Biological classification Flashcards
Father of Botany
Theophrastus
5 Kingdom system of classification by:
R H Whittaker
Amino acids present in Murin
D- alanine, D-lysine, L-lysine, L-Glutanic acid
Bible of bacteria was written by
Bargey
Most common shape of bacteria
Bacillus
Coapland gave __ system of classification
4 kingdom
The term monera was given by
Daugherty and Allen
Chloronema is a example of
Green non sulphur bac
Anoxygenic photosynthesis is done by
Chlorobium and Chromatium
Bacteria which oxidises hydrogen is
Hydrogenomonas
Which enzyme helps in dna replication is bac? Its produced by?
DNA polymerase, Mesosome
Polysaccharides present in peptidoglycon are?
N. Acetyl muramic acid, N. Acetyl Galectosamine
Which bacterial shape is non motile?
Coccus
Nucleoid/Genophore is also called
Insipient Nucleus
Ammonifying bacteria which convert Organic N to ammonia and are saprophytes are:
Bacillus vulgaris, Bacillus ramosis
Largest Sulphur bacteria is:
Beggiota
Another sulphur bacteria is
Thiobacillus
Name the 4 walls in endospore of bacteria
Core wall, Cortex, Spore coat, Spore wall
Calcium di picolimic acid present in ___, helps in :
Cortex, Antico-agulant– survive extreme temp
Colisin plasmid releases ___ in host
Toxins
Anthrax is caused by
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium butericum helps in
Retting of jute
Short Pili in bac are also called
Fimbriae
Endospore formation is what method?
Suspended method of adaptations
Plasmids which are specific antibiotic resistance
R (Resistant) plasmid
What decides male character of bac?
Presence of F plasmid
Avirulent strain is
R strain
Griffith did an experiment using which bac
Streptococcus (diplo/pneumo coccus) pneumoniae
Freeliving aerobic N fixing bac is
Azatobacter
E. Coli is a
Pollution indicator
80% of Ozygen in the world is given by
Cyanobacteria/ BGA
Pigments in bacs are
Bacterio purpurin (bac chl A), Bacterio viridin (bac chl B)
___ causes pathogenic nature of bac
Short pili
Gram +ve have
1 layer cell wall, get stained in crystal violet sol, less pili, 2 rings SM, more mesosomes
4 rings are present in basal body of
Gram -ve bac
Biochemical proof of transformation was given by
Avery, Mc Carty and Mc cleoid
R strain accepts S strain genes with the help of protein
receptor protein
What is oxygen scavinger
Leg hemoglobin
Azospirillum is a ___ present in ___ roots
Symbiotic bac, Wheat and Rice
Xanthomonas oryzae is ___ disease in __ plant
Leaf blight, Rice
Syphilis is caused by
Treponema pallidum
Who is the father of algae
F E Fritch
Which disease is caused by __ bacterium on lemon?
Citrus cancus, Xanthomonas citri
Conjugation is present for __ min
1
HFR bac/ Supermale has plasmid attached to genophore called
Episome
In which (normal conjugation/HFR) does F- turn into F+
Normal conjugation.
Lederburg gave term:
Plasmid
Claustridium tetani causes
Tetanus
Plague is caused by
Pastuerella Pestis
Transduction was discovered by ___ and __ in ___
Lederburg and Zinder, Salmonella typhi
Bacteriophage help is
Transduction
NH3 is coverted into NO2 by:
Nitosomonas and Nitrococcus
Nitrobacter helps in
Conversion of nitrite to nitrate
Nitrogenase helps in
Nitrogen fixation
Unicellular BGA
Spirulina, Senedesmus
Cholera is caused by a bac of shape
Vibrio- Comma shaped
Name 4 N fixing bac:
Rhizobium, Azorhizobium, Azotobacter, Clapsiella (Anaerobic)
Frankia is a filamentous bac (Actenomycetes) found in
Casurila, Alnus
Rhodospirillum and rhodopseudomonas are examples of
Free living N fixing and Purple- non sulphur bac
1st fungal antibiotic is from
Pennicillum
___ kills pathogenic bac and keeps rivers clean
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorous
Bacitacin anitibiotic is produced from __ and ___
Bacillus Licheniformis and bacillus Subtilis
Bacillus subtilin produces
Subtilin and Bacitracin
Riboflavin (Vit B2 supplement) is made with
Clostridium butylicum
Bac that do harful activity are
Psuedomonas denitrificance, Thiobacillus denitrificance
Along with lacto bacillus ___ helps in curding of milk
Streptobacillus lacti
Crown gall disease is caused by
Agrabacterium tumefacians
Diphtheria is caused by
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
SCP is
Spirulina
Anabena is __ type of BGA
Colonial
Mesosome in bac== ___ in BGA
lamellosome
Pigments in chromotophores of BGA
chl A, Xanthophils, b-carotene, Phycobillins (cycanin and erythrin)
BGA that gives red sea its colour
Trichodesmium Erithrium
Cyanophycean starch granules and Fat droplets are?
