversity and inclusion -civic engagement -physical and emotional wellbeing

Answer 216

about redressing environmental racism. race influences the location of hazardous waste and highways. the goal is to improve the environmental conditions of communities that have been at a disadvantage. California's SB 1000 (approved by governor) requires that cities consider environmental justice in their planning process (eg. overhauling zoning, not allowing car services in certain locations, making sure residential neighborhoods are mixed-income, prioritizing compact, mixed-use development, cleanup contaminated brownfield sites, city to distribute parks more evenly, avoid siting schools and parks within 500 ft of the freeway

Answer 217

Planners and public health professionals are concerned with air and water quality, crime, pedestrian safety, and the effect of the physical environment on obesity and physical activity.

Answer 218

1.Civil Engineering 2. Environmental Science 3. Architecture 4. Landscape Architecture 5. Attorneys - investment, finance, various agreements, zoning ordinances 6. Public Health 7. Real Estate Professionals - agents & brokers 8. Police - rise in community policing - set policing priorities in their neighborhoods

Answer 219

Civil engineering is a professional discipline that deals with the built environment. Areas of focus include roads, bridges, water and waste water, and utilities.

Answer 220

An environmental scientist assesses the environmental health and stability of a given area. This involves creating surveys or research projects to collect a variety of environmental samples such as soil, water or air samples.

Answer 221

Planners could include architects in plan making, especially in the creation of design guidelines or architectural recommendations. Architects are most often part of private developer implementation when designing a building within a planning area.

Answer 222

Landscape architects can assist in the creation of parks and recreation master plans, or on specific outdoor projects such as parks, plazas, open space, and streetscaping.

Answer 223

Nation Regions Divisions States Counties Census Tracts Block Groups Census Blocks

Answer 224

a census statistical unit core and adjacent communities

Answer 225

adjacent CBSA

Answer 226

Each metropolitan statistical area will contain at least one urbanized area of 50,000 or more people core and surrounding counties urbanized areas (UZAs) form the urban cores of metropolitan statistical areas A[n] _______________ can be described as a central city plus surrounding communities to which it is linked economically. core county has at least 50k population, core has a density of 1,000 people/sq. mile 100,000 total

Answer 227

each micropolitan statistical area will contain at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 and less than 50,000 people core and surrounding counties core county has 10k-50k population urban clusters form the urban cores of micropolitan statistical areas

Answer 228

the largest incorporated area in a CBSA, but there can be several eg. LA has 19 principal cities in it

Answer 229

small in area; a block in a city is bounded on all sides by streets smallest level of Census data collection

Answer 230

Block groups are statistical divisions of census tracts (groups of blocks) they generally contain 600 to 3,000 people, and are used to present data and control block numbering A collection of block groups forms a census tract.

Answer 231

Census tracts generally have a population size between 1,200 and 8,000 people, with an optimum size of 4,000 people (on average). A collection of block groups forms a census tract. Compared to block groups and blocks with the most information eg. household, economic data

Answer 232

A Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) has a core of at least 10,000 population, whereas a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) has a core of at least 50,000. Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas represent the county-based functional regions associated with urban centers (hence, the generic term "core based statistical areas"). Both consist of core and surrounding communities.

Answer 233

A population of 4,000. Census tracts typically range from 1,200 to 8,000.

Answer 234

1. to estimate how many people there are in a given area 2. to project what the population might be at some future time Census Bureau is the main source of population data. 3. The purpose is to define the electoral district to determine representatives for Congress

Answer 235

Purpose was to develop information on the socioeconomic characteristics for typically census tracts and up. No longer exists. Replaced with American Community Survey (ACS). 17% of households received the long form.

Answer 236

rolling survey done every year since this survey isn't done for the same group of people every year, to obtain statistical reliability, you take the average of ACS data over the past 5 years. ACS data are estimates; the Coefficient of Variation must not exceed 15 percent. The U.S. Census uses the Coefficient of Variation (CV) to test for reliability of Census estimates (such as ACS estimates). The CV should be no greater than 15 percent to allow for reliable data interpretation.

Answer 237

1. Natural change: births > deaths 2. Net migration: inmigration - outmigration (more people moving in than moving out)

Answer 238

A population estimate method that takes the estimate of a larger area and uses a proportional ratio to estimate the amount for the smaller area. The step-down or ratio method compares the population of a smaller entity to that of a larger entity and assumes the share remains the same. The step-down method applies proportion and uses the population of a larger entity (e.g., a city) to estimate the population of a smaller entity within it (e.g., a neighborhood). For example, Plannersville had a population of 50,000. Clintonville is a neighborhood in Plannersville and, in 2000, it represented 10 percent of Plannersville's population. The current population of Plannersville is 55,000. What method could you use to determine the current population of Clintonville? Step-Down

Answer 239

shows how many people are in each age group/age distribution

Answer 240

Birth Rate, Crude Birth Rate, Death Rate, Migration Rate, Total Fertility Rate these rates are used to create population projections for the future.

Answer 241

A measure of the degree to which a population replaces itself. = number of births / female population in childbearing age typically the replacement rate is 2.1

Answer 242

1. Trend Extrapolation 2. Allocation Methods 3. Cohort Survival (Cohort Component)

Answer 243

method where you take the past and project it into the future as if it would continue indefinitely. Three Models: 1. Linear Extrapolation Model 2. Exponential Extrapolation Model 3. Gompertz Extrapolation Model

Answer 244

take some projection for a different larger area and scale it down to a smaller area. 1. Ratio Method (step-down) 2. Distributed Housing Unit Method

Answer 245

most sophisticated method, but most demanding in terms of data.

Answer 246

Population(t) = a + bt Linear projection is a straight time trend where the average change over the past period will continue in the future. However, population growth is typically NOT linear form it's exponential (steeper, faster growth)

Answer 247

Population growth is typically exponential

Answer 248

a growth curve that comes from biology S shaped curve with an increase in growth that levels off at a total carrying capacity. The Gompertz curve/function is a time series mathematical model in which GROWTH IS SLOWEST AT THE START AND END OF A GIVEN TIME PERIOD.

Answer 249

a smaller area proportional to a larger area. for example, if you have population data for the state and you don't have good data for the county, then you take the share of that county and the state pop as fixed and complete a new total from the state total - same applies to census tracts or subareas of a city.

Answer 250

uses housing unit data and simplifying assumptions Population(t) = housing units(t) x occupancy rate x household size gives a reasonable estimate, especially in small areas when not much data is available.

Answer 251

Cohort survival uses birth, death and migration rates within age cohorts. based on the fundamental population equation Pop(t+1) = Pop(t) + Births (t to t+1) - Deaths (t to t+1) + Net Migration (t to t+1) births and deaths are easy to track because we have certificates. migration is harder to track because we don't have a system for this.

Answer 252

A linear model has a constant rate of change (growth). An exponential model has an increasing rate of change.

Answer 253

The population in the next period is the current population + births - deaths + net migration.

Answer 254

This method can be used to calculate population in between census years.

