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OBSTETRICS > PLACENTAL AND FETAL MEMBRANES > Flashcards

PLACENTAL AND FETAL MEMBRANES Flashcards

1
Q

Remant of follicle

A

corpus luteum
-granulosa cell
-theca cell

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2
Q

maintains pregancy that is less than 8 weeks

A

corpus luteum

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3
Q

Process wherein the corpus luteum develops from the remains of the graafian follicle.

A

LUTEINIZATION

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4
Q

endometrium in pregnancy

A

DECIDUA

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5
Q

ensures success of the pregnancy semi allograft.

A
  • Estrogen
  • progesterone
  • androgens
  • NK cells
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6
Q

If the pregnancy continues, the lining of the endometrium continues to thicken to ___ and is seen in ultrasound.

A

1 cm

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7
Q

This is where the placenta is formed
○ Decidua directly beneath the implanted blastocyst modified by trophoblast

A

DECIDUA BASALIS

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8
Q

Overlies the enlarging blastocyst and
initially separates the conceptus from the
rest of the uterine cavity

A

DECIDUA CAPSULARIS

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9
Q

remainderof the uterus

A

DECIDUA PARIETALIS

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10
Q

composed of zonacompacta and zona spongiosa

A

ZONA FUNCTIONALIS

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11
Q

A middle portion or spongy zone
- Has remnants of glands and
numerous small blood vessels

A

ZONA SPONGIOSA

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12
Q

Basal zone
- Remains after delivery and gives
rise to new endometrium
- Not sloughed off.

A

ZONA BASALIS

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13
Q

contributes to formation of the placental basal plate
- becomed the bed of placenta

A

DECIDUA BASALIS

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14
Q
  • zone of fibrinoid degeneration in
    which invading trophoblast meet the decidua basalis
  • important because if it’s not intact, the placenta will penetrate the uterine wall leading to placenta acute syndrome.
    -After delivery, this wil detach from the decidua.
A

NITABUCH LAYER

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15
Q

placenta is adhered to the decidua

A

PLACENTA ACCRETA

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16
Q

placenta is adhered to the myometrium

A

PLACENTA INCRETA

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17
Q

placenta is adhered to the perimetrium
○ It causes postpartum hemorrhage.
○ CS hysterectomy will be performed to
deliver the placenta

A

PLACENTA PERCRETA

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18
Q

Must take place within a few hours, and no more than a day after ovulation.

A

FERTILIZATION

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19
Q

Thick glycoprotein layer surrounding the
oocyte membrane.

A

ZONA PELLUCIDA

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20
Q

A diploid cell with 46 chromosomes

A

ZYGOTE

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21
Q

zygote cells undergoes cleavage

A

BLASTOMERES

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22
Q

division reaches the 16 cell stage

A

MORULA

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23
Q

58cells

morula travel through a ciliary movement going to the endometriumand wil become ____

A

BLASTOCYST

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24
Q

Destined to form trophoblasts
○ Remaining 53 outer cells of the blastocyst

A

TROPHECTODERM

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25
Q

Immunomodulatory actions and proangiogenic actions required for implantation.

A

Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1)

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26
Q

Blastocyst implants into the uterine wall ______ DAYS after fertilization.

A

6-7

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27
Q

stages of Implantation

A

(H- A- A- I)

HATCHING
APPOSITION
ADHESION
INVASION

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28
Q
  • a very important organ in pregnancy because this is the organ of transfer from the mother to the fetus.
  • depends for depends on the placenta for pulmonary, hepatic, and renal functions.
A

PLACENTA

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29
Q

Human placental formation begins with the ______ which gives rise to a trophoblast cell layer encircling the blastocyst.

A

TROPHECTODERM

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30
Q
  • outer mononucleated syncytium
    and provides transport functions
    of the placenta.
  • Has an amorphous cytoplasm
    without cell borders.
A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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31
Q
  • inner layer of primitive mononuclear cells.
  • It has synctin which is an endogenous envelope protein which aids in cell fusion with the expanding outer layer of the syncytiotrophoblast.
A

Cytotrophoblast

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32
Q

Gives rise to the chorionic villi, which primarily transport oxygen, nutrients, and other compounds between the fetus and mother.

