Places - Economic change

Question 1

define: Social inequality:

Answer 1

the uneven distribution of opportunities and rewards for different social groups, defined by factors such as age, gender, class, sexuality, religion or ethnicity.

Question 2

define: Quality of life:

Answer 2

how far people’s general wellbeing is met, including access to services such as health, education and leisure.

Question 3

define: Standard of living:

Answer 3

People’s income and and ability to afford material things such as food and water, housing and clothing and personal mobility.

Question 4

define: Poverty:

Answer 4

Not having enough money to pay for a decent standard of living; buying food, water, clothes, housing and personal mobility.

Question 5

Income

Answer 5

world bank absolute poverty level: $1.25 PPP (purchasing power parity - cost of obtaining goods at local costs)

Gini coefficient - 1 = all income in the hand of 1 person . 0 = all equal. UK 0.33

Question 6

Housing

Answer 6

housing tenure e.g. owner-occupied… Mortgages… options: renting, local authorities, housing….
squatters are illegal. slums are not illegal.

Question 7

Education

Answer 7

literacy rate. ACs and EDCs 90%+
LIDCs - 60%>
informal education - milk a cow - more important

Question 8

employment

Answer 8

= decent standard of living. low wages in rural areas = inequality in ACs. EDCs and LIDCs have many employed in the informal sector - hard to measure

Question 9

Healthcare

Answer 9

doctors per 1000 people

clean water, sanitation… quality of diet…

Question 10

Access to services

Answer 10

Law enforcement
number of services, access, quantity, quality, transport
rural -urban divide - shrinking though (mobile technologies)
china - limited internet access

HDI combines economic and social indicators to give a measure of social inequality.

Question 11

Why do patterns of quality of life and standards of living vary?

Answer 11

Income, housing, education & health

Question 12

Income

Answer 12

pay for goods and services. purchase essentials. disposable income. unemployment or irregular employment

Question 13

housing

Answer 13

cold, damp, overcrowded… slum… shanty town
aren’t enough houses for the growing population
housing needs to be affordable through renting or purchasing.

disadvantaged when house price increase exceeds income increase

renting out a 2nd home - drives up local prices, locals have to move out.

Question 14

health

Answer 14

sub-standard housing, dangerous working conditions. poor diet, unhealthy lifestyle.
ACs have lots of H&S legislation.
access to healthcare facilities - docs per 1000
inner city vs suburbs vs rural

Question 15

education

Answer 15

raises standards of living and quality of life.
Millenium development goals: each child primary education. females disadvantaged. differences between rural and urban education.

Question 16

define globalisation

Answer 16

increasing flow of ideas, capital, goods, services and people. driven by economic changes. increasing interdependence of human life. governments, societies, individuals, events, decisions, activities.

Question 17

Global shift:

Answer 17

locational movement of manufacturing production from ACs to EDCs and LIDCs from 1970…. consequence of globalisation.

Question 18

NIDL New international division of labour

Answer 18

reorganization of production at the global scale. deindustrialisation & global spread of MNCs. managerial high paid jobs in ACs and low paid production in LIDCs. Primary sector in ACs has declined and tertiary is increasing.

Question 19

economic restructuring

Answer 19

changes in transport (containerisation). costs down - shrinking world.
ACs - finance, health, insurance, education. so loss of employment in primary and secondary areas. moved to tertiary and quaternary.

Question 20

the impact of deindustrialisation

Answer 20

factories closed down = unemployment. vicious downward spiral - less spending - shops close. Skills weren’t transferable to tertiary sector. Environment poor - abandoned mills, waterways, land, pollution.
London 2012 olympics & toxic remains.

Question 21

Benefits for ACs of economic change

Answer 21

cheaper imports of labour intensive products
growth in LIDCs gives a demand for exports
industrial efficiency = technologies, entrepreneurship, foreign investment.
environmental quality improves

Question 22

disadvantages for ACs of economic change

Answer 22

morem job losses (technology)
Unskilled workers unemployed.
bigger gaps
employment gains from new efficiencies will only happen if industrialised countries can keep their wages down.
jobs concentrated in some areas. some deprived regions.

Question 23

Positive impacts for EDCs and LIDCs of economic change

Answer 23

promotes export led growth - multiplier effect
new highly paid jobs
reduces negative trade balances
exposes to new technology
spreads wealth and addresses the development gap.

Question 24

Negative impacts fro EDCs and LIDCs of economic change

Answer 24

unlikely to decrease inequality as jobs are concentrated in core regions. Has disruptive social impacts. can lead to overdependence on a narrow economic base. less food supplies as people give up agriculture. environment suffers with rapid industrialisation . health and safety issues because of tax legislation.

Question 25

globalisation….

Answer 25

…. creates greater international opportunities, firms can specialise in areas where they have a comparative advantage e.g. South Korea in ship building.

Question 26

booms & recession and their impacts

Answer 26

economy is rarely static. growth, stagnation & decline.

levels of inequality in a capitalist system.
Prices are determined by supply and demand for factors of production - land labour and capital.

Question 27

Capitalist system

Answer 27

goes through kondratieff cycles - 50 year cycles of booms and recessions. growth and prosperity with new periods of technological development,
households cut back on non-essentials….
some places attract investment and become centres of economic growth and raise standards of living.

Question 28

Role of taxation

Answer 28

income tax used ot redistribute wealth. sliding scale so the rich pay more. Food and clothes are exempt from tax.

Question 29

subsidies

Answer 29

reduce inequality - poorer groups get benefits. council housing, free school meals, free bus passes for over 60s, child care, disability car.

Question 30

planning

Answer 30

governments, charities and housing agencies. upgrading poorer areas.

Question 31

law

Answer 31

legislation for discrimination to give equal opportunities. minimum wage gives everyone enough money to live off.

Question 32

UK government spending

Answer 32

20% pensions, 12% education. spending on pensions has doubled in the past 12 years.
increase in life expectancy and ageing population.

Question 33

Other government stuff

Answer 33

state pension: the people who don’t need it get it and those who do get it its not enough

NHS free at point of delivery - quality and accessibility of the service varies .Rural areas have less access.
Each servic ein a major area is supported by its threshold of smaller settlements around.