Answer 255

1. Economic Base Analysis 2. Location Quotient 3. Shift-Share Analysis 4. Input-Output Analysis Econometric Models

Answer 256

1. Follow the money/jobs 2. Direct and indirect effects - multiplier analysis (critical in measuring the impact of new activities) 3. Economic Impact Analysis - major component of cost-benefit analysis (eg. if there's a new infrastructure project, how will that impact the economy: retail, real estate)

Answer 257

Separate the economy into basic and non-basic (an economic analytical method) Total= basic + non-basic Basic = export, brings in money from the outside (eg. tourism) Non-Basic = recirculating the outside money (eg. retail, banking), local/service Eg. As an economic development strategy it would be appropriate to undertake an analysis of employment in the county, comparing the proportion of basic and non-basic employers. Economic base analysis looks at the current economic situation to determine future economic possibilities. It includes an ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY. Economic base analysis compares employment in the region to national levels of employment in the same industry. DOES NOT INCLUDE: -Projections of future job growth -A current inventory of office and industrial space and occupancy

Answer 258

multiplier = total activity / basic activity The indirect effect of $1 additional basic (direct) activity on the economy = multiplier - 1 eg. total number of jobs divided by jobs in basic sector

Answer 259

-use employment data -Standard Industrial Classification SIC (old) or North American Industrial Classification NAICS (new) sector classifications -Empirical approach -Minimum requirements (compare to a reference) -Location quotients (most commonly used method)

Answer 260

Basic employment or export employment brings in money from outside the region. Non-Basic, or local/service employment recirculates the outside money within the region.

Answer 261

The ratio between total and basic employment. It gives a measure of how much additional value is created in the region for an additional dollar of outside money (it multiplies that money).

Answer 262

the most commonly used method of defining the base sector of a study area You take the relative share of a sector in a region (eg. manufacturing relative to total employment in a region) and you compare it to a relative share of that same sector in the nation. If location quotient is larger than 1, that would mean that there is more manufacturing employment in that region than in the nation. If the location quotient is less than one it is the opposite. LQi > 1 is an export/basic sector LQi < 1 is a local/non-basic sector You can use a fraction of the location quotient over 1 to estimate basic employment.

Answer 263

a description of what is going on in an economy. decomposition of employment by different parts: -national component (share) -industry component (mix) -regional component (shift) Take a region, divvy it up into the 3 above parts, then identify the: Leading and Lagging Sectors

Answer 264

related to Shift-Share Analysis -separate out national and industry trends -use regional shift to target leading sectors

Answer 265

SSi = National Share (NSi) + Industry Mix (IMi) + Regional Shift (RSi)

Answer 266

1. National component (share) 2. Industry component (mix) 3. Regional component (shift)

Answer 267

A negative regional shift happens when the growth in the local employment is less than the growth nationally.

Answer 268

General Equilibrium Model fo an Economy (Leontieff) -many assumptions -fixed technology -total production = intermediate production + final demand Input-output analysis is a form of macroeconomic analysis based on the interdependencies between different economic sectors or industries. It has a number of uses, including estimating employment change. - It is a form of macroeconomic analysis - It analyzes ripple effects throughout an economy - It is commonly used for estimating the impacts of positive or negative economic shocks - It can be used to estimate local employment change

Answer 269

transactions table = inter-industry flows (who buys from whom) technical coefficients table = proportion of inputs

Answer 270

X = AX + Y total output = intermediate output + final demand

Answer 271

RIMS - Regional Input-Output Modeling System, IMPLAN, REMI, others... planners don't actually do this.

Answer 272

Total production is decomposed into intermediate products (production to make other products) and final demand.

Answer 273

The transactions table shows the inter-industry flows (eg. which sector buys from what other sector(s) and how much.

Answer 274

APA developed these guiding principles into a set of recommended planning practices to serve as a resource for the preparation of local comprehensive plans. -livable built environment -harmony with nature -resilient economy -responsible regionalism

Answer 275

1. Diversity 2. Equity 3. Justice

Answer 276

we need membership that reflects the world -need a more diverse set of backgrounds in planning. seek diversity of thought, experience, perspective, and approach. women have made strong advances, but not people of color.

Answer 277

Not the same as equality. Equity is focused on the outcome of giving everyone the same level of resources. Understand the principles involved in equity.

Answer 278

How to get a more diverse set of people involved in the planning process; diversity makes APA a stronger organization.

Answer 279

Equality is about applying all compensation equally, regardless of need or ability. Equity is about making sure that outcomes are equitable. Equity is often considered a more important goal.

Answer 280

about redressing environmental racism. Race influences the location of hazardous waste and highways. Goal is to improve the quality and environmental conditions of communities that have been at a disadvantage. CA's SB 100

Answer 281

Environmental racism occurs when hazardous environmental effects disproportionately impact people of color (which is often the case).

Answer 282

A few suggestions include: -overhauling zoning to allow mixed-income housing -prioritizing the cleanup of contaminated sites in poor neighborhoods -ensuring an equitable distribution of parks -prohibiting the construction of housing and schools near freeways.

Answer 283

Lawrence Haworth wrote the book The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good.

Answer 284

It opened in 1972 but its story began right after WWII. The first segment of the BART system officially opened in 1972 following decades of engineering work and political and funding challenges. The BART story began in 1946 and gradually evolved at informal gatherings of business and civic leaders on both sides of the San Francisco Bay.

Answer 285

Standard City Planning Enabling Act

Answer 286

Aristotle He stated: “The arrangement of private houses is generally considered to be more sightly, and more convenient for peacetime activities, when it is regularly planned in the modern style introduced by Hippodamus. For reasons of military security, however, the very reverse is preferable — they should follow the old-fashioned manner, which made it difficult for strangers to make their way out and for assailants to find their way in.” Politics

Answer 287

The North American Industry Classification System NAICS was developed jointly by the U.S., Canada, and Mexico in 2002. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by statistical agencies to classify business establishments. The NAICS numbering system employs a six-digit code at the most detailed industry level, allowing planners to select industry segments to analyze, or to better understand economic diversity.

Answer 288

Grand Coulee Dam The largest concrete structure in the US built in 1942, located on the Columbia River in the state of Washington.

Answer 289

Ambler Realty vs Village of Euclid, Ohio is the case that upheld zoning as a legitimate use of police power

Answer 290

A building height limitation of 80 to 100 feet does not deprive the property owner of profitable use.

Answer 291

Aesthetics is a valid reason to support actions taken for the public welfare.

Answer 292

Communities can zone for location of adult entertainment establishments without necessarily violating the First Amendment.

Answer 293

Regulation effectively denying housing to people based on race, immigration status or national origin is unconstitutional.

Answer 294

Owner not permitted to make an unreasonable use of premises to the material annoyance of a neighbor, if the latter's enjoyment of life or property is materially lessened.

Answer 295

Must be a nexus between state's interest and exaction. If state wanted to have public access to the beach, they had to use eminent domain and provide a just compensation for that portion of Nollan's land.

Answer 296

Overturned approval of nuclear plant because the AEC did not follow NEPA; gave NEPA strength.

