Intro - Census

Question 1

Cross Sectional Survey

Answer 1

A cross-sectional survey gathers information about a population at a single point in time.

Question 2

longitudinal surveys

Answer 2

A longitudinal surveys gathers information over a period of time

Question 3

Written Surveys

Answer 3

Written surveys are very popular when a planner is trying to obtain information from a broad audience, such as general opinions about the community

This is a low-cost survey method that is convenient for participants because they can complete the survey at their leisure. However, mail surveys have a low response rate, averaging around 20 percent.

Question 4

Group-Administered Survey

Answer 4

Group-administered surveys are appropriate when there is a specific population that a planner is trying to target.

Allows a high and quick response rate. The difficulty with administering this survey is getting everyone together to complete the survey.

Ex. end of class survey

This survey method requires a small sample size.

Question 5

Drop-off survey

Answer 5

A Drop-off survey allows the survey to be dropped off at someone’s residence or business… completed at leisure

Response rates are higher than with a mail survey because the personal contact made.

This method can be expensive because of the time required to distribute the surveys.

The sample is generally smaller than with a mail survey.

Question 6

Phone surveys

Answer 6

Phone surveys are useful when you need yes/no answers.

allow the interviewer to follow up and gain further explanation on answers.

The response rate varies greatly, depending on the ability to reach potential respondents.

Phone surveys are usually more expensive than mail or internet-based surveys. Phone and in-person interviews can be biased due to interaction with the interviewer.

Long questions and those with multiple answers are difficult to administer using this method.

Question 7

Online surveys

Answer 7

inexpensive and generate quick responses.

Electronic surveys have a higher response rate than written or interview surveys.

Question 8

probability sampling and types

Answer 8

In probability sampling, there is a direct mathematical relation between the sample and the population, so that precise conclusions can be drawn.

Example of probability sampling are random samples, where everyone has the same chance of being selected to participate in the survey, and systematic, stratified or cluster sampling, where special groups are targeted.

Question 9

stratified sampling

Answer 9

in stratified sampling, the population is divided into separate groups or classes, from which a sample is drawn such that the classes in the population are represented by the classes in the sample. Most electoral samples are this.

Example: % freshmen, % soph, % junior, % senior

Question 10

Cluster sample

Answer 10

A cluster sample is a special form of stratified sampling, where a specific target group out of the general population is sampled from, such as the elderly, or residents of a specific neighborhood or street.

Question 11

non-probability sampling and examples

Answer 11

non-probability sampling, there is no precise connection between the sample and the population

Convenience - individuals readily available

Snowball - one person surveyed suggests the next

volunteer sample consists of self-selected respondents

Question 12

Nominal data

Answer 12

Nominal data are classified into mutually exclusive groups or categories and lack intrinsic order. A zoning classification, social security number, and sex are examples of nominal data.

Labeling of categories 1, 2, 3

Question 13

Ordinal Data

Answer 13

Ordinal data are ordered categories implying a ranking of the observations.

Question 14

Interval Data

Answer 14

Interval data is data that has an ordered relationship where the difference between the scales has a meaningful interpretation.

Ex: temperature

Question 15

Ratio Data

Answer 15

Ratio data is the gold standard of measurement, where both absolute and relative differences have a meaning. The classic example of ratio data is a distance measure, where the difference between 40 and 30 miles is the same as the difference between 30 and 20 miles, and in addition, 40 miles is twice as far as 20 miles.

Question 16

Continuous vs. Discrete variable

Answer 16

Continuous variables can take an infinite number of values, both positive and negative, and with as fine a degree of precision as desired.

Discrete variables can only take on a finite number of distinct values.

Ex: count of the number of events, such as the number of accidents per month. Such counts cannot be negative, and only take on integer values, such as 1, 28, or 211.

Question 17

Normal Distribution

Answer 17

95% of the observations that follow a normal distribution are within two standard deviations from the mean

Question 18

Variance

Answer 18

The variance is the average squared deviation from the mean.

