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I & I Part III > Plague & Zoonoses > Flashcards

Plague & Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial Zoonoses

A

Brucellosis – Brucella abortus

Plague – Yersinia pestis

Tularemia – Francisella tularensis

Infected bites – Pasteurella multocida

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2
Q

Brucella genus

A
  • Gram -
  • coccobacilli
  • facultative intracellular
  • B. abortus
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3
Q

B. abortus

A
  • Coccobacillary Gram-negative rods
  • Nonmotile
  • Non–spore-forming
  • Slow growth (2-3 days) on ordinary blood agar
  • Brucella abortus

– single species

– Named variants related to animal hosts

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4
Q

Brucellosis Epidemiology

A

• Disease of large mammals (cattle, pigs, goats)

– Recurrent abortion (not in humans)

– Placenta – erythritol (also not in humans)

• Occupational exposure – farmers, veterinarians

– Abrasions, mucous membranes, inhalation

• Unpasteurized dairy products

– “Health” foods

– Imported dairy products - cheese

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5
Q

Brucellosis Pathogenesis

A
  • Facultative intracellular pathogen
  • Evades innate defenses

– OM lipids resemble eukaryotic composition

– Not recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

• Survives in macrophages

– Inhibit phagosome/lysosome fusion, myeloperoxidase

– Multiply in endoplasmic reticulum

– Inhibit apoptosis – prolong life of host cell

  • Multiply in reticuloendothelial system - granulomas
  • Seeds bloodstream much like typhoid
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6
Q

Brucellosis Manifestations

A
  • Incubation 2-4 weeks
  • Chronic fever, night sweats, weight loss, malaise
  • Periodic nocturnal (undulant) fever in untreated cases
  • Can last 1-2 years
  • May have enlarged spleen or swollen lymph nodes
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7
Q

Brucellosis Diagnosis

A

•blood culture, (serology)

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8
Q

Brucellosis Treatment

A

•doxycycline + aminoglycoside

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9
Q

Brucellosis Prevention

A

•Pasteurization

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10
Q

Yersinia genus

A
  • Gram -
  • bacilli
  • facultative anaerobe
  • member of the Enterobacteriaceae
  • Y. pestis
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11
Q

Y. pestis

A
  • Member of the Enterobacteriaceae
  • Pleomorphic with bipolar staining
  • Adhesin similar to invasins of Shigella
  • Yersinia outer membrane proteins (Yops)
  • Virulence plasmids

– F1 antigen – protein capsule

– Multiple enzymes

•plague

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12
Q

Plague Epidemiology

A

•Disease of rodents

  • Rats, prairie dogs
  • Transmitted by flea bite – Fleas leave dead host
  • Humans “step into” the cycle
  • Flea bite leads to infected lymph nodes called bubo
  • Bubonic plague

– 50-75% bacteremia

– 5% bacteremic pneumonia

• Pneumonic plague spreads human to human

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13
Q

Sylvatic Plague

A
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14
Q

Urban Plague

A
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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Plague: Pathogenesis Two sets of virulence factors #1

A
17
Q

Plague: Pathogenesis Two sets of virulence factors #2

A
18
Q

Plague Manifestations

A

Bubonic plague

• Bubo - 2 to 7 days from flea bite

– Fever, local pain

• Untreated 50-70% die in bacteremic shock

Pneumonic plague

  • 2 to 3 days from respiratory exposure
  • Cough, sputum, dyspnea, cyanosis = black death
  • 100% fatal untreated (2-3 days)
19
Q

Plague Diagnosis

A
  • Smears, culture
  • DFA in reference laboratories
20
Q

Plague Treatment

A
  • Streptomycin (gentamicin) +/- doxycycline
  • Bubonic plague – <10% mortality
  • Pneumonic plague – 10-20% mortality
21
Q

Plague Prevention

A
  • Doxycycline chemoprophylaxis
  • No vaccine
22
Q

Francisella genus

A
  • Gram -
  • coccobacilli
  • aerobic
  • F. tularensis
23
Q

F. tularensis Bacteriology

A
  • Gram-negative coccobacillus
  • Requires special medium for growth
24
Q

F. tularensis Epidemiology

A
  • Direct contact with wild mammals - hunters
  • Infecting dose <100 cells – minor trauma
25
Q

F. tularensis Pathogenesis

A
  • LPS not recognized by TLRs
  • In macrophage resists lysosomal fusion
  • Escapes to cytoplasm infecting reticuloendothelial organs
26
Q

F. tularensis Manifestations

A
  • Local ulcer depending on inoculation site
  • Bloodstream spread common
  • 5-30% mortality
27
Q

F. tularensis Diagnosis

A
  • Culture – special medium
  • Serology
28
Q

F. tularensis Treatment

A

•Gentamicin plus doxycycline

29
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A
  • Gram -
  • coccobacilli
  • facultative anaerobe
  • In respiratory flora of wide range of animals
  • Most common infection by bite or scratch of domestic dog or cat
  • Diffuse cellulitis within 24 hours
  • Culture on routine media
  • Treatment – penicillin! – rare for GNR (but yes, peptidoglycans are still present in GNR cell wall)

I & I Part III (26 decks)

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