Answer 297

If regulation causes a physical invasion of privacy then it is a taking.

Answer 298

Communities can restrict the number of building permits granted each year if reasonable.

Answer 299

If an ordinance places tighter restrictions on non-commercial billboards than on commercial ones it violates the First Amendment.

Answer 300

Money damages could be appropriate for a temporary taking.

Answer 301

Zoning cannot be used to give churches an advantage over commercial establishments; Church could have day care but commercial entities couldn't.

Answer 302

Cities cannot define "family" so that the definition prevents closely related individuals from living with each other.

Answer 303

Court allowed time phasing of future residential growth until performance conditions were met.

Answer 304

The restriction of uses is not a taking. Brickyard

Answer 305

Nature of state's interest in regulation is a critical factor in determining whether a taking has occurred.

Answer 306

14th Amendment case - Zoning case Zoning ordinance was struck down because it had no valid public purpose. The rezoning had rendered the land worthless (it was both residential and unrestricted land use but could not be used for either). In the Nectow case (1928), the plaintiff sued for a mandatory injunction for a permit to erect a building without regard to the zoning ordinance, which zoned the land residential. The US Supreme Court found that the zoning ordinance in question made no reasonable sense in placing the Plaintiff’s land in a residential district. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling, and found that the invasion of the plaintiff's property right was "serious and highly injurious," and that the zoning ordinance would not promote the health, safety, convenience or general welfare of the inhabitants of Cambridge. Although the City had broad power to restrict the petitioner's rights through zoning ordinances, that power was not unlimited. the City could not exercise its power arbitrarily or irrationally, without relation to public health, morals, and safety. In this case, the respondent had exercised its power irrationally. Without an adequate basis for its action, respondent had violated petitioner's rights under the 14th Amendment.

Answer 307

Restrictions on use are not a taking provided they do not go too far.

Answer 308

The Court validated state and local government actions that properly protect the public health, morals, and safety. A person was making and selling beer. However, the state had a law prohibiting the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquor. The person was arrested but took the case to the US Supreme Court claiming that this is an infringement of his 14th amendment DUE PROCESS rights. The court found in Mugler v. Kansas that the state law does not infringe on his right as it is an exercise of the state’s police powers.

Answer 309

Local governments can condition development approval on the provision of services.

Answer 310

Regulation that leaves some economically beneficial uses may still be a taking.

Answer 311

Distance separation or concentration requirements for adult uses is OK if the regulation serves a substantial governmental interest and leaves open alternative methods of communication.

Answer 312

Restrictions on use are legal as long as there is still some commercial value. NYC did not allow Penn Central to add office buildings above Grand Central Station to preserve the historic character of the existing building.

Answer 313

Setbacks are constitutional.

Answer 314

Restrictions on use must show nexus to nuisance.

Answer 315

Property owners need not sell their developmental rights before claiming the regulatory taking of property.

Answer 316

A three-year government moratorium on development is not a 'taking' of private property that requires payment of compensation.

Answer 317

Required a reasonable relationship between conditions and impact. The amount that is charged must be proportionate to the impact.

Answer 318

Regulations do not prevent a jurisdiction’s achieving a fair share of regional growth, but affirmative measures should be used to ensure that a fair share goal is reached.

Answer 319

Two prong test -- A taking if: (i) does not substantially forward state interest or (ii) denies owner an economically viable use of their land. The takings test: Deprives property of all economically viable use?

Answer 320

Upheld power to prohibit more than two unrelated individuals from residing together as a single family; thus extended concept of zoning under police power to include community's desire for certain types of lifestyles.

Answer 321

Aesthetics can satisfy advancing a legitimate public interest.

Answer 322

Rural by Design

Answer 323

Waterborne commerce.

Answer 324

Frederick Law Olmsted, JR., was ACIP's first president.

Answer 325

Carrying Out the City Plan (1914) 1st major planning textbook

Answer 326

Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago

Answer 327

San Francisco

Answer 328

1903; Cleveland

Answer 329

Hartford, Connecticut

Answer 330

True. Given their fixed boundaries, most counties become more compact.

Answer 331

Poor accessibility

Answer 332

Sprawl is a development pattern in which related land uses have poor access to one another, maximizing travel and its social, economic, and environmental costs.

Answer 333

People pass by vacant land on their way from one developed use to another. (eg. Detroit)

Answer 334

Consumers must pass other uses on the way from one store to the next.

Answer 335

Everything is far apart due to large private land holdings and segregated land uses.

Answer 336

1. Density 2. Mixed-Use 3. Centering (urban centers are concentrations of activity) 4. Street Accessibility

Answer 337

Low-density residential development = sprawl

Answer 338

1. Density 2. Diversity/land-use mix 3. Design Sprawl is low on these.

Answer 339

1. household size 2. household income 3. % of whites in the population

Answer 340

a phenomenon whereby households in compact counties can make do with fewer cars because car trips are shorter and less.

Answer 341

Actually, high-income households

Answer 342

Actually, high-income households

Answer 343

Residents, employment, and arterial lane miles

Answer 344

More traffic crashes and fatalities!

Answer 345

1. Total miles of arterial roadways 2. Presence of commercial box stores 3. Presence of big box stores

Answer 346

greater # of traffic conflicts (mostly at intersections) However, the severity is lower.

Answer 347

Perhaps because dense areas have lower travel speeds, have lower VMT.

Answer 348

1. Greater traffic fatalities 2. Greater obesity (sprawl = higher BMIs) 3. Greater air pollution 4. Greater water pollution

Answer 349

1. housing affordability 2. traffic congestion 3. traffic safety 4. physical activity/obesity 5. social capital 6. air and water quality

Answer 350

45% Average % spent on transportation is less in compact areas.

Answer 351

Commute times to work are higher. Job opportunities could be inaccessible if too far away. Social capital is improved in compact areas - relationships help you get ahead. Metro compactness index has a strong direct relationship to upward mobility.

Answer 352

Patrick Geddes

Answer 353

Edward Bassett

Answer 354

Daniel Burnham

Answer 355

Ian McHarg

Answer 356

Lawrence Veiller

Answer 357

Paul Davidoff

Answer 358

late 1800s to 1920

Answer 359

An urban utopia is a city that is both idealized and imagined. Famous examples include twentieth-century city plans created by Ebenezer Howard (Garden Cities), Le Corbusier (Radiant City), and Frank Lloyd Wright (Broadacre City).

Answer 360

Le Corbusier

Answer 361

Boston in 1897

Answer 362

Lexington, Kentucky in 1958

Answer 363

Charleston, SC in 1931

Answer 364

Hawaii in 1961

Answer 365

the Grand Coulee Dam completed in 1941

Answer 366

Zone Improvement Plan Code

Answer 367

43,560 sq ft in 1 acre

Answer 368

Kevin Lynch (1960)

Answer 369

Cities in Evolution (Patrick Geddes)

Answer 370

Saul Alinsky - community organizing

Answer 371

-walking environment -access for vehicles and pedestrians -diversity of housing types -street orientated housing

Answer 372

City Beautiful

Answer 373

MBO - Management by Objective a personnel management technique where managers and employees work together to set, record and monitor goals for a specific period of time. Organizational goals and planning flow top-down.

