Plan Implement and Finance

Question 1

Design Charrette

Answer 1

intensive collaborative effort that brings together citizens, stakeholders, and staff to develop a detailed design plan for a specific area. A charrette may be held over one or more days. This is an effective technique for quickly developing consensus

Question 2

Delphi Method

Answer 2

participation process.

1944 US Army Air Force

Panel of stakeholders asked to complete questionnaires.

after each round there is feedback on responses

overtime getting one solution

Question 3

Nominal Group Technique

Answer 3

problem solving id and solution generation.

ranking of solutions

Question 4

Facilitation

Answer 4

a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consensus. The facilitator is typically a volunteer from the community who is respected by all groups. In some cases, a professional facilitator is hired to assist in running the meeting.

Question 5

Mediation

Answer 5

The agreement typically specifies measurable, achievable, and realistic solutions. The final agreement is typically in writing.

Question 6

Coalition Building

Answer 6

A coalition is the working together of several organizations toward a common goal.

Two types: lead organization or multi organization with equal participation

Question 7

Negotiation

Answer 7

btw two or more parties without the help of an outside facilitator

Question 8

Envir. Impact Statement (EIS) Components

Answer 8

Four parts:

1. Intro/statement of purpose
2. Description of affected
3. range of alternatives
4. environ. impacts of alternatives

Must address 5:

1. probable impact
2. unavoidable adverse effects
3. alternatives
4. relationship ST use and LT productivity of land
5. irreversible commitments of resources

Question 9

Cost-benefit

Answer 9

Cost-benefit analysis estimates the total monetary value of the benefits and costs to the community of a project(s) to determine whether they should be undertaken. Typically, this is used for public projects such as highways and other public facilities.

Created by (french) Jules Dupuit in 1848. In the United States, cost-benefit analysis became common as a result of the Federal Navigation Act of 1936. This act required that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertake waterway system projects when the total benefits exceed the costs of the project.

Question 10

Cost-effectiveness

Answer 10

Cost-effectiveness analysis, a method for selecting among competing projects when resources are limited, was developed by the military.

Ex: Muni has $50k to spend on a few park alternatives.

The cost-effectiveness ratio is the CE Ratio = (cost of new strategy - cost of current practice)/(effect of new strategy - effect of current practice).

Question 11

Project Mgt Technique: Goals Achievement Matrix

Answer 11

comprehensive way to evaluate a project. It consists of a project evaluation matrix that includes competing projects in rows and the evaluation criteria in columns. The evaluation criteria are based on the various stakeholder groups that may be impacted by the costs or that may receive benefits.The matrix shows the anticipated attainment of a project’s goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group.

Question 12

Gantt Chart

Answer 12

This chart focuses on the sequence of tasks necessary for project completion

Like B&G project timelines

Question 13

Linear Programming

Answer 13

project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution

Linear program is about allocation of resources

Question 14

Program Scheduling:

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

Answer 14

a scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationships of project tasks. PERT is a good choice when precise time estimates are not available for project tasks.

work when a project is of a large-scale

CPM is used by project managers to find important deadlines and deliver a project on time, whereas PERT is used to calculate the amount of time it will take to realistically finish a project.

The Program Evaluation and Review technique is a decision-making tool designed to achieve objectives in which time is a critical factor. This technique is most helpful when time expectations are significant.

PERT - deals with unpredictable activities where time needed to complete activities is not known. It concentrates on the trade-off btw time/cost. It produces “high precision” time estimate

Question 15

Critical Path Method (CPM)

Answer 15

Analysis through project tasks. Each project task has a known amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before the previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway.

work when a project is of a large-scale

CPM is used by project managers to find important deadlines and deliver a project on time, whereas PERT is used to calculate the amount of time it will take to realistically finish a project.

Critical Path Method is a project planning tool that works well when there are multiple activities and in which some of the activities cannot start until others are complete.

CPM deals with predictable activities (projects that are reoccurring). It concentrates on time rather than time-cost trade off. It produces the reasonable time estimate.

