Migration - contemporary patterns

Question 1

Current spatial patterns in international migrant flows

Answer 1

International migration:
population change. long term = 1yr+. Net migration. Italy & Germany vs Greece & Spain.

Numbers, ;composition and direction:
London 36% immigrants
main cause students, then employed, then looking for work then family reunification.

Question 2

Inter & Intra regional flows

Answer 2

Inter-regional:
Africa to Europe. Die at sea.
Frontext, coastguard, UN refugee agency… increased rapidly in 2015.

Intra-regional :
Within the EU. Poland joining the EU. high wages & standard of living. if employed by an MNC they went to a country with a lower cost of living

Question 3

Organisations:

Answer 3

IOM: International Organisation for migration

Question 4

Models:

Answer 4

Lee migration model:
positive and negative perceived advantages and disadvantages. Intervening problems like mountains, health and language…

Myrdal’s model of circular and cumulative causation

Friedman’s core-periphery model

Question 5

Link: international migration & socio-economic development

Answer 5

inequalities in development cause migration. migrant remittances. Human development index (UN) (social, economic, life expectancy, GDP, education)
stability, economic growth, socio-economic change…

Question 6

Promoting stability, growth and development

Answer 6

Stability:
migrant remittances - foreign exchange - economic stability
returning migrants - democratic - peacebuilding - conflict resolution
ageing population - young migrants balance it

economic growth: 
GDP & tax base increased
stimulate economies through spending
fill skills gaps
remittances - supplement income - stimulate consumption - funds for investment - multiplier effect
easy to transfer money

development:
skills & knowledge
create network links to diaspora networks
bottom up approaches to development - families and local authorities working with UN

Question 7

other bits…

Answer 7

global migration = flows of ideas (marriage, democracy, education, values)
technology - track human mobility
crisis mapping - IDP tracking

Question 8

causing inequalities, conflicts and injustices

Answer 8

Inequalities:
lose young fittest working population - downward spiral
best educated migrate - brain drain - less HR
redistribution of reproductive population - birth rates
inequality between those that get remittances and those who don’t

conflicts:
host and newcomers - integrating difficulties, language barrier
pressure on services - education, health and housing
conflicts with border control, traffickers, illegal immigrants

Injustices
vulnerable to exploitation of human rights, forced labour, human trafficking….
detention centres - no work, food or sanitation
returning to country of origin is high risk
Jungle at Calais