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Botany > PK Ncert > Flashcards

PK Ncert Flashcards

1
Q

Earliest system of classification used

A

gross superficial morphological
characters

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1
Q

gross superficial morphological
characters in early system of classification had features like

A

habit, colour, number and shape of leaves

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2
Q

Artificial system if classification were mainly based on

A

Vegetative characters

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3
Q

Linnaues gave artificial system based on _____ structure

A

Androecium

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4
Q

Problem with artificial systems

A
  • Separated closely related species
  • Gave equal weightage to floral and vegetative characters (which are affected by environment)
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5
Q

natural classification systems were based on

A

natural affinities among the organisms

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6
Q

factors considered by natural system

A

internal features, like:
- ultrastructure
- anatomy
- embryology
- phytochemistry

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7
Q

George benthom and Joseph Dalton Hooker gave ___ classification for _____ plants

A

Natural system, flowering

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8
Q

phylogenetic classification systems based on

A

evolutionary relationships- orgs in same taxa have common ancestor

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9
Q

Many resources were being used mainly after

A

Supporting fossil evidences werent found

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10
Q

Numerical taxonomy

A

carried out using computers is based on all observable
characteristics

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11
Q

each character is given equal
importance and at the same time hundreds of characters can be
considered by

A

Numerical taxonomy- Number and codes are assigned to all the characters and
the data are then processed

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12
Q

Cytotaxonomy is based on

A

chromosome number, structure, behaviour

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13
Q

chemical constituents of the plant is used for

A

chemotaxonomy

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14
Q

Algae habitat

A

Largely aquatic
Moist stones, soil, wood

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15
Q

All algae have chlorophyll. T/F

A

True

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16
Q

Algae are found in association with

A

fungi- lichens
sloth bear

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17
Q

colonial
forms

A

like Volvox

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18
Q

filamentous forms like

A

Ulothrix and Spirogyra

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19
Q

A few of the marine forms such as

A

kelps, form massive plant
bodies.

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20
Q

These gametes can be
flagellated and similar in size in

A

(as in Ulothrix)

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21
Q

or non-flagellated (non-motile)
but similar in size

A

(as in Spirogyra).

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22
Q

Rep in spirogyra and ulothrix are

A

isogamous

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23
Q

Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size, as in species of
——- is termed as anisogamous.

A

Eudorina

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24
Q

Fusion between one ——- female gamete and a —— male gamete is termed
oogamous, e.g., Volvox, Fucus.

A

large, nonmotile (static)
smaller, motile

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25
Q

At least a — of the total
——– fixation on earth is carried out by algae through
——-.

A

half, CO2, photosynthesis

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26
Q

Being —— Algae increase the level of ——-
oxygen in their immediate environment.

A

photosynthetic, dissolved

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27
Q

They are of paramount
importance as —–producers of ——rich compounds which form
the basis of the food cycles of all —– animals.

A

primary
energy
aquatic

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28
Q

Many species of —–, —- and —– are among the — species of marine algae
used as food

A

Porphyra,
Laminaria and Sargassum
70

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29
Q

Certain —– brown and red algae produce large amounts
of —— e.g., algin (brown algae) and
—– (red algae) which are used commercially

A

-marine
-hydrocolloids (water holding substances),
-carrageen

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30
Q

Agar, one of the
commercial products obtained from —– and —- are used to
grow —– and in preparations of —— and —–.

A

Gelidium and Gracilaria
microbes
ice-creams and jellies

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31
Q

Chlorella a
—— alga rich in —– is used as food supplement even by —–

A

unicellular
proteins
space travellers

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32
Q

plant body of —– may be unicellular, colonial or filamentous

A

Chlorophyceae

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33
Q

grass green colour of green algae is due to the dominance of

A

pigments chlorophyll a and b

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34
Q

The
pigments of green algae are localised in definite chloroplasts. The chloroplasts may be —-, —-, —–, ——, —- in
different species

A

discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped

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35
Q

Most of the members of green algae have one or more storage bodies
called —– located in the —–.

