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Botany > Living world NCERT > Flashcards

Living world NCERT Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin of the 20th century is

A

Ernst Mayor

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2
Q

Ernst Mayor pioneered the currently accepted definition of _____
He was also given 3 prizes regarded as ______

A

Biological species
Triple crown of biology

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3
Q

—- is the science of life forms and living processes.

A

Biology

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4
Q

The living world
comprises an amazing —-of living organisms.

A

diversity

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5
Q

Early man could
easily perceive the difference between —- and —-.

A

inanimate matter and living organisms

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6
Q

Early man —- some of the inanimate matter (wind, sea,fire etc.) and some among the animals and plants. A common feature of all such forms of inanimate and animate objects was the sense of —– that they evoked

A

deified (worshipped)
awe or fear

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7
Q

The description of living organisms including
human beings began ——.

A

much later in human history

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8
Q

Societies which indulged in —– view of biology could register limited progress in biological knowledge

A

anthropocentric (considered humankind as the most imp element of existence)

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9
Q

Systematic and —–
description of life forms brought in, out of —-, detailed systems
of identification, nomenclature and classification.

A

monumental
necessity

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10
Q

The biggest spin off
of such studies was the recognition of the ——among living organisms both horizontally and vertically

A

sharing of similarities

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11
Q

That all present day
—— are related to each other and also to all organisms that ever lived on this earth, was a revelation which humbled man and led to cultural movements for —–

A

living organism
conservation of biodiversity

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12
Q

The —– conflict and cooperation among members of a population and among populations of a community
or even the —– inside a cell make us deeply reflect on – what
indeed is life?

A

ecological
molecular traffic

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13
Q

Meaning of life: The first
is a —– and seeks answer to what living is as opposed to the
non-living, and the second is a —– one, and seeks answer to what the purpose of life is.

A

technical one
philosophical

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14
Q

When we try to define ‘living’, we conventionally look for —— exhibited by living organisms.

A

distinctive
characteristics

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15
Q

—-, reproduction, ability to sense environment and mount a —– come to our mind immediately as unique features of living organisms.

One can add a few more features like —-, ability to self-replicate, —-, interact and — to this list.

A

Growth,
suitable response

metabolism
self-organise
emergence

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16
Q

All living organisms grow. Increase in —and increase in —- are twin characteristics of growth.

A

mass, number of individuals

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17
Q

A multicellular organism grows by —–.

A

cell division

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18
Q

In plants, this growth by cell division occurs
—– throughout their life span.

A

continuously

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19
Q

In animals, —- is seen
only up to a certain age. However, cell division occurs in certain tissues to —– .

A

growth
replace lost cells

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20
Q

Unicellular organisms grow by —– . One can easily observe this in —– cultures by simply counting the number of
cells under the microscope

A

cell division
in vitro

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21
Q

In majority of higher animals and plants,
growth and reproduction are mutually —- events.

A

exclusive

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22
Q

One must remember that increase in —- is considered as growth.

A

body mass

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23
Q

Non-living objects also grow if we take —— as a criterion for growth.
Mountains, boulders and sand mounds do grow

A

increase in body mass

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24
Q

Growth exhibited by non-living objects is by —-on the surface. In living organisms, growth is from —.

A

accumulation of material
inside

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25
Q

Growth is a defining property of living organisms. T/F

A

False
because non living also exhibit extrinsic growth

Yet growth is a characteristic is a living system

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26
Q

Reproduction is a characteristic of living organisms. T/F

A

True.
It is not a defining character but it is characteristic

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27
Q

In multicellular organisms, reproduction refers to the —- possessing features more or less similar to those of parents. Invariably and implicitly we refer to —-reproduction.

A

production of progeny
sexual

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28
Q

Fungi multiply and spread easily due to the millions of —- they produce.

A

asexual spores

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29
Q

In lower organisms like
——- and—- , we observe budding.

A

yeast and hydra

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30
Q

In Planaria (flat worms), we observe —–, i.e., a fragmented organism regenerates the lost part of its body and becomes, a new organism.

A

true regeneration

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31
Q

The —-, —- and — all easily multiply by fragmentation.