A larger variance means a greater spread
around the mean (flatter distribution), a smaller variance a narrower spread (a spikier distribution).

Question 19

Std. Deviation

Answer 19

The standard deviation is the square root of the variance

Question 20

The symptomatic method of population projection

Answer 20

The symptomatic method uses any available data indirectly related to population size, such as housing starts, or new drivers licenses.

Question 21

cohort survival method

Answer 21

The cohort survival method uses the current population plus natural increase (more births, fewer deaths) and net migration (more in-migration, less out-migration) to calculate a future population. The population is calculated for men and women in specific age groups.

The cohort survival method provides the most accurate population projection but requires a large amount of data.

Question 22

Economic base analysis

Answer 22

Economic base analysis looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting industries make up the economic base of a region.

This uses a location quotient is calculated for each industry.

The exporting industries make up the economic base of a region.

Question 23

a location quotient

Answer 23

The location quotient is the ratio of an industry’s share of local employment divided by its share of the nation (or other levels of government). A location quotient of less than one indicates an importing economy. If the quotient is greater than one then the area is an exporting economy.

Question 24

Shift-share analysis

Answer 24

Shift-share analysis analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy. This analysis looks at the differential shift, proportional shift, and economic growth.

uses sector information from two points in time for comparison

Question 25

Input-output analysis

Answer 25

Input-output analysis is a quantitative method that links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. Input-output analysis is similar to economic base analysis in that it uses an economy’s structure to determine the economy in the future.

Input-output analysis can be used to determine the employment effect that a particular project has on a local economy. A series of multipliers are applied to determine the spin-off employment. For instance, the construction of a major league football stadium in the City

Input-output analysis identifies primary suppliers, intermediate suppliers, intermediate purchasers, and final purchasers and is composed of three tables: transactions, direct requirements, and total requirements.

Question 26

Urbanized Area

Answer 26

urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people - may or may not be individual cities.

population density of 1,000 persons per square mile and may contain adjoining territory with at least 500 persons per square mile

In 2000, 68% of Americans lived in 452 urbanized areas.

Ex: Anniston, Auburn (64k), Fairhope, Decatur (54k)

Question 27

Urban Cluster

Answer 27

at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile

This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters

Ex: Andalusia (8,700), Columbiana (4,200), Cullman (15k), Enterprise (27k)

Question 28

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Answer 28

(MSA) has a population of more than 10,000 people and less than 50,000 people. This includes a central county and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration as measured by commuting

Question 29

Census Designated Places

Answer 29

(CDP) is the equivalent of an incorporated place for data purposes. This is for settled concentrations of population that are not incorporated.

Question 30

Consolidated MSA

CMSA

Answer 30

Consolidated MSA
(CMSA) is made up of several PMSA’s. An example is the Dallas-Fort Worth Consolidated Metropolitan Area. Dallas and Fort Worth are each primary metropolitan statistical areas.

According to the U.S. Census, a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area can be described as an area consisting of two or more overlapping or interlocking urban communities (known as primary metropolitan statistical areas) with a total population of at least one million. CMSAs comprise the 25 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The New York CMSA, for example, includes the primary metropolitan statistical areas of New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island and New York-New Jersey-Connecticut.

Question 31

Core Based Statistical Area

Answer 31

(CBSA) is defined by the US Office and Budget to provide data description for areas where there is a core area with at least 10,000 people that when combined with other adjacent communities is socially and economically integrated.

Question 32

Megalopolis

Answer 32

urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants, generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization.” The term megacity refers specifically to the megalopolis areas with more than 10 million people.

Like Boston to DC
Jean Gottmann in 1957,

Question 33

Census Geo Hierarchy

Answer 33

Largest to Smallest

Tract > Block Group > Census Blocks

Question 34

Census Tract

Answer 34

Between 2,000 and 8,000 It is the smallest area where all information is released.