Question 16

Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems (PPBS)

Answer 16

planning through accomplishing goals set by a department.

The disadvantage is that it is time-consuming to prepare and requires that goals and objectives be stated in measurable terms

PPBS has limited success because of its heavy information requirements and the incompatibility of program format with control mission.

Question 17

Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB)

Answer 17

it requires a department to consider every aspect of its operation and concentrate on why it does things the way it does. This is also a disadvantage because it is time-consuming to justify every activity.

ZBB has limited success because of its intensive information requirements and limited benefits to managers.

the budget is broken up into “decision packages”, budget starts from scratch, “decision packages” are tied to long range plans

Question 18

Performance-based budget (PBBS)

Answer 18

linking funding to performance measures.funding could be tied to the amount of time it takes to process plat applications or building permits.

PPBS is about linking planning and budgeting and making the budget reflect objectives, strategies and plans.

Question 19

General Obligation Bonds

Answer 19

General Obligation Bonds are voter-approved bonds for capital improvements. GO Bonds use the tax revenue of the government to pay back the debt;

Question 20

Revenue Bonds

Answer 20

Revenue Bonds use a fixed source of revenue to pay back the debt. For example, revenue bonds could be issued to pay for a new water main. The debt would be paid back through the water use fees. Revenue bonds are commonly used to finance utility improvements and special facilities, such as baseball stadiums.

A revenue bond would be the best type of financing to pay for the project. Revenue bonds are municipal bonds that can be used to finance income-producing projects. The bonds are secured by a specified revenue source. The bonds can be issued by any government agency that has a revenue source.

Question 21

Lease-purchase

Answer 21

Lease-purchase allows a government to “rent-to-own.” The benefit is that the government does not have to borrow money to finance the acquisition of a major capital improvement.

Question 22

Gompertz Pop Curve

Answer 22

S shaped and defined by a carrying capacity

Question 23

Basic vs Non-Basic Economic Activities

Answer 23

Basic: export

non-basic: local service, recirculates outside money

Question 24

Economic Multiplier

Answer 24

Multiplier = total / basic

Question 25

Location Quotient

Answer 25

ratio to ratio analysis

Question 26

Shift Share Analysis

Answer 26

Description of what is going on in an industry. Decomposing what is going on in an industry on two fronts… local and national.

Regional competitiveness - shift

Industry - mix

national composition - share

A shift-share analysis, used in planning to determine what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy.

Question 27

Input-Output Analysis

Answer 27

Total production = intermediate output + final demand

Question 28

Consensus Conferences

Answer 28

Consensus Conferences are used to inform a panel of citizens about a complex technological or scientific issue. And then allows the panel to formulate a consensus position on the implications of the planning issue.

Question 29

Industry Classifications

Answer 29

The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) replaced the U.S. Standard Industrial Classification System (SIC)

Question 30

Fishbowl planning

Answer 30

Through workshop formats people work through proposals

Question 31

All budget types

Answer 31

CIP since it can include operating costs and long-term maintenance costs. PPBS is about linking planning and budgeting and making the budget reflect objectives, strategies, and plans. Performance budgeting ties budgets to performance objectives. Zero-based budgeting starts from a “zero base,” and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs.

Question 32

Management by Objectives (MBO)

Answer 32

Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are. Management By Objectives term was first popularized by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book ‘The Practice of Management’.

Question 33

coffee klatch

Answer 33

A coffee klatch is a small, informal discussion with a group of people in a private home with light refreshments. The planner typically has a short presentation followed by questions and discussion.

Question 34

Plebiscite

Answer 34

the direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution.

Question 35

Consensus Building

Answer 35

While on an individual basis, mediation can be most effective when you are working with a large group such as a community consensus building is more effective. Consensus building (also called collaborative problem solving or collaboration) is essentially mediation of a conflict which involves many parties. Usually, the conflict also involves multiple, complex issues. While consensus building is probably most often used in environmental disputes, it is applicable to many other kinds of public policy disputes as well as the community, state, and international levels.