Alpha, beta granules (Inclusion bodies)
Habitat of BGA
Most: Fresh water
Heterocyst contain ___ for N fixation
Nitrogenase
Filamentous BGA
Nostoc, Oscillatoria
Harmogonia formation occurs in
Filamentous BGA
What is seen in cycas (corolloid roots) for N2 fixation?
Nostac punctiformae
Anabena cycadasiarum
Anabena azollae are associated with
Azolla leaves (pteridophyte)
BGA Antibiotic
Tolipothrix
Obligate anaerobes are
Archaebacteria
Methanogens are present in
Guts of ruminant animals and Marshy areas
Bacterio Rhodopsin in Halophiles produce
Purple colour
___ are present in sulphur hot springs
Thermoacedophiles, Facultative aerobs
PPLO is sensitive to
Chloromphenicol, Tetracydin
Who discovered PPLO where
Raux and Nocard in Plural fluid of cows
Why is PPLO called the jokers of plant kingdom
They constantly change their shape
Trilamellar model of PM is present in
Mycoplasma
Respiration type of Mycoplasma
Facultative anaerobs
Aster Yellow disease is caused in
Sunflower by PPLO
Disease in legume caused by PPLO
Witch broom
Cattles suffer from ___ disease because of pplo
Bovine
Little leaf of __ is caused by Mycoplasma
Brinjal
Bunchy top of papaya is caused by
Mycoplasma
When do pplo form fried egg colonies
When placed in nutritive medium/culture
Kingdom protista was introduced by
Ernest Haeckel
Halophytic/Autotrophic nutrition is seen ___ protistans
Diatoms, Desmids, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids
Zygotic meiosis is seen in
Haplontic orgs- Dinoflagelates
Notiluca and Diatoms have ___ kind of life cycle
Diplontic (notiluca is exception from dinoflagellates).. Gametic meiosis, Zygotic mitosis
Anisogamy is
Fusion of structurally dissimilar but functionally same gametes (Opp in physiological anisogamy)
Seen in Dinoflagellates
Horizontal binary fission is seen in ___ protistan
Paramecium
Oogamy is seen in
Diatoms and Dinoflagellates
Diatoms and Desmids were placed in ___ class by Fritch
Chrysophyceae/ Chrysophyta
Chief producers in ocean are
Diatoms and desmids
Diatoms and desmids are called Jewels of the plant kingdom because
Golden brown colour
Diatomaceous soil is also called
Keiselgurh
___ are called Pearls of the ocean
Diatoms
Cyclosis occurs in diatoms and desmids. T/F
True
Due to present of large central vacuole
Cell wall of diatoms are made of
Cellulose, lined by Silica crystals… Make it indestructable
Cell wall of diatoms and desmids is known as
Frustule
Which theca is bigger than which in dd?
Epitheca is bigger than hypotheca
Diff b/w desmids and diatoms
Diatoms- OOgamy, diploid nucleus, pearls of ocean
Desmids- haploid nucleus
Uses of diatomaceous soil?
-Polishing metals
-Oil filtration
-Making dynamites
-Making sound proof sheets
Reductional binary fission is seen in
Diatoms n desmids
Storage food materials of DD
Leucosin and oils
Chloroplast of DD contains
Chl a, Chl c, Beta carotene, Xanthophylls
Examples of Diatoms n Desmids
Navicula
Pinnularia
Spores present in DD are known as
Auxospores
Protistans which show spore formation are
Slime moulds
Fritch placed ___ orgs in Pyrrophyta?
Dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta==Dinaphytta=Dinophyceae)
Exclusively marine protistans are
Dinoflagellates
Vertical and horizontal grooves in Dinoflagellates are?
Sulcus and Annulus
Which flagella is longer in dinoflagellates?
Vertical
Whirling whips are
Dinoflagellates
Because of spinning movement (caused by movement of both flagellas)
Cell wall of dinoflagellates are called
Lorica
Mesokaryon is a feature of
Dinoflagellates
Pro- no histone protein
Eu- has nuclear membrane
Due to the characteristic of bioluminescence, ___ is called sea ghost
Noctiluca, Only diplontic dinoflagellate
Red tides are caused by
Goneaulax, DF
Saxitoxin secreted by ___ and ___ causes paralysis
Goneaulax, Gymnodium
Ceratium belongs to
DF
Pigments of DF
Chl a, Chl c, Alpha carotene, Xanthophylls- Dinoxanthophylls
Starch is stored food of
DF
Where is the nucleus present in euglenoids
Posterior side
Mouth of euglena is
Cystostome
2 flagellas of euglena are produced by
Basal granules (Blepharoplast)
Proteinaceous layer around Euglena is called
Pellicle
What is cytopharynx
Point of fusion of 2 flagellas of euglena
Mastigonemes present on one side of the flagella make it:
Motile
Stichomatic type of Flagella
Food stored in euglena is
Paramylum granules-
Amulyopectin with Beta 1,3 Glucons
Zeaxanthin, Chl a, Chl b, Beta Carotene are pigments present in
Euglena
Sexual reproduction is not seen in ____ protistan
Euglena
Mode of nutrition of euglena
Mixotrophic- Auto and Sapro
Most primitive animals are
Euglenoids
Connecting link b/w plants and animals
___ in euglena helps detect light
Eye spot
Most primitive fungi are
Slime moulds
Antonia debari placed slime moulds in ______ class
Mycota
Transparent, irregularly shaped, living in debris wala protistan is?
Slime moulds
Coenocytic Slime moulds are
Acellular
Fusion of acellular and partial grouping of cellular slimemoulds form ___ n ____
Plasmodium
Pseudo plasmodium
Spores produced by plasmodium during unfav condition is surrounded with___ cell wall
Cellulosic
Fungal, plant and animal character is present in
Slime moulds
Swarm cells are
formed sometimes when spores of slimemoulds germinate.. They have 2 flagellas- isogamous. 2 merge to form zygote
Entamoeba Histolica causes
Amoebiosis
Silica on surface is present in ___ protozoans
Amoeboid protozoan
Sleeping sickness is caused by
Trypanosoma Gambiense
Slipper animalcule is
Paramecium
Gullet for ingestion is present in
Ciliated protozoans like paramaecium
Which protozoans are endoparasites and live in RBC?
Sporozoans
Ex: Plasmodium vivax
Which protozoans are endoparasits and live in RBC?