A

Villous trophoblast

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33
Q

Migrate into the decidua and myometrium and also penetrate maternal vasculature and directly contact various maternal cell types.

A

Extravillous trophoblasts

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34
Q

invade the decidua (endometrium of pregnancy) and eventually penetrate the myometrium to form placental-bed giant cells. Surround spiral arteries.

A

Interstitial trophoblast:

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35
Q

penetrate the spiral artery lumens.

A

Endovascular trophoblast:

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36
Q

Types of Extravillous trophoblasts

A
  1. Interstitial trophoblast
  2. Endovascular trophoblast
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37
Q

Group of isolated cells in the blastocyst cavity, which later on lines the cavity.

A

EMBRYONIC MESENCHYME

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38
Q

A chorionic cavity formed by spaces fused within the extraembryonic mesoderm.

A

EXTRAEMBRYONIC COELOM

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39
Q

Composed of trophoblast and mesenchyme.

A

CHORION

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40
Q

Formed from the stalk.

A

UMBILICAL CORD

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41
Q

When angiogenesis is not established in the mesenchymal cords.

A

HYDATIDIFORM MOLE

42
Q

○ 3 distinguishing microscopic characteristics seen in HYDATIDIFORM MOLE

A
  • Hyperplasia of trophoblastic cells
  • Hydropic swelling of villi
  • Absent vessels
43
Q

○ Formed by the cytotrophoblast proliferation at the villous tips producing the trophoblastic cell columns
○ Not invaded by the fetal mesenchyme
○ Anchored to the decidua at the basal plate
(maternal oriented)

A

ANCHORING VILLI

44
Q

mode of exchange/connection of baby and the mother.

45
Q

directly connects to the decidua/uterus

46
Q

chorion and amnion. Important
for the pregnancy to advance.

A

FETAL MEMBRANES

47
Q

___Viewed from the maternal surface, slightly elevated convex areas vary from____

A

-PLACENTAL LOBES
-10 TO 38

48
Q

● Fetal macrophages (very important because it increases the resistance of the baby).
● Nearly round with vesicular, often eccentric nuclei and very granular or vacuolated cytoplasm
● Important mediators of protection at the maternal-fetal interface

A

HOFBAUER CELLS

49
Q
  • Attacks Hofbauer cells allowing fetal transmission.
  • Mosquito-borne flavivirus.
  • Birth defects: fatal brain condition
    and microcephaly.
A

ZIKA VIRUS

50
Q

By __weeks’ gestation, the apparent continuity of the cytotrophoblast is lost.

51
Q

carries oxygenated blood going to the ductus venosus

A

UMBILICAL VEIN

52
Q

carries deoxygenated blood

A

UMBILICAL ARTERY

53
Q

fetal circulation

A

AVA
2 - arteries
1 - vein

54
Q

mechanisms of placental transfer
Molecular mass less than 500 Da-pass readily through placental tissue by

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

55
Q

Most common source of environmental
cadmium

A

CIGARETTE SMOKE (cross placenta)

56
Q

● A tough and tenacious but pliable membrane
● Provides almost all tensile strength of the fetal
membranes

57
Q

● Its resistance to rupture is vitally important to
successful pregnancy outcome..
● Lacks smooth muscle cells, nerves. lymphatics, and importantly, blood vessels.

58
Q

10 mL per week at 8 weeks
60 mL per week at 21 weeks
peaks at 34 weeks

A

AMNIOTIC FLUID FORMATION
1L - normal

59
Q

● Serves to cushion the fetus, allowing musculoskeletal development and protecting it from trauma.
● Maintain temperature.
● Minimal nutritive function.

A

AMNIOTIC FLUID

60
Q

Amnion tensile strength is regulated in part by fibrillar collagen assembly. This process is influenced by the interaction of fibrils with proteoglycans such as __ and __

A

BIGLYCAN
DECORIN

61
Q

The _____ projects into the base of the body stalk from the caudal wall of the yolk sac and later, from the anterior wall of the hindgut.

62
Q

Produced in placenta

A

ESTROGENS
PROGESTERONES

63
Q

produced by the maternal adrenal in response to the stimulus of angiotensin II.