Answer 374

Cleveland's planning director (1969-1979) known for EQUITY PLANNING/ADVOCACY PLANNING

Answer 375

TRANSACTIVE PLANNING THEORY

Answer 376

he founded the Congress for New Urbanism

Answer 377

Herbert Simon in 1956 - satisficing is a form of decision-making where individuals choose the acceptable option, rather than the optimal one. In essence, it combines the words "satisfy" and "suffice". accepts "good enough", doesn't obsess over other options, and can move on after making a decision a decision-making strategy or cognitive heuristic that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met

Answer 378

Burgess is known for the concentric ring theory (1925) - urban areas grow in a series of concentric rings outward from the Central Business District

Answer 379

Christaller This theory sought to explain the economic relationships of cities with smaller settlements and the amount of market area a central place can control. It was introduced in 1933 to explain the spatial distribution of cities across the landscape.

Answer 380

Sector theory (1939) - urban areas develop in sectors along communication and transportation routes

Answer 381

Sir Raymond Unwin designed Letchworth. Louis deSoissons designed Welwyn.

Answer 382

Robert Moses

Answer 383

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was established in 1933. as one of President Roosevelt’s Depression-era New Deal programs, providing jobs and electricity to the rural Tennessee River Valley, an area that spans seven states in the South. The TVA was envisioned as a federally-owned electric utility and regional economic development agency. It still exists today as the nation’s largest public power provider. the most famous experiment in river-basin planning

Answer 384

Radburn, NJ Letchworth was the first Garden City in the world.

Answer 385

Greenbrook, NJ

Answer 386

Jean Gottmann

Answer 387

Frederick Law Olmstead SR.

Answer 388

Union Pacific and Central Pacific

Answer 389

John Muir in 1892

Answer 390

1. Daniel Burnham completed his first regional comprehensive plan for Chicago 2. Wisconsin passed the first state enabling legislation permitting cities to plan 3. LA was the first city to apply zoning to undeveloped lands 4. The 1st course in city planning was offered at Harvard's landscape architecture dept.

Answer 391

Metromedia vs. City of San Diego

Answer 392

locally unwanted land uses

Answer 393

Importing Economic Benefit/Economic Base Analysis

Answer 394

Clarence Perry’s Neighborhood Unit concept identifies 5-9,000 residents with a density of 10 units per acre, a school at the center, and buildings around the edges for shopping.

Answer 395

Cohort Survival Method

Answer 396

a.Self contained villages and neighborhood clusters b.Prior land assembly c.Jobs-housing balance In 1963, the Rouse Company began the development of Columbia, Maryland. The 14,000-acre master planned development was developed to provide jobs, recreation, shopping, health care, and a mix of housing at different price points. The development was designed to create a jobs-housing balance.

Answer 397

Community Vision Statement - The sentence explains what the community would like the county to look like.

Answer 398

CommunityViz is a software program that allows for the creation of 3-D models to assist citizens in visualizing change in an area. It's a planning tool that shows how the area will look when the project is complete.

Answer 399

The use of “invasion-succession” in describing dynamics. Concentric Circle theory, developed by Earnest Burgess in 1925, finds that growth happens by land uses expanding outward from one area to another. For example, downtown office towers expanding into a warehouse district.

Answer 400

The APA Policy Guide on Security reported that Crime Prevention through Environmental Design includes natural surveillance, territoriality, and natural access control.

Answer 401

The Affordable Housing Corporation has a vested right to complete the project that is underway based on the City’s existing ordinance. If the City were to rezone the property that would interfere with the Corporation’s investment expectations of the property. A vested right has occurred because the building permit was issued for the project and the property was zoned for the use which is being constructed.

Answer 402

According to the APA Policy Guide on Neighborhood Collaborative Planning identifies: a.Comprehensive plans provide the framework for neighborhood planning and should be done within the context of the broader community b.A comprehensive plan should reflect neighborhood plans and neighborhood plans should support the broader needs of the community c.Neighborhoods should be encouraged to seek the best organizational structure to achieve their goals and objectives A, B, and C as policies that should be pursued in neighborhood planning.

Answer 403

Cincinnati - Alfred Bettman collaborated with Ladislas (Laci) Segoe on executing the studies for the Plan of Cincinnati.

Answer 404

form-based zoning Form based zoning focuses on the placement of a building on a lot, considering the relationship between the building and the public realm.

Answer 405

The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook is the most appropriate. This 2002 document by Stuart Meck, FAICP, provides state and local governments with tools for better growth.

Answer 406

Hippodamus of Miletus was an ancient Greek urban planner who created grid plans for cities during the 5th century BC. His plans focused on creating order that both physically and socially ordered the city.

Answer 407

Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954 Section 701 provided funding for local comprehensive planning, leading to communities across the country developing comprehensive plans.

Answer 408

Section 701 provided funding for local comprehensive planning, leading to communities across the country developing comprehensive plans. funds made available to smaller communities that lacked resources for planning. rescinded in 1981.

Answer 409

Smart City uses ICT and IoT to manage city assets such as information systems, schools, libraries, and transportation.

Answer 410

A steering committee should be led by a member OF THAT Committee rather than a staff member (eg. planning director). A staff member typically supports the work of the committee. Advise the committee to select a chairperson.

Answer 411

Lingle v. Chevron

Answer 412

Lingle v. Chevron overturned the “substantial advancement” test established in the Agins (1980) case. In this case, Hawaii enacted a limit on the rent that oil companies could charge dealer service stations. The rent cap was a response to concerns about gas prices. Chevron argued the cap was an unconstitutional taking of its property. The district court held that the cap amounted to an uncompensated taking in violation of the 5th Amendment because it did not substantially advance Hawaii's public interest in controlling gas prices. The court cited the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Agins v. City of Tiburon (1980), where the Court declared that government regulation of private property is "a taking if it does not substantially advance legitimate state interests."

Answer 413

It is an export industry. The industry employs more people in this region than the national average. The location quotient compares the share of employment of an industry in a region to the national share. If the share in the region is larger than the national share, the location quotient will be larger than 1, which suggests that the industry exports out of the region. The rationale is that the national share corresponds to self-sufficiency, so if the share is larger than the national share, there is more produced than needed for self-sufficiency, so the excess is exported.

Answer 414

Logan and Molotch are associated with the City as Growth Machine Theory.

Answer 415

As a first step, the planner should have full information in order to make an appropriate decision. If the TIP will be ready in six weeks, this may work out with the mall developer's timeline. Contact the transportation division to find out when the TIP is expected to be complete in order to determine how long a moratorium might last.

Answer 416

Multi-State (not regional, federal, or national)

Answer 417

State Typically state or national.

