PK Ncert Flashcards
1
Q
Earliest system of classification used
A
gross superficial morphological
characters
1
Q
gross superficial morphological
characters in early system of classification had features like
A
habit, colour, number and shape of leaves
2
Q
Artificial system if classification were mainly based on
A
Vegetative characters
3
Q
Linnaues gave artificial system based on _____ structure
A
Androecium
4
Q
Problem with artificial systems
A
- Separated closely related species
- Gave equal weightage to floral and vegetative characters (which are affected by environment)
5
Q
natural classification systems were based on
A
natural affinities among the organisms
6
Q
factors considered by natural system
A
internal features, like:
- ultrastructure
- anatomy
- embryology
- phytochemistry
7
Q
George benthom and Joseph Dalton Hooker gave ___ classification for _____ plants
A
Natural system, flowering
8
Q
phylogenetic classification systems based on
A
evolutionary relationships- orgs in same taxa have common ancestor
9
Q
Many resources were being used mainly after
A
Supporting fossil evidences werent found
10
Q
Numerical taxonomy
A
carried out using computers is based on all observable
characteristics
11
Q
each character is given equal
importance and at the same time hundreds of characters can be
considered by
A
Numerical taxonomy- Number and codes are assigned to all the characters and
the data are then processed
12
Q
Cytotaxonomy is based on
A
chromosome number, structure, behaviour
13
Q
chemical constituents of the plant is used for
A
chemotaxonomy
14
Q
Algae habitat
A
Largely aquatic
Moist stones, soil, wood
15
Q
All algae have chlorophyll. T/F
A
True
16
Q
Algae are found in association with
A
fungi- lichens
sloth bear
17
Q
colonial
forms
A
like Volvox
18
Q
filamentous forms like
A
Ulothrix and Spirogyra
19
Q
A few of the marine forms such as
A
kelps, form massive plant
bodies.
20
Q
These gametes can be
flagellated and similar in size in
A
(as in Ulothrix)
21
Q
or non-flagellated (non-motile)
but similar in size
A
(as in Spirogyra).
22
Q
Rep in spirogyra and ulothrix are
A
isogamous
23
Q
Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size, as in species of
——- is termed as anisogamous.
A
Eudorina
24
Fusion between one ------- female gamete and a ------ male gamete is termed
oogamous, e.g., Volvox, Fucus.
large, nonmotile (static)
smaller, motile
25
At least a --- of the total
-------- fixation on earth is carried out by algae through
-------.
half, CO2, photosynthesis
26
Being ------ Algae increase the level of -------
oxygen in their immediate environment.
photosynthetic, dissolved
27
They are of paramount
importance as -----producers of ------rich compounds which form
the basis of the food cycles of all ----- animals.
primary
energy
aquatic
28
Many species of -----, ---- and ----- are among the --- species of marine algae
used as food
Porphyra,
Laminaria and Sargassum
70
29
Certain ----- brown and red algae produce large amounts
of ------ e.g., algin (brown algae) and
----- (red algae) which are used commercially
-marine
-hydrocolloids (water holding substances),
-carrageen
30
Agar, one of the
commercial products obtained from ----- and ---- are used to
grow ----- and in preparations of ------ and -----.
Gelidium and Gracilaria
microbes
ice-creams and jellies
31
Chlorella a
------ alga rich in ----- is used as food supplement even by -----
unicellular
proteins
space travellers
32
plant body of ----- may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous
Chlorophyceae
33
grass green colour of green algae is due to the dominance of
pigments chlorophyll a and b
34
The
pigments of green algae are localised in definite chloroplasts. The chloroplasts may be ----, ----, -----, ------, ---- in
different species
discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped
35
Most of the members of green algae have one or more storage bodies
called ----- located in the -----.
pyrenoids, chloroplasts
36
Pyrenoids contain ------
besides starch. Some algae may store food in the form of -----
protein
oil droplets
37
Green algae- cell wall made of an inner layer of -----
and an outer layer of -----.
cellulose
pectose
38
Asexual reproduction is by
------ zoospores produced in
flagellated, zoosporangia
39
Commonly found green algae (5)
Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Chara
40
----- algae show great variation in size and form
Phaeophyceae
41
Phaeophyceae habitats
marine
42
They range
from simple branched, filamentous forms (------) to profusely
branched forms as -----,
Ectocarpus
kelps
43
kelps may reach a height of
100 metres
44
Pigments in brown algae
chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls
45
Brown algae vary in colour from ----- to various shades of ------ depending
upon the amount of the ------ pigment, ------- present in it
olive green, brown
xanthophyll
fucoxanthin
46
Food is stored as ------carbohydrates, which may be in the
form of -----.
complex
laminarin or mannitol
47
The vegetative cells of brown algae have a ------ cell wall usually covered on the ----by a ----- coating of algin
cellulosic
outside
gelatinous
48
Centrally located vacuole and nucleus is seen in
brown algae
49
The plant body of brown algae is usually attached to the ---- by a
holdfast, and has a stalk, the ---- and --- like photosynthetic organ
the ----
substratum
stipe
leaf
frond
50
Asexual
reproduction in most brown algae is by ------zoospores that are
----- shaped and have two unequal ---- attached flagella.