A

ALDOSTERONE

64
Q

production during pregnancy is not increased, even though the blood levels are elevated because of decreased clearance caused by increased cortisol-binding globulin.

65
Q

Maintains corpus luteum function
Regulates fetal testis testosterone secretion Stimulates maternal thyroid

A

Human chorionic gonadotropi n (hCG)

66
Q

Aids maternal adaptation to fetal energy requirement s

A

Placental lactogen (PL)

67
Q

Relaxes smooth muscle;
initiates parturition?
Promotes fetal and maternal glucocorticoid production

A

Corticotropin -releasing hormone (CRH)

68
Q

Regulates trophoblast hCG production

A

Gonadotropi n-releasing hormone (GnRH)

69
Q

Regulates transfer of calcium and other solutes; regulates fetal mineral homeostasis

A

Parathyroid- releasing protein (PTH-rp)

70
Q

Regulates placental GnRH synthesis

71
Q

Potentially inhibits FSH-mediat ed ovulation; regulates hCG synthesis

72
Q

combined hCG molecule is detectable in plasma of pregnant women _ to _ days after the midcycle surge of LH that precedes ovulation

A

7 to 9 days

73
Q

Plasma levels rise rapidly, doubling every _days in the first trimester

74
Q

on _____, you may request plasma hCG to determine if you are pregnant. Plasma NOT Urine.

75
Q

major precursor of estrogen in pregnancy

76
Q
  1. The process wherein the corpus luteum develops from the remains of the graafian follicle is referred to as
    a. Ovulation
    b. Luteinization
    c. Zygote
    d. Fertilization
A

b. Luteinization

77
Q
  1. This is called the highly modified endometrium of pregnancy. a. Follicular Phase
    b. Decidua
    c. Luteal phase
    d. Corpus Basalis
A

b. Decidua

78
Q
  1. After delivery of the placenta, this layer remains and gives rise to new endometrium:
    a. Zona compacta
    b. Zona spongiosa
    c. Zona functionalis
    d. Zona basalis
A

d. Zona basalis

79
Q
  1. This is a zone of fibrinoid degeneration in which invading trophoblasts meet the decidua basalis. It is usually absent in cases such as Placenta Accreta which can cause postpartum hemorrhage:
    a. Rohr Stria
    b. Decidua Vera
    c. Nitabuch layer
    d. Extravillous Trophoblast
A

c. Nitabuch layer

80
Q
  1. Fertilization normally takes place in the fallopian tube lumen within:
    a. Few hours and after a day of ovulation
    b. Few hours and no more than a day after ovulation
    c. Few hours and after 2 days of ovulation
    d. Few hours and after 3 days of ovulation
A

b. Few hours and no more than a day after ovulation

81
Q
  1. Fertilization is highly complex. Molecular mechanisms allow spermatozoa to pass between cumulus cells; through the _____________, which is a thick glycoprotein layer surrounding the oocyte cell membrane; and into the oocyte cytoplasm.
    a. Zona compacta
    b. Zona basalis
    c. Zona pellucida
    d. Zona vera
A

c. Zona pellucida

82
Q
  1. Fertilization or fusion of the two nuclei and intermingling of maternal and paternal chromosomes creates the.
    a. Blastomeres
    b. Zygote
    c. Morula
    d. Blastocyst
83
Q
  1. After fertilization, a thick cell with 48 chromosomes undergoes cleavage, and cells produced by this division are called ___________; it undergoes slow cleavage for 3 days while still in the fallopian tube.
    a. Blastomeres
    b. Zygote
    c. Morula
    d. Blastocyst
A

a. Blastomeres

84
Q
  1. As early as 4-5 days after fertilization, the 58-cell blastocyst differentiates into the inner cell mass and trophectoderm. The trophectoderm is destined to form the:
    a. Embryo
    b. Trophoblast
    c. Amnion
    d. Chorion
A

b. Trophoblast

85
Q
  1. The blastocyst implants into the uterine wall 6 or 7 days after fertilization. This process can be divided into these phases in order.
    a. Adhesion, Apposition, Invasion
    b. Hatching, Adhesion, Apposition
    c. Apposition, Adhesion, Invasion
    d. Hatching, Adhesion, Invasion
A