Question 36

Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)

Answer 36

Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) is a 6-year financial program that describes the schedule for obligating federal funds to state and local projects. The TIP contains funding information for all modes of transportation including roadway projects, as well as transit capital and operating costs.

Question 37

Communicative theory

Answer 37

Communicative theory emphasizes that the planner negotiate and build consensus

Question 38

Tele v. mail surveys

Answer 38

Telephone surveys tend to be more cost effective than mail surveys.

Question 39

SARAR

Answer 39

SARAR stands for Self-esteem, Associative strength, Resourcefulness, Action planning, and Responsibility. This is a series of techniques designed to be highly visual and accessible to those who cannot read or write. Examples, include pocket charts, three pile sorting, and picture stories with gaps.

Question 40

Requirement of NEPA

Answer 40

Community engagement is required as part of the National Environmental Policy Act process.

Question 41

A Samoan Circle

Answer 41

A Samoan Circle is designed to permit interaction that occurs in small groups but can be witnessed by a larger group. The meeting is set up with an inner circle of five to six chairs. The rest of the chairs are set up in concentric outer circles. Initially, everyone is seated in the outer circles. People who wish to speak move to the inner circle. Once they speak they return to their original seat. The discussion continues as long as there are participants who wish to speak.

Question 42

Negotiation-based Land Value Recapture

Answer 42

Negotiation-based Land Value Recapture results in negotiating development agreements that ties increased densities to community amenity contributions. This is used in Vancouver and Santa Monica

Question 43

Plan Implementation for air quality

Answer 43

States are required to develop a state implementation plan for air quality. These air quality plans must include the following: Provisions for ozone nonattainment areas, Provisions for carbon monoxide nonattainment areas, Provisions for particulate matter nonattainment, provisions for designated nonattainment for sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, or lead. Transportation is a major source of air pollution - for example carbon monoxide, which is required to be addressed as part of the state implementation plan.

Question 44

Economic Base Multiplier

Answer 44

Multi = total / basic

Question 45

Input-Output Analysis

Answer 45

Total production = intermediate prod + final demand

Question 46

The Cost Variance (CV)

Answer 46

The Cost Variance (CV) measures the difference between the budgeted cost of work scheduled (Planned Value, or PV) and what has actually been spent to this point (Actual Cost, or AC). PV-AC=CV

Question 47

Planning Cell Technique

Answer 47

A planning cell allows citizens to learn about, assess and choose between multiple alternatives. Planning cells is a method for deliberation developed by Dr. Dienel, and is designed to be a “micro-parliament.” In a planning cell, approximately twenty five people from various backgrounds work together to develop a set of solutions to a problem delegated to the participants by a commissioning body.

Question 48

Tax Structure

Answer 48

Progressive tax increases the tax rate as the tax base increases (i.e., the tax rate, along with tax liability, increases as an individual or entity’s wealth increases). A proportional tax, also referred to as a flat tax, assesses the same tax rate regardless of income or wealth. Under a regressive tax system (e.g., sales tax), individuals and entities with low incomes pay a higher amount of that income in taxes compared to high-income earners. A tax increment is the additional property tax generated by a development; the increment is “captured” to finance development costs.

Question 49

Proportional Valuation Method.

Answer 49

A fiscal analysis that estimates the average costs of the proposed office development.

The proportional valuation method examines increases in community revenues and expenditures related to development. Specific expenditures and revenues are allocated to land uses. Costs and revenues are allocated to residential, commercial and industrial land uses in proportion to the share each represents of the total property base as reflected in property value. After costs and revenues are allocated, a current cost per acre by land use type is estimated and this is then applied to the development.

Question 50

EIS - Envir. Justice

Answer 50

Under the US Dept. of Transportation’s process, consideration of environmental justice issues must be considered during preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). General principles required as part of the EIS analysis are: Identification of Minority or Low-Income Populations, Public Participation, Numeric Analysis (that agencies should consider relevant demographic, public health and industry data), and Alternatives and Mitigation.

Question 51

Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC)

Answer 51

State controlled

The state housing agency has wide discretion in determining which projects to award credits, and applications are considered under the state’s “Qualified Allocation Plan” (QAP).