Answer 418

Established setback requirements (at specific heights, but did not establish height limitations). buildings in strictly residential zones were permitted to rise only as high as the streets in front of them were wide; a ratio of one to one, put another way. was the first citywide zoning code in the United States Edward Bassett

Answer 419

Peter Calthorpe Transit oriented development is planned and designed to locate high-demand land uses at or near the most efficient modes of transportation, like light rail lines, subway lines, and frequent, high-capacity bus routes. The concept of transit oriented development was pioneered by Peter Calthorpe who is an urban planner and founding member of the Congress for New Urbanism.

Answer 420

I. The plan was implemented, maintained, and expanded upon for fifty years. The plan was not fully implemented and later plans replaced the Plan for Chicago.

Answer 421

The idea of Plural Planning is associated with advocacy planning theory.

Answer 422

With 95% confidence, the estimated percentage of 52% is within 4% of the true percentage favoring the mayor's run for a second term. A 95% confidence interval is a standard statistical rule-of-thumb that comes from the assumption of a normal distribution. For a normal distribution, 95% of the values are around the true mean +/- 2 standard deviations.

Answer 423

Procedural due process - is covered under the Fourteenth Amendment and provides protection against unfair process where an individual's life, liberty, or property is concerned. States require open meetings in order to provide the opportunity for the public to be informed.

Answer 424

Zoning ordinances are created for the protection of public health, safety, and welfare. Their purpose generally extends to: -to implement the comprehensive plan -provide coordinated and practical community development and proper density of population -provide for the use of land within the municipality for residential housing of various dwelling types. -to accommodate reasonable overall community growth Zoning for the purpose of increasing property value or ensuring the highest and best use of land is NOT an appropriate zoning purpose.

Answer 425

Adoption of a comprehensive revision to the zoning ordinance, as it is clearly a legislative action by the governing board; the others are usually quasi-judicial functions, with the caveat that a master plan amendment can be considered legislative in some states.

Answer 426

ALL. Real property consists of all land, structures, attached equipment such as street lights, anything growing on the land, and all "interests" in the property which may be the right to future ownership, right to occupy for a period of time, the right to drill for oil, the right to get the property back if it is no longer used for its current purpose, use of airspace or an easement across another's property.

Answer 427

The Regional input-output modeling system provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis provides employment multipliers based on the North American Industrial Classification System which can be used to calculate a location quotient.

Answer 428

A shift share analysis provides information on the region’s share of employment in an industry compared to the national share. This technique allocates a projected employment expansion to smaller geographic areas, to sub-regions or population centers based on the center's present share of the employment. A shift-share analysis, determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy. used identify the most promising sectors for your metropolitan area Shift share analysis consists of the decomposition of employment growth in each sector into a national component (share), and industry component (mix) and a regional component (shift). The regional shift is used to identify leading and lagging sectors.

Answer 429

The Resettlement Administration was a New Deal U.S. federal agency created May 1, 1935. It relocated struggling urban and rural families to communities (greenbelt) planned by the federal government.

Answer 430

Greenbelt towns which provided affordable housing for federal government workers were planned by Rexford Guy Tugwell, head of the United States Resettlement Administration, under authority of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act.

Answer 431

Greenbelt, Maryland (outside DC) was created in 1937 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rural Resettlement Administration, as part of the “New Deal.” Modeled after European “garden cities” of that era, it was one of just three “greenbelt” towns created inside a ring of woodlands. Greenhills, Ohio (Cincinnati) 1938 Greendale, Wisconsin (Milwaukee) 1938

Answer 432

founded and led the Resettlement Administration Greenbelt towns

Answer 433

Resource Approach A resource approach would be best. A needs assessment is a process for determining needs, between current conditions and desired conditions. In the case of parks, a resource approach may be best in documenting the parkland resources available and comparing this to appropriate benchmarks and national standards.

Answer 434

declares that no government may implement land use regulation in a manner that imposes substantial burden on the religious assembly or institution, UNLESS the government demonstrates that imposition of burden both is in furtherance of compelling government interest and is at least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest (RLUIPA) is a federal law that prohibits the imposition of burdens on the practice of religion and prohibits churches and other religious institutions from being overly restricted by zoning laws.

Answer 435

You have watched the population of a former industrial city decline over the last thirty years. The Mayor has asked for a plan that will embrace the population decline rather than be concerned with trying to grow the city. You have envisioned the city as one with -more green space, -reduced infrastructure, and -revitalization of underutilized sites. the idea of planning for less, focuses on strategies that improve the lives of existing residents rather than exhaust city resources

Answer 436

Social Justice includes promoting a just society by challenging injustice and valuing diversity. Social justice is people being able to realize their potential in the communities they live in. represented by the phrase “choice and opportunity for all persons.”

Answer 437

the interest of spatial justice is how where people live affects their access to resources. The ability to live anywhere in a city or equitable zoning practices are certainly important, but they do not define spatial justice.

Answer 438

Special District Utility and School Districts are examples of a Special District. Special districts typically have the ability to levy taxes and take out debt in order to perform the functions required of the district.

Answer 439

Preemption is when the law of a higher level of government limits the power of a lower level to regulate a particular issue. A frustration of local governments seeking to use innovative policy initiatives aimed at ensuring access to affordable housing is that their efforts can be thwarted by state preemption.

Answer 440

1. Redistribution of income 2. Generation of revenue to finance government

Answer 441

Townships are subdivided into sections. Each township is six miles by six miles, township contains 36 square miles, each one forming a section. Calculations start at the end and work to the beginning of a section. Each section is one square mile which is 640 acres. 1/4 of 640 is 160. 1/4 of 160 is 40 acres. The correct answer is: 40

Answer 442

A densely settled territory that has a minimum of 2,500 people but less than 50,000 -A population density that is at least 1,000 people per square mile -Added in the 2000 Census -The size below a UZA

Answer 443

Urban Cluster (2,500-50k) UZA (50k-100k) MSA (100k), urbanized area of 50k PMSA (1M) Megalopolis (10M)

Answer 444

District focus Urban design typically works at a district level. While aesthetics are part of urban design, the district focus is the most accurate.

Answer 445

- Once a building permit has been issued, there is a right to continue with the project regardless of changes in regulation. -There is a vested right once a substantial financial investment has been made in the property. -A nonconforming lot can be developed if the zoning change was after the creation of the lot. There is NOT a vested right if a property has an existing zoning classification.

Answer 446

Planning is filled with WICKED problems. (eg. poverty - there is not a simple or easily understood cause or solution) -homelessness -climate change -street design A wicked problem is defined as a problem with multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests and no easy singular solution.

Answer 447

the colocation of wireless communication facilities

Answer 448

regarded as the first full-time professional planner in the US Wrote a comprehensive plan for St. Louis. was responsible for preparing the comprehensive plans for communities across the country.

Answer 449

It provides access and traffic circulation with residential, commercial, and industrial areas by distributing traffic not as accessible as a local street and not as mobility friendly as an arterial street or highway providing both traffic circulation and land access with all land uses by collecting and distributing traffic to these geographic areas

Answer 450

it uses data such as building or occupancy permits, voter registrations, electric meter hookups, tax returns, school enrollments, telephone hookups, drivers licenses, or number of housing units. Symptomatic population estimates include using local data such as utility connections or building permits to estimate the current population.