biflagellate
pear-shaped
laterally
51
Union of gametes in brown algae may take place in ---- or ------
in water or within the oogonium
(oogamous species)
52
Gametes of brown algae are ---- shaped
pear shaped- pyriform
53
Examples of brown- 5
Ectocarpous, Laminaria, Fucus, Dictyota, Sargassum
54
Red algae mainly have ---- pigment
, r-phycoerythrin
55
Majority
of the red algae are ----with greater concentrations found in the -----
areas
marine, warmer
56
Red algae occur in both ----- regions close to the ---- of water
and also at great ---- in oceans where relatively little light penetrates.
well-lighted, surface
depths
57
Some of red algae
have --- body organisation
complex
58
Food stored in red is ----
which is very similar to -----and glycogen in ----.
floridean starch
amylopectin
structure
59
Sexual reproduction in red algae is by ---- gametes
non motile
60
Complex post fertilization development is seen in
red algae
61
----- are found
commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills
Bryophytes
62
Bryophytes are also called ---- of the plant kingdom because
these plants
amphibians
are dependent on water for sexual
reproduction.
63
bryo usually occur in ----localities.
damp, humid and shady
64
bryo play an important role in plant succession on
bare rocks/soil.
65
bryo plant body is thallus-like and ------, and attached to the substratum
by unicellular or multicellular ----.
prostrate or erect
rhizoids
66
---- lack true roots, stem or
leaves.
bryo
They may possess root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures.
67
The main plant body of the bryophyte is ----.
haploid
68
The sex organs in bryophytes are -----.
multicellular
69
Antheridium of bryo produces ____
antherozoids. The female sex organ called archegonium is -----shaped
and produces a single egg.
biflagellate
flask
70
The antherozoid of bryo are released into ---- where they come in contact with archegonium.
water
71
Zygotes of bryo do not undergo ----- division
immediately. They produce a ---- body called a --- .
reduction
multicellular
sporophyte
72
The sporophyte is not free-living but attached to the ----
gametophyte and derives ---- from it.
photosynthetic, nourishment
73
Bryophytes in general are of little ---- importance but some
mosses provide --- for ----mammals, birds and other animals.
economic
food
herbaceous
74
Mosses along with ---- are the first
organisms to colonise --- and hence, are of great ----importance.
lichens, rocks
ecological
75
Species of Sphagnum, provide ---that have been used as ---, and as packing material for---- of living material because
of their capacity to -----
peat, fuel
trans-shipment
hold water.
76
Moss ----- rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of
--- plants.
decompose, higher
77
Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the---- and prevent---- .
impact of falling rain
soil erosion
78
liverworts grow usually in habitats such as ---
banks of
streams, marshy ground, damp soil, bark of trees and deep in the woods
79
The plant body of a liverwort is thalloid, e.g., ----.
Marchantia
80
The thallus is
--- and closely appressed to the substrate.
dorsiventral
81
The leafy members of liverworts
have tiny leaf-like ----in ---rows on the stem-like structures
appendages , two
82
Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by ------ of
thalli, or by the formation of specialised structures called ---
fragmentation
gemmae
83
Gemmae are ------, -----, ----- buds, which
develop in small ----called gemma cups located on the thalli.
green, multicellular, asexual
receptacles
84
The gemmae become detached from the parent body and germinate to
form --- new individuals.
2
85
The
sporophyte of liverworts is differentiated into ---.
foot, seta and capsule.
86
The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is the ----- which
consists of --- stages.
gametophyte, 2
87
The first stage of gametophyte of moss is the --- , which
develops directly from a ----.
It is a ----, ---, ---- and
frequently filamentous stage
protonema, spore
creeping, green, branched
88
The second stage is the ---stage, which
develops from the ----- as a lateral bud.
leafy, secondary protonema
89
The leafy stage of moss consist of
upright, --- axes bearing ------- arranged leaves.
slender
spirally
90
Secondary protonema of moss are attached
to the soil through ---- and branched rhizoids.
multicellular
91
---- stage of moss bears
the sex organs.
Leafy
92
Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by ---- and ----
in the secondary protonema
fragmentation
budding
93
Sex organs are formed at ____ of leafy shoots in moss
apex
94
The sporophyte in ----- is more elaborate than
that in ----.
moss more elaborate than liverwort
95
The --- of moss contains spores.
capsule
96
The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of ----
spore dispersal.
97
Common examples of mosses are - 3
Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum
98
Pteridophytes are used
for ---- purposes and as ----. They are also frequently grown
as ------.
medicinal
soil-binders
ornamentals
99
Evolutionarily, ---- are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.
pterido
100
The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp,
shady places though some may flourish well in -----soil conditions.
sandy
101
In pteridophytes, the
main plant body is a ----which is differentiated into --- root,
stem and leaves
sporophyte, true (These organs possess well-differentiated
vascular tissues)
102
The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls) as
in ----- or large (macrophylls) as in ----.
