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OB > Placental Hormones > Flashcards

Placental Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Act via

A

Plasma membrane LH-HCG receptor

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2
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

After 5 weeks of gestation it is produce by

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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3
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Beta HcG is also produced in the

A

Fetal kidney

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4
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Also secreted by trophoblastic neoplasm and use as

A

Tumor marker

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5
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Found in very small amount in tissue of

A

Men and non pregnant woman

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6
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Release HCG less than 5 weeks

A

Cytotrophoblast and

Syncytiotrophoblast

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7
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

> 8 weeks release by

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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8
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Plasma half life of

A

36 hours

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9
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Composed of alpha ____ and beta ____ sub units

A

Alpha 92

Beta 145

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10
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Alpha sub unit is structurally identical with

A

LH
FSH
TSH is related to H-mole

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11
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Single gene is located at

A

Chromosome 6

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12
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Of the 7 genes

A

6 genes for beta HCG

1 gene for beta Lh

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13
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Both sub units are synthesized and cleaved by

A

Endopeptidases

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14
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Assembled and rapidly released by

A

Excocytosis of secretory granules

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15
Q

Site of HCG synthesis

HCG mRNA for both alpha and beta subunits are greater than at

A

Term pregnancy

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16
Q

Molecular form of HCG in plasma and urine

Free alpha subunits increase gradually and steadily until they plateau at

A

36 weeks

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17
Q

Molecular form of HCG in plasma and urine

Complete beta HCG molecule is maximal at

A

8-10 weeks

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18
Q

Concentration of HCG in serum and urine

Intact HCG is detectable in plasma of pregnant women

A

7-9 days after the mid cycle surge of LH that preceded ovulation

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19
Q

Concentration of HCG in serum and urine

HCG enters maternal blood at the time of

A

Blastocyst implantation

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20
Q

Concentration of HCG in serum and urine

Evidence of HCG levels doubles within

A

48-72 hours

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21
Q

Concentration of HCG in serum and urine

Peak maternal plasma levels between

A

69-80 days of menses

2-3 months of LMP

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22
Q

Concentration of HCG in serum and urine

Begins to decline at

A

10-12 weeks and undetectable in the serum by 16 weeks AOG

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23
Q

Concentration of HCG in serum and urine

Principal urinary form is the

A

Beta core fragment

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24
Q

Higher maternal plasma HCG levels

A 
Multi fetal pregnancy
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Fetal hemolytic anemia
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Down syndrome
Syphilis
Big placenta
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25
Q

Lower HCG plasma levels

A

Early pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy

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26
Q

Renal clearance of HCG accounts for

A

30 percent of its metabolic clearance,

Remainder is likely cleared by metabolism in the liver

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27
Q

Clearance of beta and alpha subunit are about

A

10

30 fold

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28
Q

Both HCG subunits are required for binding to the

A

LH HCG receptor in the corpus luteum and the fetal testis

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29
Q

Most important function of HCG is

A

Maintenance of function of corpus luteum (progesterone production ) in early pregnancy

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30
Q

HCG acts an LH surrogate to stimulate replication og

A

Leydig cells and testosterone synthesis

To promote male sexual differentiation

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31
Q

HCG promotes what? To promote uterine vascular vasodilatation and myometrial muscle relaxation.

A

Remain secretion

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32
Q

Human placental lactogen

Prolactin like activity secreted by

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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33
Q

Human placental lactogen

Immuno chemical resemblance to

A

Human growth hormone

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34
Q

Human placental lactogen

Detected as early as

A

2nd to 3rd week of fertilization

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35
Q

Human placental lactogen

Demonstrated in _________ before 6 weeks

A

Cytotrophoblast

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36
Q

Human placental lactogen

Chemical structures

A

191 AA residues

Structurally similar to human prolactin

37
Q

Human placental lactogen

Located at

A

Chromosome 17

38
Q

Human placental lactogen

Assess after 6 weeks postpartum for gestational diabetes

A

Increase concentration during pregnancy and post partum

39
Q

Human placental lactogen

Detected in placenta within

A

5-10 days after conception

40
Q

Human placental lactogen

Detected in maternal serum as early as

A

3 weeks

41
Q

Human placental lactogen

Maternal plasma concentration are linked to placental mass and rises steadily until