Sporozoans
Ex: Plasmodium vivax
Chromoplasm is present in ___ bacteria
Cyanobacteria
Akinetes are form a of reproduction seen in
Nostoc- Cyanobacteria
Thermococcus belongs to ___ bac
Thermoacidophiles, Archaebacteria
Cell wall is absent in ___ monera
Mycoplasma
Diseases caused by PPLo
WABBLi
Witches broom in legumes
Aster yellow in sunflower
Bovine disease in cattle
Bunchy top of papaya
Little leaf of brinjal
Thylakoids without chloroplast is present in ___ protistan
Dinoflagellates
Fungi kingdom was introduced by
R H Whittaker
Fungi grow in ____ habitat
Warm and Moist
Coprophylus fungi like ___ grown on
Pilobolus (Zygomycetes), Dunk of animals
Fungi which grow on wood and burnt wood respectively are called
Epixylic
Xylophillous
Aseptate mycellium is present in
Phycomycetes
Dolipore septa leads to ___ condition, mostly seen in
Dikaryotic, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
Fungi which dont have chitinous cell wall are
Oomycetes( Albugo, Puthium)
Unicisternal golgi complex is a feature of
Cells of fungi
Storage food of fungi
Glycogen and oils
When is Torulla stage (Many buds) formed in Budding of Saccharomyces cerviciae
When sugar content is high in Yeast
Shizosaccharomyces cerviciae takes ____ time for fission
90mins
Aplanospore/ Sporangiophore is formed in
Phycomycetes (Aseptate)
Aplanospore have rootlike structures called _____
Rhizoids
Spores formed in aseptate fungi are
Sporangio/Aplano spores.. Endogenous, non motile, haploid
Zoospores are called so because
They are animal like- Have flagella
Zoospores are produced by
Oomycetes
Conidiospores are formed in
Phyco, Asco, Duetero
Primary, secondary, Tertiary branch are named ___ in conidiospore
Ramei, Metulae, Sterigmata (bottle shape)
Big at the end to small towards sterigmata type arrangement in conidiospore is
Basipetal arrangement
Exogenous, non motile and thin walled spores are
Conidiospore
Most have fungi have sex organs. T/F
False
Gametangial contact forms ___ spores and is seen in
Oospores, oomycetes
Brush mould is
Conidiospore
Male and Female sex organ in oomycetes is
Female- Oogonium
Male- Antheridium
Homothallic is seen only in
Gametangial contact, Oomycetes
Steps in sexual reproduction of fungi include
Plasmogamy, (Dikaryotisation), Karyogamy, Meiosis
Zygomycetes show ___ sexual repro
Gametonfial corpulation
Only diploid sexual spore is
Oospore
+ve and -ve gametangia are formed in
Gametangial corpulation
Meiosis is absent in __ sex repro of fungi
Gametangial contact- oomycetes
Germ spores are formed inside
Zygospore after meiosis
In ___ sex repro of fungi the spermatia is carried by wind from Spermatium (male) to Carpogonia/Ascogonia (female)
Spermatization
Sex organs are completely absent here, therefore fusion of somatic cells happen in:
Somatogamy
4 classes of fungi are classified on the basis of
-Types of Fruiting bodies
-Mycellium Structure
-Spore formation
Algal fungi are
Phycomyctes- esp Oomyctes cuz it lives in aquatic habitat
Sac fungi is
Ascomycetes
Late blight in potato is caused by ____ oomycetes
Phytopthera infestens
Caused famine of ireland
Albugo candida (oomycetes) causes white rust in ___
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family.. Cabbage, cauliflower
Saprolegnia (Oomycetes) causes ____ in fish gills
Salmon diesease
Damping off disease is caused by ___ in ___
Pythium dibarium (oomycetes), Seedlings of Tomato, castor, mustard, chilli
Weed of lab (Zygomycetes) is
Mucor
Spoils culture
Rhizopus is
Zygomycetes, Bread/ Pin/ Black mould
Type of fungi to show all type of sex repro are? State all with examples
Ascomycetes
- Gametangial contact- PYRONEMA
- Gametangial corpulation- YEAST
- Spermatization- ASCOBOLUS
- Somatogamy- PEZIZA, MORCHELLA
Somatogamy in ascomycetes have delayed karyogamy, showing ___ FORMATION
Ascogenous Hyphae/ Ascus covered by Fruiting body
Cleistothecium- ball/ club shaped FB is seen in ___ ascomycetes
Pennicilum
Peziza has ___ shaped FB
Apothecium- Cup shaped
Flask shaped FB is called ___ and is present in:
Perithecium
Nuerospora Craessa
Claviseps Purpuria
Aspergillus niger
1 diploid nucleus of Ascomycetes in somatogamy forms how many ascospores
8
(4 through meiosis, multiplied by 2 cuz of mitosis)
Coprophilus fungi are
Pilobolus (zygo), Peziza (asco)
Nuerospora cressa (asco) is called
Drosophila of Plant Kingdom— Fruit fly
Extensive work done on thiss by TH Morgor
Claviceps purpuria (asco) causes ___ in bajra
Ergot of Rye
Aspergillus niger release Aflatoxins. T/F
False. It helps in Citric acid extaction.
Aspergillus Flavous releases Aflatoxins- fatal.
