Morphology of Flowering plants Flashcards
____ part of seed embryo grows into roots
Radicle
Monocots usually have ___ kind of roots
Fibrous
All fibrous roots are adventitious roots. T/F
True
Prop roots (Root hanging from branches) is found in
Monstera
Banyan (Ficus benghalensis)
Region with most highly differentiated cells in roots are
Maturation region
Largest root cap is found in
Pendanus (screw pine)
Diff b/w root cap and root pocket
Root cap:
Found in terrestrial plants
less pointed end
have ability to regenerate
Root cap is present in the ____ region of root
Proximal
Highly elongated cells with max cell growth are found in
Elongation region
Root hairs are found in ____ region of root
Maturation region
Conical storage root is seen in
Docus carota- carrot
Respiratory roots that grow aerially are called
Pneumatophores
(Holes on top of them== Pneumathode)
Sonnaratia has ___ roots
Respiratory
Floating roots are seen in
Jassia
Pothas has ___ roots
Climbing roots
Money plants and monstera
Napiform storage root is present in
Beta vulgaris (beetroot)
Brassica rapa (Turnip)
Bryophyllum has ___ roots
Epiphilous
Examples of plants with respiratory roots
Sonnaratia, Avecinia, Rhizophora, Brugyra
Annulated roots are present in
Ipicac
Roots that arise from 1st node of stem to provide support are found in
Stilt roots in Monocots like Sugarcane, bamboo, maize
Moniliform (beaded) roots are found in
Mimordica Casantia (Bitter gourd)
Vitis vinifera (Grapes)
Rufflecia has ___ roots
haustorial- Parasitic
Borasic flabelliferous has ___ type of stem
Caudex- Strong, unbranched, with crown like leaves
Profusely branched stem is ___ type of strong stem
Deliquescent
Ex: Mango, Peeple, Gulmohar
Straggler is a type of ____. Ex?
Weak stem
Astereaceae family- Tridax
Solid nodes and hollow internodes are found in ___ stems
Culm (Strong)
Perignation plants are
Those that live for a long time- Rhizome underground stem modification
Ex: Banana, Ginger, Turmeric
(Even colocasia and zaminkhand-yam of corm)
Clinging roots are present in ___ kind of stem
Corm- underground stem
Vertically growing superficial stems are seen in ______
Colocasia and Amarpholus (yam) and Colchicum
(Corm underground stem)
Disk shaped stems are found in
Bulbs
Allium Cepa (Onion)
Allium Sativum (Garlic)
___ part of onion stores food
Leaf base
Bulb (Stem) cannot store food here
Tunica is the outer covering of
Onion and garlics
Tip of underground stem swells in
Tuber
Potato- Solanum tuberosum
Sub aerial root that has very long internodes are called
Runners
Roots arise from the underground part of the sub aerial stem is ____ stem
Sucker
All ____ stems are used for vegetative propagation
Sub aerial (Runner, Stolon, Sucker, Offset)
Examples of runner
Grass (Cynodon dactylon), Fragaria (Strawberry), Oxalis, Hydrocotyle vulgaris (Brahmi)
_____ stem modification gave idea of artificial veg prop for scientists
Stolon
Stem grown obliquely downward from aerial part and grows upward after touching the soil
Strawberry has ____ type of stem
Runner, Stolon
Peppermint and jasmine have ___ stem
Stolon
Chrysanthimum has ____ stem
Sucker
(Sucker ex: Chrysanthimum, banana, mint, pineapple)
A plant that has rhizome (underground stem) and Sucker (sub aerial stem) is
Banana
highly condensed disk shaped stem with Rosette shaped leaves and short internodes are ____ kind of stem modification (subaerial)
Offset (mostly aquatic)
===aquatic runner
The only terrestrial offset plant is
Agave americana
Example of offset
Pistia (duck weed), Eicchornia (terror of bengal)
Axial buds are modified into sharp woody pointed structures called _____, found in
Thorns
Bougainville, Acasia, Punica Granatum (Pomegranate)
_____ buds are modified into long, wiry, coiled structures called tendrils. Ex?
Axillary and apical
Ex: Cucumber, Vitis Vinifera (grape)
Plants growing Xerophytic conditions have what stems and leaves?
