PL - Organic functional groups Flashcards
What are functional groups?
The parts of a molecule that determine how the molecule reacts.
What is the prefix/suffix used for carboxylic acids (including dicarboxylic acids)?
carboxy- / -oic acid
dicarboxy- / -dioic acid
What is the prefix/suffix used for acid anhydrides?
-oic anhydride
What is the prefix/suffix used for esters?
-oate
What is the prefix/suffix used for acyl chlorides?
-oyl chloride
What is the prefix/suffix used for amides?
-amide
What is the prefix/suffix used for aldehydes?
-al
What is the prefix/suffix used for ketones?
-one
What is the prefix/suffix used for alcohols including diols?
- ol / hydroxy-
- diol / dihydroxy-
What is the prefix/suffix used for phenols?
-phenol
What is the prefix/suffix used for primary amines including diamines?
- amine / amino-
- diamine / diamino-
What is the prefix/suffix used for alkenes?
-ene
What is the prefix/suffix used for arenes?
-benzene / phenyl-
What is the prefix/suffix used for alkanes?
-ane
What is the prefix/suffix used for ethers?
alkoxy-
What is the prefix/suffix used for haloalkanes?
fluoro- / chloro- / bromo- / iodo-
What group do aldehydes and ketones contain?
A carbonyl group.
What are aldehydes and ketones?
Carbonyl compounds.
What is a carbonyl compound?
Anything that contains a carbonyl functional group.
What is a carbonyl functional group?
C=O
Where do aldehydes have their carbonyl group?
At the end of the carbon chain.
Where do ketones have their carbonyl group?
In the middle of the carbon chain.
What do ketone names often have?
A number to show which carbon the carbonyl group is on.
When drawing carbon chains, what does R represent?
A carbon chain of any length - it just shows that there is a carbon chain there.
What do phenols have?
Benzene rings with -OH groups attached.
What is the formula of phenol itself?
C6H5OH
How do you name phenol compounds?
You first have to number the phenol ring by starting from the carbon with the -OH group, and then continue counting round the way that gives the smallest numbers for the functional groups. Then name the compound, listing all the functional groups in alphabetical order, ending with the suffix -phenol.
What do you put before the prefix if there’s more than one of the same functional group?
di-, tri- etc.
What do diols contain?
Two -OH groups.
How are diols named?
By giving the stem of the carbon chain, followed by the numbers of the carbon atoms that the -OH groups are on, and then -diol.
What is important to remember when naming diols that is different from when naming alcohols?
You keep the ‘e’ on the end of the alkane stem, as in ‘ethane-1,1-diol’.
For alcohols, you take the ‘e’ off, as in ‘ethanol’.
What do acid anhydrides contain?
A -COOCO- group.
How do you name acid anhydrides?
By listing the R groups in alphabetical order, each with the suffix -oic. Then you write anhydride at the end.
If the R groups are the same, then you only have to write the name of the R group once.
How do you name acid anhydrides if the R groups are the same?
Then you only have to write the name of the R group once when listing the R groups in alphabetical order.