Bakane/ Foolish seedling on rice is caused by (asco) ____
Gibberella Fugicori
Edible ascocarps are
Morrels, Truffles
Cheese is extracted from ___ asco
Penicillium roquiforty
Penicillium commemberty
Penicillium notatum is used to produce
Penicillin antibiotic
Largest size of fungi is found in class
Basidiomycetes== club fungi
2 mycellium are present in
Basidio
Habitat of basidio
Dead and decayed matter, Parasites, logs
Delayed karyogamy in basidio during somatogamy leads to formation of
-Parenthosome- handle like projections– help in maintaining dikaryotization
-Forms dolipore septa– secondary mycellium
-Basidiocarp
Outgrowth of bacidium forms a raindrop structure and spore called
Basidiospore
-exogenous, uninucleated, haploid, non motile
Smut disease is caused by (basidio)
Ustilago trirtici in wheat
Heteroecious fungi (basidio)– is?
Puccina graminis tritici
Life cycle in 2 plants- wheat and barberry
Causes Rust disease in wheat
Father of Indian Mycology is
R Mehta
Did exp on Puccina graminis trittici
Button mushroom- edible is
Agaricus bisporus
Largest fungi is
Armillaria milla
Hallucinogens include
Psilocybe mexicana
death cup is
Amanita felloides
Other poisonous mushrooms== toadstools- Amanita muscaria
Lycoperidum is
Puff balls
Brackett fungi is
Polyphorus
Fungi imperfecti is
Dueteromycetes
No sex repro
__ class of fungi help in mineral recycling and litter decomposing
Dueteromycetes
Leaf spot==Brown spot disease is caused by ___ (deutero)
Helmanthosporium oryzae
caused bengal famine
Early blight of potato is caused by
Alternaria Solani- duetero
____ produced by Trychoderma polysporum (deutero) helps in organ transplant by suppressing immunty
Cyclosporun A
Colliotrichum falcatum causes
Red rot disease in sugarcane
Ringworm of foot is caused by (duetero)
Tricophyton interdigitate
Tikka disease on groundnut is caused by
Careospora Personata
Mycorrhizal roots are
Fungi associated plant roots
Hearting net is present in
Ectomycorrhiza
Glomus/ Boletus Fungi are associated with ___ roots
Pinus
Mycorrhizal roots are mainly formed by ___ and ___ fungi
Basidio- Ecto
Zygo- Endo
Queens of PK are
Orchids
____ roots in orchid help in absorbing P and N from soil?
VAM
Vascular, arbuscular mycorrhizal roots
Viruses were first discovered by? What else did he conclude?