Stem- Phylloclade
Leaves- Spines
Vascular system is present in thorns. T/F
True
Absent in Spines
Group of spines ===
Barb
Phylloclade main function
Photosynthesis because leaves turn into spines for water conservation
Opuntia has ___ stem
Phylloclade
Opuntia=Cactus
Axiallary bulb store food materials and turn into
Bulbil (can produce roots and grow individually)
Ex of bulbil
Oxalis, Agave americana
Floral bud (Not axillary) of ____ is converted into bulbil
Agave americana
Leaves are ____ in origin
exogenous- arise from stem nodes
Leaf lamina/ blades is also called
epipodium
Mesopodium helps in
Petiole helps in:
-Leaf fluttering
-Accomodates lamina towards sun
____ are absent in sessile leaves
Petiole
Papilionaceae family has ____ leaf base
Pulvinous (Swollen leaf base)
(Papilionaceae includes peas, touch me not, etc)
Monocots have ____ leaf base
Sheathed
ex: Sugarcane, wheat
Reticulate venation is a CF of
Dicots- except Erygium and Calophyllum
Only monocot having reticulate venation is
Smilax
Example of unicostate reticulate
Chrosandra Infundibularis
Type of leaf found in banana
Unicostate, Parallel
Rachis is found in
Pinnately compound leaf’s midrib is called rachis
Zizipus jujuba has ___ leaves
Multicostate, Reticular leaves
Murraya corrigi has ____ leaves
Pinnately compound (Curry leaves)
Fan palm has ____ leaves
Multicostate, parallal,simple
Example of palmately compound
Silk cotton- Bombax seba
All compound leaves have multicostate venation. T/F
False
Multicostate is found only in simple
After leaflets are formed- no longer part of same midrib
Stipules become leaf like and leaf becomes long wiry coiled structures in?
If leaf tendril- Lathyrus aphaca==wild pea
(Such type of
stipules==Foliaceous stipule)
If Leaflet tendrils are formed- Lathyrus odoratus==sweetpea and Pisum sativum==garden pea)
Tendrils arise from
Stipules, Leaflets or leaves
Function of spines (leaf modification)
reduce traspiration
in: Opuntia- cactus
Rose have ____ as modified leaves
Prickles
Pitcher plant is called
Nepenthes
____ are large sac like structures formed by leaf lamina modifications and contain digestive juices
Pitcher
Modifications of diff parts in pitcher:
Leaf lamina- pitcher
Leaf top- Lid
Leaf petiole- Tendril
dionaea ==?
Venus fly trap
Insectivorous aquatic plant is
Bladder wort, Utricularia
Leaflet hook is seen in
Bignonia== cats nail
Phyllode is modification of
Compound leaves- Petiole/secondary rachis to do photosynthesis
Modification of petiole and secondary rachis respectively to form phyllode is seen in
Parkin Sonia- petiole
Australian acasia- 2 rachis
Pinnately compound leaves mostly show ____ leaf modification
Ex?
Leaflet tendril
(Uppermost leaflets== tendrils)
Pisum Sativum- Garden Pea
Number of whorls in a complete flower+ ex of complete flower
4, Hibiscus
4 whorls of a flower are
Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecium
Incomplete flower example:
Ray florets
Canna Indica has ___ symmetry
Asymmetry
Bilateral symmetry in flowers is called ________, and
Zygomorphic,
Fabaceae fam, gulmohar n cassia
Actinomorphic symmetry means
ex:
Radial/regular
Mustard, chilli, datura
What does merosity mean
No. of flower parts
Monocots have ____ merosity
Trimerous
Ixora has — floral parts
Tetramerous
Saucer shaped thalamus is seen in —- type of flower
Perigynous
Semi inferior ovary is found in — plants
Perigynous
Rose, plum, peech
Thalamus shape in hypogynous is
ex:
Dome shaped
brinjal, mango, mustard, china rose
Inferior ovary is found in
Epigynous
Apple, guava, cucumber, Pear, Ray florets of sunflowers
Group of Sepals is called
Calyx
Persistent sepal is commonly seen in
Brinjal, Tomato, abelmoschus esculentus (Ladies finger), Chilli
Most attractive part of plant is
Corolla- group of petals
Aestivation refers to the arrangement of —– and —–
Sepals and petals on thalamus
Aestivation seen in China rose, Cotton, lady finger is (Malvaceae fam)
Twisted
Volvate aestivation is seen in
Mustard, calotropis
(Cruciferae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae)
Vexillary aestivation is also called
Descending imbricate
Gulmohar and cassia has ____ aestivation
Imbricate- 1 completely out, 1 completely in and other 3 have 1 margin out n other margin in
____ aestivation is seen in Fabaceae
Vexillary
Standard (_____ side) petal of descending imbricate aestivation is called
Posterior, Vexillum
Winged petal and Caraina of vexillary aestivation are also called
Alae, and keel
Anther is attached to the ____ end of filament
Distal
Polyandrous androecium is seen in
Salvia- all stamens are free
Monadelphous means, EX
All filaments are fused (Anthers are free)
Hibiscus
Syngenecious stamens refer to, ex:
Free filaments and fused anthers; Asteraceae fam (Tridax)
Fabaceae androecium is
Didelphous (9+1 arrangement)
Polydelphous condition of androecium is seen in
Rutaceae- Citrus fruits
Condition where both anthers and filaments fuse is called:
Ex:
Synandrous stamen
Cucurbitaceae fam
2 SHort inner stamens and 2 tall outer ones type of arrangement is called
Didynamous
Ex: Ocimum (Tulsi)
Tetradynamous arrangement of stamens + ex?