A

pyrenoids, chloroplasts

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36
Q

Pyrenoids contain ——
besides starch. Some algae may store food in the form of —–

A

protein
oil droplets

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37
Q

Green algae- cell wall made of an inner layer of —–
and an outer layer of —–.

A

cellulose
pectose

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38
Q

Asexual reproduction is by
—— zoospores produced in

A

flagellated, zoosporangia

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39
Q

Commonly found green algae (5)

A

Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Chara

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40
Q

—– algae show great variation in size and form

A

Phaeophyceae

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41
Q

Phaeophyceae habitats

A

marine

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42
Q

They range
from simple branched, filamentous forms (——) to profusely
branched forms as —–,

A

Ectocarpus
kelps

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43
Q

kelps may reach a height of

A

100 metres

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44
Q

Pigments in brown algae

A

chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls

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45
Q

Brown algae vary in colour from —– to various shades of —— depending
upon the amount of the —— pigment, ——- present in it

A

olive green, brown
xanthophyll
fucoxanthin

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46
Q

Food is stored as ——carbohydrates, which may be in the
form of —–.

A

complex
laminarin or mannitol

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47
Q

The vegetative cells of brown algae have a —— cell wall usually covered on the —-by a —– coating of algin

A

cellulosic
outside
gelatinous

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48
Q

Centrally located vacuole and nucleus is seen in

A

brown algae

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49
Q

The plant body of brown algae is usually attached to the —- by a
holdfast, and has a stalk, the —- and — like photosynthetic organ
the —-

A

substratum
stipe
leaf
frond

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50
Q

Asexual
reproduction in most brown algae is by ——zoospores that are
—– shaped and have two unequal —- attached flagella.

A

biflagellate
pear-shaped
laterally

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51
Q

Union of gametes in brown algae may take place in —- or ——

A

in water or within the oogonium
(oogamous species)

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52
Q

Gametes of brown algae are —- shaped

A

pear shaped- pyriform

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53
Q

Examples of brown- 5

A

Ectocarpous, Laminaria, Fucus, Dictyota, Sargassum

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54
Q

Red algae mainly have —- pigment

A

, r-phycoerythrin

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55
Q

Majority
of the red algae are —-with greater concentrations found in the —–
areas

A

marine, warmer

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56
Q

Red algae occur in both —– regions close to the —- of water
and also at great —- in oceans where relatively little light penetrates.

A

well-lighted, surface
depths

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57
Q

Some of red algae
have — body organisation

A

complex

58
Q

Food stored in red is —-
which is very similar to —–and glycogen in —-.

A

floridean starch
amylopectin
structure

59
Q

Sexual reproduction in red algae is by —- gametes

A

non motile

60
Q

Complex post fertilization development is seen in

A

red algae

61
Q

—– are found
commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills

A

Bryophytes

62
Q

Bryophytes are also called —- of the plant kingdom because
these plants

A

amphibians
are dependent on water for sexual
reproduction.

63
Q

bryo usually occur in —-localities.

A

damp, humid and shady

64
Q

bryo play an important role in plant succession on

A

bare rocks/soil.

65
Q

bryo plant body is thallus-like and ——, and attached to the substratum
by unicellular or multicellular —-.

A

prostrate or erect
rhizoids

66
Q

—- lack true roots, stem or
leaves.

A

bryo
They may possess root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures.

67
Q

The main plant body of the bryophyte is —-.

A

haploid

68
Q

The sex organs in bryophytes are —–.

A

multicellular

69
Q

Antheridium of bryo produces ____
antherozoids. The female sex organ called archegonium is —–shaped
and produces a single egg.

A

biflagellate
flask

70
Q

The antherozoid of bryo are released into —- where they come in contact with archegonium.

A

water

71
Q

Zygotes of bryo do not undergo —– division
immediately. They produce a —- body called a — .

A

reduction
multicellular
sporophyte

72
Q

The sporophyte is not free-living but attached to the —-
gametophyte and derives —- from it.

A

photosynthetic, nourishment

73
Q

Bryophytes in general are of little —- importance but some
mosses provide — for —-mammals, birds and other animals.

A

economic
food
herbaceous

74
Q

Mosses along with —- are the first
organisms to colonise — and hence, are of great —-importance.