A

fungi, filamentous algae, the protonema of mosses,

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32
Q

When it comes to —-organisms like bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba reproduction is synonymous with growth, i.e., —————

A

unicellular
increase in number of cells

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33
Q

There are many organisms which do not reproduce (—-, —-, —- etc).

A

mules, sterile worker bees, infertile humans

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34
Q

Another characteristic of life is metabolism. All living organisms
are made of —-.

A

chemicals

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35
Q

These chemicals, small and big, belonging to
various classes, sizes, functions, etc., are constantly being made and——-
These conversions are chemical reactions or —–.

A

changed into some other biomolecules.
metabolic reactions

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36
Q

There are thousands of metabolic reactions occurring —- inside all living organisms, be they unicellular or multicellular.

A

simultaneously

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37
Q

All plants, animals, fungi and microbes exhibit
metabolism. The sum total of all the ——occurring in our
body is metabolism

A

chemical reactions

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38
Q

No non-living object exhibits metabolism. T/F

A

True

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39
Q

Metabolic reactions can be demonstrated outside the body in —- systems.

A

cell-free

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40
Q

An isolated metabolic reaction(s) outside the body of an organism, performed in a test tube is —–

A

neither living nor non-living.

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41
Q

Isolated metabolic reactions —- are not living things but surely living reactions.

A

in vitro

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42
Q

Cellular organisation of the body is the — feature of life forms.

A

defining

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43
Q

Perhaps, the most obvious and technically complicated feature of all
living organisms is their —
and respond to these environmental stimuli which could be physical,
chemical or biological.

A

ability to sense their surroundings or environment

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44
Q

We sense our environment through our — .

A

sense organs

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45
Q

Plants respond to external factors like —, —-, —–,—-, —–, etc.

A

light, water, temp, other orgs, pollutants

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46
Q

All organisms, from the prokaryotes to
the most complex eukaryotes can sense and respond to —- .

A

environmental
cues

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47
Q

—- affects reproduction in seasonal breeders, both plants and animals.

A

Photoperiod

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48
Q

All organisms handle —-entering their bodies. All
organisms therefore, are ‘aware’ of their surroundings.

A

chemicals

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49
Q

Human being is the only organism who is aware of himself, i.e., has —

A

self-consciousness

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50
Q

Consciousness is the defining property of living
organisms. T/F

A

True

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51
Q

When it comes to human beings, it is all the more difficult to define
the —- state.

A

living

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52
Q

We observe patients lying in coma in hospitals virtually supported by machines which replace heart and lungs. The patient is otherwise brain-dead. The patient has no —-

A

self consciousness

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53
Q

All living phenomena
are due to —-.

A

underlying interactions

54
Q

Properties of tissues are not present in the constituent cells but arise as a result of——–.

A

interactions among the constituent cells

55
Q

Properties of cellular organelles are not present in the molecular constituents of the organelle but arise as a result of —-

A

interactions among the molecular components comprising the organelle.

56
Q

These interactions result in emergent properties at a —-level of
organisation. This phenomenon is true in the hierarchy of —- at all levels.

A

higher
organisational complexity

57
Q

Therefore, we can say that living organisms are
self—, — and —-interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli

A

replicating, evolving and regulating

58
Q

—- is the story of life on earth. Biology is the story of —— on earth.

A

Biology, evolution of living organisms

59
Q

All living organisms – present, past and future, are linked to one another by the sharing of the —-, but to varying degrees.

A

common genetic material

60
Q

Each different kind of plant, animal or organism that you see, represents a
—–.

A

species

61
Q

The number of species that are known and described range
between ——. This refers to —- or the number and
types of organisms present on earth.

A

1.7-1.8 million
biodiversity

62
Q

We should remember here that as we explore new areas, and even old ones, new organisms are continuously being —-.

A

identified

63
Q

We know the plants and animals in our own area by their —- names.
These names would —from place to place, even within a country.

A

local, vary

64
Q

There is a need to standardise the naming of living organisms so that: —-.

This process is called —-.

A

a particular organism is known by the same name all over the
world

nomenclature

65
Q

Nomenclature or —- is only possible when the organism is described correctly and we
know to what organism the name is attached to. This is —–.