D J Ivanowsky
Viruses are smaller than bac– did exp with Tobacco mosaic virus
Contangium Vivum fluidium was said by
M W Bijerinek
W M Stanley observed crystallization of virus to which shape
Rod shape
300*20 nm
Zoophage have Dna. T?F
True
Phytophage have Rna
TMV has ____ nucleotides in ss rna
6400
Subunits of capsid are
Capsomere
2130 in TMV
Bacteriophage was discovered by
Twort and de heralle
ds linear dna is present in ___ virus
Bacteriophage
Tail fibers help in
attachment to host
Only rna is present in __- virus
Viroid
Prions have
only protein coat
Viral particles are called
Virion
Diseases caused by viroids
Potato spindle tuber
Citrus Exocartosis
Chrysanthimum stunt
Bovine Sponzyform Encephalopathy causes
Madcow disease
Laughing death disease is
KURU
___ prion disease affects human brain, causing brain cells to shrink?
Creudz feldt jakob (CFJ)
Scrapie disease is caused on ___- by prions
Sheeps
False chromosome is present in
Bacteria
Smallest and most resistant type of bac are
Coccus
Where is the basal body of Bacterial flagellum present
B/w cell wall and cell membrane
Inner pair of basal rings of flagellum are present __
Within cell cell membrane
SM
Thats why there in Gram positive
Each monomer of filament (of bac flagellum) are arranged in ___ shape
Spiral
___ helps bac attach to rocks and hosts
Fimbriae
____ forms capsule in bac
Cell membrane
Glycocalyx protects the bac from
WBC
Also- helps in colony formation
Bac cell membrane is made of
Lipoprotein
bacterial Cell wall is formed by
Mesosome
Saprotrophic bac that causes most lethal food poisoning (and is obligate anaerobe is)
Clostridium Botulinum
Bac used for genetic engineering are
E coli, agrabacterium (gram -ve)
____ causes souring wine (bac)
Acetobacter aceti
Bacterial cell divide by ___ which is faster than Mito and mieosis
Amitosis
Endospore formation is usually seen in ___ bac
Bacillus
Plant pathogenic bac are mostly
Gram -ve and non spore forming
___ belong to Myxophyceae
BGA
==Cyanophyceae
___ bga can be grown artificially in water tanks and act as fodder to cattle
Spirulina
Mucilagenous sheath is made of
Mucopolysaccharides (pectic acid)
Chromatophores of BGA have membrane around them. T/F
True
They’re in the form of Vesicles lamellae
Gas vacuoles are found in
BGA, Purple n green photosynthetic bac
___ BGA is found in paddy fields, for increase production of rice
Aulosira mainly
Anabena too
Oldest living fossil are
Archaebac
-Grp of ancient bac
Osmotrophic mode of nutrition is seen in
mycoplasma
Richest source of bac
Soil
Prokaryotes which grow and multiply in very deep marine sediments are
Barophilic Prokaryotes
Dinoflagellates are marine and are found
on the surface of water
Armoured algae is
Dinoflagellates
False fungi are
Slime moulds
During unfav condition plasmodium differentiates to form ____
Fruiting bodies with spores in their tip
Slime mould which produces spore that survives for many years and dispersed later by air current is
Physarum
___ are cosmopolitan orgs
Fungi, live anywhere in warm and humid places
Fungi obtain their food through
Haustoria
Karyogamy in sex repro of fungi forms ____
Synkaryon
Narcotic drug _____ is obtained from Claviceps purpurea
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide
One gene- One enzyme theory was given by ___ by experimenting on
Beadle and Tatum
Neurospora cress
Morchella is commonly called
Morels
Birds nest fungi are
Cyathus and Nidularia
Slime moulds have cell wall at time of ___
Repro
Virus means
Poisonous fluid/Venom
Virus which are Spherical, Rod shaped, Tadpole like are:
Influenza, TMV, Bacteriophage
Cauliflower mosaic virus has
ds dna (all plant infecting virus have rna except this)
ss dna is present in ___ animal virus
Gemini virus
Central core and capsid of virus are collectively known as
Nucleoprotein
TMV shows __ symmetry
Helical symmetry
Capsids are arranged in helical manner
Phi * 174 bacteriophage has ___ symmetry
Icosahedral
TMV has ___ percent protein and ___ percent RNA
95- protein
5- RNA
Leaf curl of papaya is caused by
Viruses
Symptoms of virus disease in plants
Mosaic formation
Leaf rolling, curling, yellowing
Vein clearing
Dwarfing
Stunted growth
Human diseases caused by viruses
Influenza
Mumps
Small pox
Herpes disease
AIDS
Free infectious RNA is
Viroid
Slow viruses/ Smallest proteinaceous infectious agents are
Prions
Biological indicator of air pollution is
Lichens
Viroid that enters into another virus is called
Virusoid
Lichens show a symbiotic relationship b/w
Fungi- Mycobiont- 95 percent
Algae- Phycobiont- 5 percent
Asco and basidio lichens belong to ___ class respectively
Asco- Chlorophyceae
Basidio- Cyanophyceae
Asexual spores of lichens are
Soredia
Crustose (ball/club shaped lichens are)
Graphis and Lecamora
Old mans beard and Reindeer moss belong to ___ shape of lichens
Fruticose- Branch like
Reindeer moss- Cladonia
Old mans beard- Usnia
Fire of the forests are ___ lichens
Usnia
Have strong usnic acid that burns dry leaves, causing forest fire
Iceland moss is
Centraria ilandica
Foliose- leaf like lichen are
Parmelia, Peltizora
Pioneer if vegetation on barren rock is
Lichen
Lecanora is
Bread of Heaven of Jews
___ lichen is used in salad. It is also called Rock flower
Parmelia
___ treats burning wounds (lichen)
Usnia