A

lichens, rocks
ecological

75
Q

Species of Sphagnum, provide —that have been used as —, and as packing material for—- of living material because
of their capacity to —–

A

peat, fuel
trans-shipment
hold water.

76
Q

Moss —– rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of
— plants.

A

decompose, higher

77
Q

Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the—- and prevent—- .

A

impact of falling rain
soil erosion

78
Q

liverworts grow usually in habitats such as —

A

banks of
streams, marshy ground, damp soil, bark of trees and deep in the woods

79
Q

The plant body of a liverwort is thalloid, e.g., —-.

A

Marchantia

80
Q

The thallus is
— and closely appressed to the substrate.

A

dorsiventral

81
Q

The leafy members of liverworts
have tiny leaf-like —-in —rows on the stem-like structures

A

appendages , two

82
Q

Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by —— of
thalli, or by the formation of specialised structures called —

A

fragmentation
gemmae

83
Q

Gemmae are ——, —–, —– buds, which
develop in small —-called gemma cups located on the thalli.

A

green, multicellular, asexual
receptacles

84
Q

The gemmae become detached from the parent body and germinate to
form — new individuals.

A

2

85
Q

The
sporophyte of liverworts is differentiated into —.

A

foot, seta and capsule.

86
Q

The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is the —– which
consists of — stages.

A

gametophyte, 2

87
Q

The first stage of gametophyte of moss is the — , which
develops directly from a —-.
It is a —-, —, —- and
frequently filamentous stage

A

protonema, spore
creeping, green, branched

88
Q

The second stage is the —stage, which
develops from the —– as a lateral bud.

A

leafy, secondary protonema

89
Q

The leafy stage of moss consist of
upright, — axes bearing ——- arranged leaves.

A

slender
spirally

90
Q

Secondary protonema of moss are attached
to the soil through —- and branched rhizoids.

A

multicellular

91
Q

—- stage of moss bears
the sex organs.

A

Leafy

92
Q

Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by —- and —-
in the secondary protonema

A

fragmentation
budding

93
Q

Sex organs are formed at ____ of leafy shoots in moss

A

apex

94
Q

The sporophyte in —– is more elaborate than
that in —-.

A

moss more elaborate than liverwort

95
Q

The — of moss contains spores.

A

capsule

96
Q

The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of —-

A

spore dispersal.

97
Q

Common examples of mosses are - 3

A

Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum

98
Q

Pteridophytes are used
for —- purposes and as —-. They are also frequently grown
as ——.

A

medicinal
soil-binders
ornamentals

99
Q

Evolutionarily, —- are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.

A

pterido

100
Q

The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp,
shady places though some may flourish well in —–soil conditions.

A

sandy

101
Q

In pteridophytes, the
main plant body is a —-which is differentiated into — root,
stem and leaves

A

sporophyte, true (These organs possess well-differentiated
vascular tissues)

102
Q

The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls) as
in —– or large (macrophylls) as in —-.

A

Selaginella
ferns

103
Q

The sporophytes bear
—- that are subtended by leaf-like appendages called —–

A

sporangia , sporophylls

104
Q

compact
structures of sporophytes in pterido called —- are seen in

A

strobili or cones
(Selaginella, Equisetum).

105
Q

The spores of pterido
germinate to give rise to —, small but multicellular, free-living, mostly —-thalloid —- called prothallus.

A

inconspicuous, photosynthetic
gametophytes

106
Q

The gametophytes of —require cool, damp, shady places to grow. Because of this specifc restricted requirement and the need for water for fertilisation, —-

A

pterido
the spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions.

107
Q

Water is required for transfer of —-– of pterido

A

antherozoids

108
Q

Zygote of pterido produces a multicellular —— sporophyte
which is the —- phase of the pteridophytes.

A

well-differentiated
dominant

109
Q

In majority of the
pteridophytes all the spores are of — kinds; such plants are called
—-.

A

similar, homosporous

110
Q

Genera like —- and — which produce
two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known
as —–.

A

Selaginella and Salvinia
heterosporous

111
Q

The megaspores and microspores germinate and give
rise to —— and — gametophytes, respectively.