A

naming
identification

66
Q

In order to facilitate the study, number of scientists have established —- to assign a scientific name to each known organism. This is
acceptable to — all over the world.

A

procedures
biologists

67
Q

For plants, scientific names are based on agreed principles and criteria, which are provided in —–.

A

International
Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)

68
Q

Animal taxonomists have evolved —–.

A

International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature (ICZN)

69
Q

The — names ensure that each organism has only one name.

A

scientific

70
Q

— of any organism should enable the people (in any part of the world) to arrive at the—- name. They also ensure that such a name has not been used for any other known organism.

A

Description, same name

71
Q

Biologists follow —-principles to provide scientific names to known organisms.

A

universally accepted

72
Q

Each scientific name has two components – the
— name and the —-. This system of providing a name with two components is called —-nomenclature

A

Generic, specific epithet

Binomial

73
Q

This naming (Binomial nomenclature) system given by —- is being practised by biologists all
over the world. This naming system using a two word format was found convenient

A

Carolus Linnaeus

74
Q

Biological names are generally in — and written in —-. They are Latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their
origin

A

Latin, italics

75
Q

The first word in a binomial name represents —–

A

genus

76
Q

Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, are
—–, or printed in italics to indicate their —-
origin.

A

separately underlined
Latin

77
Q

The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a — letter.

A

small

78
Q

Name of the author appears after the specific epithet, i.e., at the end of
the biological name and is written in an —- form,

A

abbreviated

79
Q

Mangifera indica Linn. indicates that this species—–

A

was first described by Linnaeus.

80
Q

It is necessary to devise some means to study all the organisms because

A

It is nearly impossible to study all the living organisms without classification

81
Q

—– is the process by which anything is grouped
into convenient categories based on some —– characters

A

Classification
easily observable

82
Q

The scientific term for these categories is —–.

A

taxa

83
Q

Taxa can indicate
categories at —- levels. ‘Plants’ – also form a taxa. ‘Wheat’ is also a taxa. They represent taxa at different levels

A

very different

84
Q

Based on —-, all living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This process of classification is —.

A

characteristics
taxonomy

85
Q

—- and — structure, along with the structure of —-, —-and —– information of organisms are essential and form the basis of modern taxonomic studies.

A

External and internal
structure of cell
development process
ecological

86
Q

characterisation, identification, classification and nomenclature
are the processes that are basic to —-.

A

taxonomy

87
Q

Taxonomy is not something new because:

A

Human beings have always been interested in knowing about the organisms, with reference to their own use.

88
Q

In early days, human beings needed to find sources for their basic needs of —-, —- and —.

Hence, the earliest classifications were based on the ‘—-’ of
various organisms.

A

food, clothing
and shelter

uses

89
Q

Human beings were, since long, also interested in the relationships among the orgs.. This branch of study was referred to as
—-.

A

systematics

90
Q

The word systematics is derived from the Latin word ‘—-’ which means systematic arrangement of organisms.

A

systema

91
Q

Linnaeus used —– as the title of his publication. The scope of systematics was later enlarged to include identification, nomenclature
and classification. Systematics takes into account—- between organisms

A

Systema Naturae
evolutionary relationships

92
Q

Classification is not a single step process but involves hierarchy of steps in which each step represents a —- .

A

rank or category

93
Q

Since the category is a
part of overall taxonomic arrangement, it is called the taxonomic category
and all categories together constitute the —-

A

taxonomic hierarchy

94
Q

Each category, referred to as a unit of classification, in fact, represents a rank
and is commonly termed as —-

A

Taxon

95
Q

Insects represent a group of organisms sharing common features like
—- pairs of jointed legs. Therefore they were given a rank/category.

  • Groups represent —-.
  • Category further denotes rank. Each rank or taxon, in fact, represents a —-.
A

Three
Category
unit of classification

96
Q

These taxonomic groups/
categories are —— and not merely morphological
aggregates

A

distinct biological entities

97
Q

Taxonomical studies of all known organisms have led to the development of common categories such as kingdom, phylum or —-(for plants), class, order, family, genus and species.