Answer 451

aka the G.I. Bill a law that provided a range of benefits for some of the returning World War II veterans including housing, funds for college education, and unemployment insurance. partially responsible for sprawl

Answer 452

100,000 - 300,000 sq. ft.

Answer 453

-stressed slum prevention rather than clearance (provided funds for urban renewal) -stimulated comprehensive planning through Section 701 provided funding for 140,000 units of public housing, giving preferential treatment to families that would be relocated for slum eradication

Answer 454

he wrote How the Other Half Lives (1890) shocking the conscience of his readers with factual descriptions of slum conditions in New York City. that became a powerful stimulus for housing and neighborhood reform.

Answer 455

Columbus, OH

Answer 456

popularized by the 1991 book "Edge City: Life on the New Frontier" by Joel Garreau an area on the outskirts of a city having a high density of office buildings, shopping malls, hotels, etc. archetypal edge city is Tysons Corner, Virginia, outside Washington, D.C. a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown or central business district, in what had previously been a suburban residential or rural area.

Answer 457

Satellite cities are suburbs with large employment bases and cultural offerings, in that satellite cities must have a true historic downtown, a distinct independent municipal government, existed as a city prior to becoming interconnected with the larger metropolitan core, and are surrounded by a belt of rural land between themselves and the central city.

Answer 458

1. Has five million or more square feet (465,000 m²) of leasable office space 2. Has 600,000 square feet (56,000 m²) or more of leasable retail space 3. Has more jobs than bedrooms 4. Is perceived by the population as one place 5. Was nothing like a "city" as recently as 30 years ago. Then it was just bedrooms, if not cow pastures.

Answer 459

Depends on the state's vested rights statute.

Answer 460

an ambitious employment and infrastructure program created by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1935 as part of his New Deal, during the bleakest days of the Great Depression. Perhaps best known for its public works projects The largest single project of the WPA was the Tennessee Valley Authority. includes: San Antonio Riverwalk, Griffith Observatory

Answer 461

single-family residential

Answer 462

1st amendment case U.S. Supreme Court (2015), unanimously invalidated an ordinance that treated signs differently based on their content. In Arizona, the town of Gilbert’s ordinance put size, time limits on directional signs. The temporary directional signs could be no more than 6 square feet and could be displayed only 12 hours before and one hour after the qualifying event. Pastor who posted church signs challenged ordinance on First Amendment grounds

Answer 463

Houston, TX

Answer 464

the State (unless pre-empted)

Answer 465

the State (unless pre-empted)

Answer 466

Dallas Fort Worth Metroplex

Answer 467

One mile intervals

Answer 468

Arterial streets should be located every three to four miles in urban areas.

Answer 469

the area within a 1/4 mile to 1/2 mile radius that people will walk

Answer 470

sidewalk area that pedestrians tend to avoid Space left between vehicles or pedestrians as they pass each other. Pedestrians tend to travel in the center of sidewalks to separate themselves from traffic and avoid street furniture, vertical obstructions and other pedestrians entering and exiting buildings.

Answer 471

Creative placemaking integrates arts, culture, and design activities into efforts that strengthen communities. best describes the idea of strengthening communities with arts at the core.

Answer 472

Daniel Burnham

Answer 473

1. It created the highway system that links state capitals and most large cities, and 2. It created the Highway Trust Fund to finance highway building. Sources of revenue for the Highway Trust Fund include taxes collected from vehicle sales.

Answer 474

dispose of federal property US federal law that established the General Services Administration which is responsible for managing, acquiring, and disposing of federal property. The General Services Administration works to dispose of excess federal property. In most cases this land can be transferred for a public purposes.

Answer 475

Designed by Victor Gruen, it was the first indoor, climate-controlled regional mall built in the U.S. Southdale Center was built in 1956 as the first indoor regional shopping mall in the U.S. It was part of a master plan that included residential, commercial, medical, office and mixed-use projects, but not within the Center mall itself. It set the precedent for shopping malls— 1,500 of which appeared across America 50 years after Southdale.

Answer 476

transfer of development rights case - 5th amendment the Court found that TDR is an inappropriate method to compensate the landowner for a taking by the City of New York. in this case the city had put in place a regulation that required the placement of a public park on private property leaving no income producing use of the property. The Court invalidated the regulation, and ordered reinstatement of the prior mid-rise (R-10) density zoning.

Answer 477

Pullman is a neighborhood on the south side of Chicago; it was founded/built in the 1880s by George Pullman for his eponymous railroad car company, the Pullman Palace Car Company and for the workers who manufactured it. The company owned everything, from stores to townhouses. The houses were comfortable by standards of the day, but a rebellion ensued when Pullman sought to raise rents without raising worker pay. Associated with: -Model company town -Worker rebellion -Working housing

Answer 478

Georges-Eugene Haussmann Haussmann was responsible for the recreation of Paris into what it looks like today. His efforts to recreate the city were met with fierce resistance which resulted in his ultimate removal.

Answer 479

Gross national product (GNP) the market value of all the products and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP allocates production based on location of ownership.

Answer 480

the legislative branch of County government/the governing body responsible for oversight of emergency management and hazard mitigation for the county.

Answer 481

A geographic entity, as defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget for use by federal statistical agencies, is based on the concept of two or more overlapping core areas with a large population nuclei that includes at least 1 million people. an area consisting of two or more overlapping or interlocking urban communities (known as primary metropolitan statistical areas) CMSAs comprise the 25 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The New York CMSA, for example, includes the primary metropolitan statistical areas of New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island and New York-New Jersey-Connecticut.

Answer 482

President Obama signed into law a new two year transportation reauthorization bill, includes many important provisions intended to help the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) in its important mission to reduce crashes, injuries and fatalities involving large trucks and buses. Three core principles: 1. Raise the bar to enter the industry and operate on our roads; 2. Hold motor carrier and drivers to the highest safety standards to continue operations; and 3. Remove the highest risk drivers, vehicles, and carriers from our roads and prevent them from operating. MAP-21 would fund Pedestrian paths, Bicycle paths, Passenger rail and public transit.

Answer 483

wrote The Urban General Plan (1964), which provided a guide to comprehensive planning practice T.J. Kent defines the comprehensive plan as a community’s official statement of policies regarding desirable future physical development; the plan should be comprehensive in scope, general in nature and long-range in perspective.

Answer 484

-should be long-range -comprehensive, general -should provide a policy guide for decision-making rather than a detailed implementation program -City Council identified as the client of the general plan -adopted at one time with all elements integrated -Focused on the physical development implications of socio-economic policies

Answer 485

Township-range

Answer 486

An Urban Service Limit Line is a boundary, sometimes parcel-specific, located to mark the outer limit beyond which urban development will not be allowed. It has the aim of discouraging urban sprawl by containing urban development during a specified period, and its location may be modified over time. An Urban Service Limit Line is not appropriate for determining where public schools will be located.