A

male and female

112
Q

The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes: Psilopsida
(—-); —— (—-, Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (—–)
and Pteropsida (Dryopteris, —–, —–).

A

Psilotum
Lycopsida- selaginella
Equisetum
Pteris, Adiantum- walking fern

113
Q

The female
gametophytes in heterosporous plants are —— sporophytes
for variable periods. The development of the zygotes into young —-
take place —-

A

retained on the parent
embryos
within the female gametophytes.

114
Q

Dev of zygote in parent sporophyte is a —- to
the —- considered an important step in evolution.

A

precursor
seed habit

115
Q

Gymnosperm means

A

(gymnos : naked, sperma : seeds)
i.e. ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both
before and after fertilisation

116
Q

The Gymnosperms include —-sized trees or tall trees and —

A

medium, shrubs

117
Q

Tallest gymnosperms is

A

the giant
redwood tree Sequoia

118
Q

The roots are
generally —- roots.
Roots in some genera have —- association in the
form of —- (Pinus), while in some others (Cycas) small specialised
roots called —- roots are associated with N2
- fixing ——.

A

tap (for xerophytic adaptations)

fungal- mycorrhiza
coralloid
cyanobacteria

119
Q

The stems of gymno are unbranched (—–) or branched (—–).

A

Cycas
Pinus, Cedrus

120
Q

The leaves of gymno
may be —– . In Cycas the —- leaves persist for a few
years.

A

simple or compound
pinnate

121
Q

The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand extremes
of —–,—– and —.

A

temperature, humidity and wind

122
Q

In —- , the needle-like leaves reduce the —-. Their thick —- and —–stomata also
help to reduce water loss.

A

conifers
surface area
cuticle, sunken

123
Q

Gymnosperms are homosporous. T/F

A

False

124
Q

The two kinds of
spores in gymno are produced within —- that are borne
on sporophylls which are arranged —- along an axis
to form —- or compact strobili or cones.

A

sporangia
spirally
lax

125
Q

The microspores in gymno develop into a male gametophytic
generation which is highly reduced and is confined to only a limited number of cells called

A

Pollen grain

126
Q

The development
of pollen grains take place within the ——.

A

microsporangia

127
Q

The male or female cones or strobili may be
borne on the same tree (in —–).

A

Pinus- monoecious

128
Q

In —- male
cones and megasporophylls are borne on different trees.

A

cycas, diecious

129
Q

The megaspore mother cell of gymno female is differentiated from one of the cells of the —–.

A

nucellus

130
Q

The nucellus is protected by —- and the composite structure is called—– .

A

envelopes, Ovule

131
Q

The ovules are borne on —- in gymno which
may be clustered to form the female cones.

A

megasporophylls

132
Q

One of the —– in gymno is enclosed within the
megasporangium and develops into a multicellular female
gametophyte that bears —- archegonia.

A

megaspores
two or more

133
Q

in gymno, the male and the female gametophytes
—- independent free-living existence. They
remain within the sporangia retained on the
—–.

A

do not have
sporophyte

134
Q

The pollen grain is released from the
microsporangium of gymno are carried in —–and come in contact with the opening of the —borne on megasporophylls.

A

air currents
ovules

135
Q

The —- in gymno, carrying the male gametes grows towards archegonia in the ovules
and discharge their contents near the mouth of the archegonia.

A

pollen tube

136
Q

In angiosperms
or —- plants, the pollen grains and ovules are developed in
specialised structures called —-.
the seeds are
enclosed in —–.

A

flowering
flowers
fruits

137
Q

The angiosperms are an exceptionally large group of
plants occurring in —- of habitats.

A

wide range

138
Q

smallest angio —- and tallest tree of —-.

A

Wolffia
Eucalyptus (over 100 metres)

139
Q

angio provide
us with ——– and several other commercially
important products.

A

food, fodder, fuel, medicines

140
Q

Depending on the type of —– possesed and the type of—-, algae are classfied into
three classes, namely Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.

A

pigmnet
stored food

141
Q

Algae usually reproduce asexually by
formation of different types

A

spores

142
Q
A

Botany (11 decks)

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