A

division

98
Q

All organisms,
including those in the plant and animal kingdoms have —- as the lowest category.

A

species

99
Q

The basic requirement to place an organism in a category is the —– of an individual or group of organisms. This helps in
identifying similarities and dissimilarities among the individuals of the —–

A

knowledge
of characters

same and diff kinds of orgs

100
Q

Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual organisms with
—– as a species.

A

fundamental similarities

101
Q

One should be able to distinguish one species from the other closely related species based on the —- differences.

A

distinct
morphological

102
Q

All the three names, indica, tuberosum and leo, represent the —-, while the first words
Mangifera, Solanum and Panthera are—- and represents another
higher level of taxon or category. Each genus may have one or more than
one specific epithets representing different organisms, but having
morphological similarities. For example, Panthera has another specific
epithet called tigris and Solanum includes species like nigrum and
melongena. Human beings belong to the species sapiens which is
grouped in the genus Homo. The scientific name thus, for human being,
is written as Homo sapien

A

specific epithets
genera

103
Q

Each genus may have —- no, of specific epithets representing different organisms, but having —-similarities.

A

one or more
morphological

104
Q

Panthera has another specific epithet called —- and Solanum includes species like —- and —.

A

tigris and leo
nigrum and
melongena

105
Q

Human beings belong to the species —- which is grouped in the —– Homo.

A

sapiens
genus

106
Q

Genus comprises a group of related species which has —- characters
in common in comparison to species of other genera.

A

more

107
Q

We can say that
genera are aggregates of ———.

A

closely related species

108
Q

Potato and brinjal are two different species but both belong to the genus —-.

A

Solanum

109
Q

Lion (Panthera leo), leopard (—–) and tiger (P. tigris) with several
common features, are all species of the genus Panthera. This genus differs from another genus —-which includes cats

A

P. pardus
Felis

110
Q

Family, has a group of related genera with —-
number of similarities as compared to genus and species.

A

still less

111
Q

Families are characterised on the basis of —- and — features of plant species.

A

both vegetative and reproductive

112
Q

Among plants for example, three different genera —–, —- and —, are placed in the family Solanaceae.

A

Solanum, Petunia, Datura

113
Q

Among animals
for example, genus Panthera, comprising lion, tiger, leopard is put along
with genus, Felis (cats) in the family —–.

A

Felidae

114
Q

Two different families – Felidae has —–
and Canidae has—–, respectively

A

Cats, dogs

115
Q

Generally, order and other higher taxonomic categories are identified based on the ——–.

A

aggregates of characters

116
Q

Order being a higher category, is the assemblage of families which exhibit a —- similar characters.

A

few

117
Q

Plant families
like ——-, ——– are included in the order
Polymoniales mainly based on the —–characters.

A

Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae

floral

118
Q

The animal
order, ——, includes families like Felidae and Canidae

A

Carnivora

119
Q

—- includes related orders.

A

Class

120
Q

Primata comprising —,— and — is placed in class
Mammalia along with order Carnivora that includes animals like
tiger, cat and dog.

A

monkey, gorilla and gibbon

121
Q

Classes comprising animals like fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds along with mammals constitute the next higher category called ——-
In plants classes with similar features constitute —–

A

Phylum
Division

122
Q

All animals belonging to various phyla are assigned to the
highest category called ———- in the classification
system of animals.

A

Kingdom Animalia

123
Q

The Kingdom Plantae, on the other hand, is
distinct, and comprises all plants from various ——.

A

divisions

124
Q

Taxonomists have also
developed —– in this hierarchy to facilitate more sound and scientific placement of various taxa.

A

sub-categories

125
Q

As we go higher from species
to kingdom, the number of common characteristics goes on

A

decreasing

126
Q

The problem of classification becomes more complex in —- taxa because greater the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level.

A

higher

127
Q

Family and order of humans-

A

Homonidae, Primata

128
Q

Genus and Order of Housefly

A

Musca, Diptera

129
Q

Order, class and division of Mango

A

Sapindales, Dicotyledon, Angiosperms

130
Q

Name, Family and class of wheat

A

Triticum aestivum, Poaceae, Monocotyledon

131
Q
A

Botany (11 decks)

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