Selaginella
ferns
103
The sporophytes bear
---- that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called -----
sporangia , sporophylls
104
compact
structures of sporophytes in pterido called ---- are seen in
strobili or cones
(Selaginella, Equisetum).
105
The spores of pterido
germinate to give rise to ---, small but multicellular, free-living, mostly ----thalloid ---- called prothallus.
inconspicuous, photosynthetic
gametophytes
106
The gametophytes of ---require cool, damp, shady places to grow. Because of this specifc restricted requirement and the need for water for fertilisation, ----
pterido
the spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions.
107
Water is required for transfer of ----– of pterido
antherozoids
108
Zygote of pterido produces a multicellular ------ sporophyte
which is the ---- phase of the pteridophytes.
well-differentiated
dominant
109
In majority of the
pteridophytes all the spores are of --- kinds; such plants are called
----.
similar, homosporous
110
Genera like ---- and --- which produce
two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known
as -----.
Selaginella and Salvinia
heterosporous
111
The megaspores and microspores germinate and give
rise to ------ and --- gametophytes, respectively.
male and female
112
The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes: Psilopsida
(----); ------ (----, Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (-----)
and Pteropsida (Dryopteris, -----, -----).
Psilotum
Lycopsida- selaginella
Equisetum
Pteris, Adiantum- walking fern
113
The female
gametophytes in heterosporous plants are ------ sporophytes
for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young ----
take place ----
retained on the parent
embryos
within the female gametophytes.
114
Dev of zygote in parent sporophyte is a ---- to
the ---- considered an important step in evolution.
precursor
seed habit
115
Gymnosperm means
(gymnos : naked, sperma : seeds)
i.e. ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both
before and after fertilisation
116
The Gymnosperms include ----sized trees or tall trees and ---
medium, shrubs
117
Tallest gymnosperms is
the giant
redwood tree Sequoia
118
The roots are
generally ---- roots.
Roots in some genera have ---- association in the
form of ---- (Pinus), while in some others (Cycas) small specialised
roots called ---- roots are associated with N2
- fixing ------.
tap (for xerophytic adaptations)
fungal- mycorrhiza
coralloid
cyanobacteria
119
The stems of gymno are unbranched (-----) or branched (-----).
Cycas
Pinus, Cedrus
120
The leaves of gymno
may be ----- . In Cycas the ---- leaves persist for a few
years.
simple or compound
pinnate
121
The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand extremes
of -----,----- and ---.
temperature, humidity and wind
122
In ---- , the needle-like leaves reduce the ----. Their thick ---- and -----stomata also
help to reduce water loss.
conifers
surface area
cuticle, sunken
123
Gymnosperms are homosporous. T/F
False
124
The two kinds of
spores in gymno are produced within ---- that are borne
on sporophylls which are arranged ---- along an axis
to form ---- or compact strobili or cones.
sporangia
spirally
lax
125
The microspores in gymno develop into a male gametophytic
generation which is highly reduced and is confined to only a limited number of cells called
Pollen grain
126
The development
of pollen grains take place within the ------.
microsporangia
127
The male or female cones or strobili may be
borne on the same tree (in -----).
Pinus- monoecious
128
In ---- male
cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees.
cycas, diecious
129
The megaspore mother cell of gymno female is differentiated from one of the cells of the -----.
nucellus
130
The nucellus is protected by ---- and the composite structure is called----- .
envelopes, Ovule
131
The ovules are borne on ---- in gymno which
may be clustered to form the female cones.
megasporophylls
132
One of the ----- in gymno is enclosed within the
megasporangium and develops into a multicellular female
gametophyte that bears ---- archegonia.
megaspores
two or more
133
in gymno, the male and the female gametophytes
---- independent free-living existence. They
remain within the sporangia retained on the
-----.
do not have
sporophyte
134
The pollen grain is released from the
microsporangium of gymno are carried in -----and come in contact with the opening of the ---borne on megasporophylls.
air currents
ovules
135
The ---- in gymno, carrying the male gametes grows towards archegonia in the ovules
and discharge their contents near the mouth of the archegonia.
pollen tube
136
In angiosperms
or ---- plants, the pollen grains and ovules are developed in
specialised structures called ----.
the seeds are
enclosed in -----.
flowering
flowers
fruits
137
The angiosperms are an exceptionally large group of
plants occurring in ---- of habitats.
wide range
138
smallest angio ---- and tallest tree of ----.
Wolffia
Eucalyptus (over 100 metres)
139
angio provide
us with -------- and several other commercially
important products.
food, fodder, fuel, medicines
140
Depending on the type of ----- possesed and the type of----, algae are classfied into
three classes, namely Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.
pigmnet
stored food
141
Algae usually reproduce asexually by
formation of different types
spores
142