c. Apposition, Adhesion, Invasion

86
Q
  1. This is the organ of transfer from mother to fetus. The fetus depends on it for pulmonary, hepatic, and renal functions.
    a. Umbilical Cord
    b. Amniotic Fluid
    c. Chorion
    d. Placenta
A

d. Placenta

87
Q
  1. Following implantation, trophoblasts differentiate along two main pathways that give rise to either Villous or extravillous trophoblasts. These trophoblasts generate chorionic villi, which primarily transport oxygen, nutrients, and other compounds between the fetus and mother.
    a. Villous trophoblasts
    b. Extra Villous trophoblasts
    c. Interstitial trophoblasts
    d. BandC
A

a. Villous trophoblasts

88
Q
  1. Following implantation, trophoblasts differentiate along the main pathways that give rise to either villous or extravillous trophoblasts. These trophoblasts migrate into the decidua and endometrium and penetrate maternal vasculature:
    a. Villous trophoblasts
    b. Extra Villous trophoblasts
    c. Interstitial trophoblasts
    d. BandC
A

b. Extra Villous trophoblasts

89
Q
  1. This is a tough and tenacious but pliable membrane. This innermost avascular fetal membrane is contiguous with amniotic fluid and provides almost all of the tensile strength of the fetal membranes. Its resilience to rupture is vital to successful pregnancy outcome
    a. Chorion
    b. Placenta
    c. Amnion
    d. Zona pellucida
90
Q
  1. This is a pathology of the chorionic villi when angiogenesis is not established in the mesenchymal cords.
    a. Hydatidiform mole
    b. Ectopic pregnancy
    c. Spontaneous Abortion
    d. Placenta Accreta
A

a. Hydatidiform mole

91
Q
  1. What artery does the endovascular extravillous trophoblast invade to increase vessel diameter?
    a. Arcuate Arteries
    b. Radial Arteries
    c. Basal Arteries
    d. Spiral Arteries
A

d. Spiral Arteries

92
Q
  1. The following consists the fetal membrane, EXCEPT:
    a. Amnion
    b. Umbilical Cord
    c. Placenta
    d. Chorion
A

b. Umbilical Cord

93
Q
  1. The umbilical cord has:
    a. 2 veins, 1 artery
    b. 2 arteries, 2 veins
    c. 1 artery, 1 vein
    d. 2 arteries, 1 vein
A

d. 2 arteries, 1 vein

94
Q
  1. In the fetal circulation, this vessel carries oxygenated blood to the fetus:
    a. Umbilical Artery
    b. Umbilical Vein
    c. Both A & B carries oxygenated blood
    d. Spiral Arteries
A

b. Umbilical Vein

95
Q
  1. The umbilical cord extends from the fetal umbilicus to the fetal surface of the placenta. The fetal surface of the placenta is called:
    a. Basal Plate
    b. Decidua Basalis
    c. Chorionic Plate
    d. Amnion
96
Q
  1. Plasma b-Hcg is detectable in pregnant women _____________ after the midcycle LH surge preceding ovulation.
    a. 7to9days
    b. 14 days after ovulation
    c. First day of missed menses
    d. 4 weeks
A

a. 7to9days

97
Q
  1. In intrauterine pregnancy, plasma b-Hcg levels rise rapidly, doubling approximately every ______________ during the first trimester:
    a. Day
    b. 2 days
    c. 3 days
    d. 4 days
98
Q
  1. This hormone maintains the corpus luteum function in the first trimester
    a. Progesterone
    b. HPL
    c. CRH
    d. b-HCG
99
Q
  1. Maternal blood enters through the ___________ and is driven up toward the _________ by maternal arterial pressure and disperse laterally to bathe the chorionic villi.
    a. Chorionic plate, basal plate
    b. Basal plate, chorionic plate
    c. Decidua, umbilical cord
    d. Intervillous space, fetus
A

b. Basal plate, chorionic plate

100
Q
  1. Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, anesthesia readily pass through placental tissue by
    a. Simple Diffusion
    b. Facilitated diffusion
    c. Osmosis
    d. Trophoblast receptor mediated esta
A

a. Simple Diffusion

OBSTETRICS (8 decks)

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