Question 35

Census Block

Answer 35

Census block is the smallest level at which the Census data is collected. There are typically
400 housing units per block

Question 36

Census Block Groups

Answer 36

A group of census blocks. They generally contain 600-3,000 and are used to present data and control block numbering

Question 37

Minor Civil Division

Answer 37

(MCD) is a unit only used in 29 states and usually corresponds to a municipality.

Question 38

Census County Divisions

Answer 38

Census County Divisions are used in the 21 states that do not have MCDs

Question 39

Tribal Designated Statistical Area

Answer 39

Tribal Designated Statistical Area is a unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized land area. These are defined independently of the standard county-based census delineations.

Question 40

Public Use Microdata Sample and Areas

Answer 40

data available through the ACS

Question 41

UrbanSim

Answer 41

simulation software program that models planning and urban development. This free software program is designed to be used by Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs).

Question 42

CommunityViz

Answer 42

ESRI software environment that allows agencies to analyze land use scenarios and create 3D images. This allows citizens to visualize

Question 43

UrbanFootprint

Answer 43

by Peter Calthorpe and Associates and is a more recent addition to the simulation program options for planners. It uses a library of place types, block types, and building types to support interactive scenario building.

Question 44

U.S. Census Bureau’s delineation of urban area boundaries

Answer 44

Program eligibility and funding formulas can be impacted by urban and rural boundaries. However, the Census Bureau does not have an appeal process. Prior to each decennial census, the Census Bureau publishes in the Federal Register proposed criteria for delineating urban areas for public review and comment. The final criteria adopted for application with decennial census and other data to delineate urban areas reflects the comments received through the Federal Register comment process.

Question 45

Manufactured homes (Census)

Answer 45

According to the 2010 Census, 75% of new manufactured homes were located on private property, and 25% of new manufactured homes were located in manufactured-housing communities.

Question 46

Where young adults between the ages of 25 and 34 (Census)

Answer 46

Adults between 25 and 34 are living closer to city centers (within 10 miles) than previous generations, and young adults living outside metro areas in the U.S. plummeted in the 2010s. This age group is also living near city centers at a higher rate since 2010 than in the previous decade. Much of the growth is happening in urban areas just outside of downtown. However, in absolute terms, more people in this age range live in the suburbs, though growth has leveled off.

Question 47

The Gompertz curve

Answer 47

The Gompertz curve or Gompertz function is a time series mathematical model in which growth is slowest at the start and end of a given time period.

Question 48

Sample selection bias

Answer 48

The selection process is critical to ensuring a statistically valid sample. For example, selecting a convenience sample based on the ease of the availability of data could result in sample selection bias.

Question 49

APA History and Org. Timeline

Answer 49

In 1978, the American Planning Association was created from the consolidation of the American Institute of Planners (AIP) and the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO). AIP was incorporated in 1917 as the American City Planning Institute and renamed the AIP in 1939. ASPO was established in 1934.

Question 50

Systematic random sample

Answer 50

Systematic random sample: Members of the population are put in some order. A starting point is selected at random, and every nth person

Question 51

Discrete and continuous variables

Answer 51

Continuous variables can take an infinite number of values, both positive and negative, and with as fine a degree of precision as desired. Most measurements in the physical sciences yield continuous variables.

Discrete variables can only take on a finite number of distinct values. An example is the count of the number of events, such as the number of accidents per month.

Question 52

Normal or Gaussian distribution

Answer 52

Symmetric and 95% of the observations that follow a normal distribution are within two standard deviations from the mean

Question 53

Exponential Growth Rate / Future value

Answer 53

2k population at 2% for 20 yrs
Fx= a (1.02) ^20

FV=PV (1+r)^n

Question 54

The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

Answer 54

The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data about the U.S. economy. NAICS was developed by the Office of Management and Budget and in 1997 it replaced the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system.

The NAICS numbering system employs a six-digit code at the most detailed industry level. Gets more detailed as numbers go on

Question 55

Micropolitan Statistical Area

Answer 55

(MSA) has a population of more than 10,000 people and less than 50,000 people. This includes a central county and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration as measured by commuting.