Answer 487

was the first act to link public housing with slum clearance. used the Neighborhood Composition Rule in the act to continue segregation practices in the new housing. The Wagner-Steagall Act of 1937 created a two-tiered policy of providing mortgage insurance to promote home ownership for the middle class, while creating public housing for the poor. The neighborhood composition rule created a class and race segregation. Public housing in white neighborhoods was reserved for white families.

Answer 488

A CoG/Regional Council is: -a planning organization -a Technical service provider -"Visionary" to its member local governments A COG or regional council is a multi-service entity with state- and locally-defined boundaries that delivers a variety of federal, state, and local programs while carrying out its functions.

Answer 489

According to the common law doctrine, an easement by necessity is used to allow a landlocked landowner to access a public roadway over another’s private land when no other relief is feasible.

Answer 490

-Garden cities included a mix of housing types, included duplexes and multi-family units. -They were surrounded by open space -They were to include housing, retail, and industry -They were connected by railways

Answer 491

To provide a basis for determining land use Economic forecasting helps to determine the growth in jobs in the community which translates to demand for commercial business land uses. NOT to determine the budget for next year (that is more so other professions)

Answer 492

A housing reformer active in the 19th century. In 1899, Jane Addams founded the Hull House in Chicago to provide housing to low-income families.

Answer 493

I. LBCS emphasizes activities based on observable character II. LBCS emphasizes site development character in the overall physical development III. LBCS has a five dimension nine color code The Land Based Classification Standards help planners with a model for classifying land uses across 5 dimensions: -Activity, -Function, -Structure Type, -Site Development Character, and -Ownership.

Answer 494

Each metropolitan planning organization (MPO) is required by law to develop a Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)—a list of upcoming transportation projects—covering a period of at least four years. An MPO is the policy board of an organization created and designated to carry out the metropolitan transportation planning process. MPOs are required to represent localities in all urbanized areas (UZAs) with populations over 50,000. MPOs are designated by the governor of each state for every urban area with at least 50,000 residents. MPOs develop solutions to regional transportation problems and address other important issues such as land use, air quality, energy, economic development, commerce, and quality of life. Each MPO develops a long-range regional transportation plan to guide transportation decision making and activities.

Answer 495

The Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) is a 6-year financial program (at least covering a 4 year period) that describes the schedule for obligating federal funds to state and local projects. The TIP contains funding information for all modes of transportation including roadway projects, as well as transit capital and operating costs. TIP must be developed in cooperation with the state and public transit providers. The TIP should include capital and non-capital surface transportation projects, bicycle and pedestrian facilities and other transportation enhancements, Federal Lands Highway projects, and safety projects included in the State’s Strategic Highway Safety Plan.

Answer 496

Transportation Management Area (TMA) is an urbanized area with a population over 200,000, as defined by the Census and designated by the Secretary of the U.S. DOT. An MPO in a TMA has a stronger voice in setting priorities for implementing projects listed in the TIP and are responsible for additional planning products.

Answer 497

-Banned construction of dumbbell tenement buildings -Lawrence Veiller drafted this act and led the reform movement. -It improved living conditions for New York's poor. required: -outward facing windows in every room -open courtyard -indoor toilets/running water -fire safeguards

Answer 498

“The mission of the Bureau of Reclamation is to manage, develop, and protect water and related resources in an environmentally and economically sound manner in the interest of the American public.” This agency is the primary builder of federal dams in the western US, such as Hoover Dam. US Bureau of Reclamation is a federal agency under the U.S. Department of the Interior. It oversees water resource management related to irrigation, water supply, and hydroelectric power generation in the western US.

Answer 499

best known for the dams, powerplants, and canals it constructed in the 17 western states. These water projects led to homesteading and promoted the economic development of the West. Reclamation has constructed more than 600 dams and reservoirs including Hoover Dam on the Colorado River and Grand Coulee on the Columbia River. Today, they the largest wholesaler of water in the country. They bring water to more than 31 million people. Reclamation is also the second largest producer of hydroelectric power in the United States.

Answer 500

Robert Weaver was the first African-American to serve in the US Cabinet, as the head of the Department of Housing and Urban Development The first secretary of HUD

Answer 501

A shift-share analysis evaluates: 1. the performance of an individual industry 2. the strengths and weaknesses of an industry 3. the region's mix of industries A shift-share analysis, determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy.

Answer 502

a software program that will allow you to undertake modeling that allows for you to analyze urban development, considering the interactions between land use, transportation, and public policy on a regional scale. UrbanSim is an open source urban simulation system to support metropolitan land use, transportation, and environmental planning. UrbanSim is a simulation modeling software that allows the ability to simulate the impacts of land use and transportation plans from a parcel to metropolitan area.

Answer 503

The environmental justice movement was launched into mainstream media attention when in 1982, predominantly Black residents of Warren County, North Carolina protested the state choosing to dispose of toxic PCB waste near the county’s water supply. The over 500 arrests encouraged national efforts against racist siting practices.

Answer 504

The Census Bureau reviews and updates urbanized area and urban cluster boundaries every ten years, following the decennial census. Census blocks provide the "building blocks" for measuring population density and delineating each urban area. Because population estimates and American Community Survey data are not available at the census block-level, the Census Bureau does not possess a nationally consistent set of population data at the level of geographic detail needed to delineate urban areas between censuses. -Population estimates at the block scale are not possible between decennial censuses -The Census Bureau will NOT update the boundaries based on written request from the Board -Urbanized area boundaries can only be updated every 10 years -Census blocks are the building blocks for measuring population density

Answer 505

-Current Population Survey -American Household Survey -American Community Survey -National Health Interview Survey -National Crime Victimization Survey

Answer 506

-Burnham completed City Beautiful plans for Cleveland and San Francisco. -Daniel Burnham was Chief of construction for the World’s Columbian Exposition. -Burnham headed the McMillan Committee, which resurrected L'Enfant’s plan for DC in the early 20th century. -Burnham’s Plan of Chicago was completed in 1909. Burnham was involved in a number of City Beautiful plans for major American cities, including Cleveland, San Francisco and Chicago.

Answer 507

Local roads have a design speed of 25-35 miles per hour.

Answer 508

Downzoning reduces the intensity of zoning on a site.

Answer 509

Drosscape is an urban design framework that examines urbanized regions as the waste product of past defunct economic and industrial processes. The concept focuses on the redesign and adaptive reuse of “waste landscapes” within regions. e.g a site may have been used for toxic waste in the past

Answer 510

-federal financing for slum clearance programs -increased authorization for the Federal Housing Administration FHA mortgage insurance -money to build more than 800,000 public houses

Answer 511

In Lingle v. Chevron the Court found that the takings clause should be based on the severity of the burden that the regulation imposes upon property rights and not whether the effect of the regulation is to “substantially advance” governmental interest. The substantially advances clause came from Agins v. Tiburon.

Answer 512

Modeled on Garden City principles Mariemont was designed by John Nolen based on Garden City principles. It was also one of the earliest Garden Cities to be designed with the automobile in mind.

Answer 513

Urban areas in the United States based around an urban cluster (urban area) with a population of 10,000 to 49,999.

Answer 514

4 - in all other states the majority of the population is living in urban areas!