A

34-36 weeks

42
Q

Human placental lactogen

Half life

A

Between 10-30 minutes

43
Q

Human placental lactogen

In the first half of pregnancy leads to an increase in hpl plasma concentration

A

Prolonged maternal starvation

44
Q

Human placental lactogen

Stimulated by

A

Insulin

Insulin like growth factor

45
Q

Human placental lactogen

Inhibited by

A

PGE2 andPGE2 alpha

46
Q

Normally secreted by adipocytes

A

Leptin

47
Q

Leptin

Synthesized by

A

Cytotrophoblast

Syncytiotrophoblast

48
Q

Leptin

Inhibit

A

Apoptosis and promotes trophoblastic proliferation

49
Q

Leptin

Function

A

Anti obesity

Regulate bone growth and immune function leptin

50
Q

Neuropeptide Y

Localized in

A

Cytotrophoblast

51
Q

Neuro peptide Y

Causes

A

CRH release

52
Q

Inhibin

Acts to inhibit

A

Pituitary FSH release

53
Q

Inhibin

Produced by

A

Human testis
Ovarian granulosa cells
- corpus luteum and trophoblast

54
Q

Inhibin

Maternal serum levels peak at

A

Term

55
Q

Inhibin

Inhibit

A

FSH secretion

Ovulation during pregnancy

56
Q

Inhibin

Act via GnRH to regulate placental

A

HCG synthesis

57
Q

Expressed in the placental and amnion
No detectable in fetal blood before labor but is present in umbilical cord blood after labor begins
Declines rapidly after delivery

A

Activin

58
Q

Progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

59
Q

Progesterone

> 8 weeks AOG produced by

A

Placenta

60
Q

Progesterone

Normal production rate in pregnancy women

A

250 mg

61
Q

Progesterone

In multi fetal pregnancies it may exceed

A

600 mg/ day

62
Q

Progesterone

Placental progesterone production

A

Cholesterol converted to
Pregnenolone within mitochondria catalyzed by
Cytochrome p450

63
Q

Progesterone

After canalizations by cytochrome p450. It is then converted to

A

Progesterone in endoplasmic reticulum by

3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

64
Q

Progesterone

Released through the process of

A

Diffusion

65
Q

Progesterone

Placenta relies on

A

Exogenous cholesterol for progesterone production

66
Q

Progesterone

Principal precursor

A

Cholesterol maternal

67
Q

Progesterone

Uses LDl cholesterol for progesterone biosynthesis

A

Trophoblast

68
Q

Estrogens relies principally on

A

Fetal adrenal precursor

69
Q

Progesterone

During pregnancy there is an increase in plasma concentration of

A

5 alpha dihydroprogesterone

70
Q

Progesterone

Also converted to

A

Potent mineralocorticoid deoxycorticosterone in pregnant and in fetus

71
Q

Primary hormone during proliferative phase

A

Estrogen

72
Q

Estrogen

First 2-4 weeks of pregnancy rising HCG levels maintain production of

A

Estradiol in maternal corpus luteum

73
Q

Estrogen

Decrease significantly at

A

7 weeks

Lutheal phase transition

74
Q

Estrogen

Most potent estrogen in the system

A

Estradiol

75
Q

Estrogen

Estradiol production within the corpus luteum of non pregnant as well as early pregnancy

A

Luthenized theca

Granulosa cells

76
Q

Estrogen

Not expressed in human placenta - conversion of C21 to C19 steroid is impossible

A

Steroid 17 alpha hydroxylase

77
Q

Estrogen

Obligatory precursor of estrogen

A

C19 steroid

78
Q

Estrogen

Placenta gas a high capacity to convert C19 to

A

Estrone and estradiol

79
Q

Estrogen

Acted upon by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 to produce androstenedione

A

DHEA

80
Q

Estrogen

Converts androstenedione to estrone which is converted to 17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

A

Cytochrome p450 aromatase

81
Q

Estrogen

It is found that woman who had anencephalic fetuses has a

A

Very low estrogens level of about 10%

82
Q

Estrogen

Anencephalic fetus need

A

Folic acid

Vit B12

83
Q

Estrogen

Principal precursor for placental estradiol synthesis

A

DHEA-S

84
Q

Estrogen

Most important source of placental estrogen

A

Fetal adrenal glands

85
Q

Estrogen

To prevent neural tube defect how many folic acid

A

400 mg

86
Q

Estrogen

More than 90% of estradiol and estriol formed enters

A

Maternal plasma

87
Q

Estrogen

85% or more of placental progesterone enters

A

Maternal plasma

88
Q

Estrogen

Steroids secreted from syncytiotrophoblast can enter maternal blood directly unlike when hormones enter

A

Blood

89
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin

Biological activity similar to

A

luteinizing hormone

OB (6 decks)

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