Answer 515

Young professionals and Baby Boomers are the key populations moving into cities

Answer 516

The Western U.S. is the most urbanized part of the country today

Answer 517

Net migration is driving the growth of urban areas

Answer 518

1. Preempts local regulation of cell tower radio frequency emission effects II. Requires zoning decisions be in writing and supported by substantial evidence expressly preserves the authority of state and local governments to regulate land use and zoning, but places several substantive and procedural limits upon that authority when exercised in relation to personal wireless service facilities. eliminated a cap on nationwide station ownership and increased the number of stations one entity could own in a single market. opens up competition by local telephone companies, long distance providers, and cable companies with each other The goal of this new law is to let anyone enter any communications business -- to let any communications business compete in any market against any other.

Answer 519

Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) aka New Urbanism aka Neo-Traditional TND stands for 'Traditional Neighborhood Development' with planning patterns that are based on traditional, pedestrian-oriented 18th and 19th century European and American towns. more compact communities designed to encourage bicycling and walking for short trips by providing destinations close to home and work, and by providing sidewalks and a pleasant environment for walking and biking

Answer 520

(New Urbanism) Neo-Traditional communities are privately developed master-planned communities built using TND land planning and design principles. TND stands for 'Traditional Neighborhood Development' with planning patterns that are based on traditional, pedestrian-oriented 18th and 19th century European and American towns.

Answer 521

It would not be unusual for the application to require a map showing ownership information within a given radius, along with the names and addresses of all property owners and tenants within the radius. will NOT include list of endangered species in the area.

Answer 522

"Smart growth is a better way to build and maintain our towns and cities. Smart growth means building urban, suburban and rural communities with housing and transportation choices near jobs, shops and schools. This approach supports local economies and protects the environment." -Wildlife Corridors and water conservation -Transit Oriented Development and town centers -Affordable housing and main street revitalization -mixed land use, compact building design, walkable, strong sense of place, preserve open space, variable transportation options, encourage community & stakeholder collaboration

Answer 523

Democracy, Equity, and Diversity

Answer 524

Partial closure changes the traffic from two-way to one-way at a point in the road, would limit the traffic to locals only. This solution is a method of traffic calming for reducing cut through-traffic on a neighborhood street.

Answer 525

Census Designated Places (CDPs), which are delineated to provide data for settled populations that are not legally incorporated, have no size requirements.

Answer 526

Parking Ratios - these are managed by zoning ordinances, as is land use.

Answer 527

development of a vacant urban or suburban site that was formerly developed but is now obsolete. A greyfield is a term used to describe underutilized land in need of redevelopment, such as a parking lot or a dead mall.

Answer 528

a type of sprawl where there are tracts of undeveloped land in between developments.

Answer 529

areas of land targeted for new or improved infrastructure over 5-10 years

Answer 530

A zero lot line property is any property in which the structure of the home touches or comes very close to the boundary of the lot. This form of development includes a building that is sited on one or more lot lines with no yard, the intent of which is to allow a more flexible site design and to increase the amount of usable open space. A structure located on a lot that comes up to or very near to the edge of the property line. Rowhouses, garden homes, patio homes and townhomes are all types of properties that may be zero-lot-line homes.

Answer 531

The Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 established the General Services Administration.

Answer 532

The Federal Surplus Property Act of 1944 allows for the government disposal of property.

Answer 533

The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, as amended, is the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) “organic act” that establishes the agency's multiple-use and sustained yield mandate to serve present and future generations. The BLM manages public lands and subsurface estate under its jurisdiction under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act or FLPMA.

Answer 534

don't mean that public agency planners must hand over all information at any given time FOIA rules vary from state to state and city to city This law requires the full or partial disclosure of public information and documents. Since 1967, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has provided the public the right to request access to records from any federal agency. In addition, all states have their own “open records” laws that provide access to state and local records. The federal FOIA has 9 exemptions that protect interests such as personal privacy, national security, and law enforcement.

Answer 535

In 2018, the number was estimated at 554,000.

Answer 536

critical/the most important to consider when updating agreements with unionized employees. the collective bargaining agreement, covers all of the unionized employees.

Answer 537

The most common tools planners have in regulating cannabis activities: 1. buffering (creating a buffer zone around sensitive uses like schools), 2. zoning overlay districts that indicate where cannabis activities can occur, 3. and setting up permitting requirements.

Answer 538

Typically multiplier analysis is used to project the number of jobs created, but can also be used to project job loss. If an industry had a multiplier 1.5 then if 100 jobs were lost directly in the industry another 50 would be lost in the rest of the economy. Multipliers are used to analyze the effects of economic and political changes. Eg. You are a planner trying to calculate how many total jobs will be lost in your county as a result of job loss in the fishing and tourism industries.

Answer 539

These areas are legislatively authorized because they demonstrate a nationally unique natural, cultural, historic or scenic resource and link natural and cultural resources. National Heritage Areas can be established through an act of Congress, with assistance from the National Park Service. They are managed at a local or regional level.

Answer 540

Poor, diverse suburbs surrounding wealthy central cities many central cities continue to gain population and outpace suburban growth as a result of net in-migration Alan Ehrenhalt (2012) describes these changes as “The Great Inversion”

Answer 541

Identify the total number of building permits issued for housing and multiply this by the average household size. (Symptomatic Population estimation method)

Answer 542

Classify establishments based on NAICS The NAICS numbering system allows planners to analyze industry segments to better understand economic diversity. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by statistical agencies to classify business establishments.

Answer 543

a region or settlement that lies outside a city and usually beyond its suburbs and that often is inhabited chiefly by well-to-do families. Suburbs lie just outside of the city, whereas exurbs are areas farther out, beyond the suburbs. Exurbs tend to be situated in more rural areas. They can be near farmland or even the beach. An exurb/exurban area is an area outside the typically denser inner suburban area, at the edge of a metropolitan area, which has some economic and commuting connection to the metro area, low housing density, and growth.

Answer 544

Robert Moses (1888-1981) was infamous for building bridges extra-low to prevent poor people in buses from using certain highways. He famously battled Jane Jacobs over the construction of a highway through Washington Square Park.

Answer 545

An Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) is the most effective method for preventing development in specified geographic areas. NOT Overlay zoning, Down zoning, or Agricultural Preservation zoning

Answer 546

-preventing development in specified geographic areas (eg. protecting endangered species) -preventing sprawl -limiting the expansion of infrastructure and public services if you are dealing with a fiscal crisis A UGB mandates that the area inside the boundary be used for urban development and the area outside be preserved in its natural state or used for agriculture. This is an area within which development is allowed over a specified period of time. Beyond this area development is prohibited or strongly discouraged.

Answer 547

A Smart City uses information and communication technology (ICT) and Internet of Things (IoT) to improve operational efficiency, share information with the public and provide a better quality of government service and citizen welfare. a technologically modern urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect specific data. Information gained from that data is used to manage assets, resources and services efficiently; in return, that data is used to improve operations across the city. used to manage city assets such as information systems, schools, libraries, and transportation.