4 long inside, 2 small outside
Ex: Brassicaceae
Gynoecium is a group of ____
Carpels: Ovary, Style, Stigma
Main example of tap root-
Mustard
Functions of root: 4
- Absorption of water and minerals
- Anchorage
-Storage of food
-Synthesis of Plant growth regulators)
Fusiform/ — shaped root is found in
Spindle
Radish
Pneumathodes (pores on pneumatophore roots) are also called
Lenticels
Rhizophora is an example of
Halophyte and Respiratory roots
Pillar roots are—
Prop roots
Foliar roots are seen in
Bryophyllum (Epiphyllous)1
Sucking roots ex?
Cascuta (Parasitic/haustorial roots for absorption of nutrients from host)
Root cap is —– like structure
Thimble like
Eyes found on potato (tuber) is —-
axillary bud
Aerial part seen in banana as stem is actually —–
pseudostem==leaf base
Phylloclade ex
Opuntia (cactus)- fleshy flat
Euphorbia- fleshy cylindrical
Leaves originate from —– and are arranged in
shoot apical meristems, acropetal order
_____ provide rigidity to leaf blade
Veins
Stipules are—-
leaf appendages on either side of leaf base
Stipulated leaves are seen in
Fabaceae
Ex stipulated leaves are commonly seen in
Solonaceae and Liliaceae
Arrangement of flower on floral axis is called
Inflorescence
Position of flower in —- type of inflorescence is lateral
racemose
cymose inflorescence features:
-terminal flowers
-limited growth
-basipetal arrangement (new flowers in the bottom, outer circumference when spiral)
types of racemose
simple raceme
compound raceme
spike
catkin
spadex
head/capitulum
petiole has —- tissues which give it flexibility
collenchyma
ex of spadix
has spathe- modified bract which covers thick, long and fleshy peduncle
ex: maize, banana, colacasia and anthurium
most advanced type of racemose is
head inflo (Capitulum)- young male central disk and old female ray florets
ex: asteraceae fam/compositae fam
Mulberry (Shahtoot) has —- inflorescence
catkin (drooping peduncle with unisexual flowers.
(M-Sterile-F)
Pedicel is absent in— racemose inflo
spike (sessile flowers)
ex- rise and acheranthus
unbranched raceme ex:
simple- mustard
polychasial cyme inflo seen is
nerium
most attractive part of bougainvillea is
bract
helicoid monochasial cyme is seen in
brinjal, leucas
heliotropium inflo is
scorpoid monochasial cyme
dichasial cyme ex
jasmine n bougainvillea
Hypanthodium has a pore called
ostiole
ex of hypanthodium
ficus benghalensis- banyan
ficus carica- fig
ficus religiosa- peepal
hypanthodium shows symbiotic relationship with —-
blastophaga- wasp
modification of bract into cup shape in cyathium inflo is called
involucre
cyathium is found in
eupphorbiaceae fam
tulsi and licium have — inflo
verticellaster
Cross section has dichasial cyme first giving rise to mono scorpoid
Short/long stalk of flower ==?
pedicel
upper part (swollen part) of pedicel==
thalamus
flower is a modified —-
shoot
accessory whorls are
calyx n corolla
incomplete (1 whorl is absent) n imperfect flower is
unisexual flower
tetramerous is usually seen in
brassicaceae fam
dicots have — merosity
pentamerous
part of flower close to mother axis is — part
posterior
outermost whorl is
calyx
members of calyx
sepals- green leaf like structures which protect bud
forms of corolla
tubular, bell shaped, funnel shaped, wheel/rotate shape
campanulate corolla (—-shape) ex:
bell, tobacco
disk florets of sunflower has —- form corolla
tubular
ex of funnel shaped (—-)
infundibuliform
ex: petunia
cruciform corolla has —- patals arranged —
ex
4, crosswise
cruciferae fam- radish, mustard
papilonaceaous corolla —- shape has — petals
butterfly shape, 5
(vexillary aestivation)
apocarpous condition means—- + ex
carpels in polycarpellary are free. ex: lotus, rose, michelia
syncarpous ex:
papaver, hibiscus, mustard, tomato
marginal placentation forms —- along ventral suture of ovary and ovules borne on this form — rows
ridge, 2
ex: pea
axile placentation is seen in
multilocular ovary + Ovule on central axis
ex: china rose, lemon, tomato
ovules dev in inner part of ovary in
parietal placen
ex” mustard n argemone
sometimes parietal may have ovaries with 2 chambers cuz of false septa (—) as seen in
replum
cruciferae- mustard, argemone
unilocular ovary with ovules in central axis is
free central placen
ex: primrose n dianthus
basal placen
single ovule attached at base of ovary
ex:asteraceae and poaceae
fruit is —- ovary dev after fertilization
mature/ripened
fruit without ovary being fertilized==
parthenocarpic, ex: banana n grapes
==seedless fruits
peel of potato is
periderm
ovary wall changes to — after ripening
pericarp
epicarp== —- , is the outermost layer of pericarp
rind
mesocarp is thick n fleshy in
mango, datepalm, peach
in coconut- made of fibres/coir
endocarp is thin n thick respectively in
thin- orage, datepalm
thick- mango, coconut
false fruit means
fruit or part of fruit formed by other part (not ovary)
ex: apple, strawberry, mulberry, fig, cashew nut
simple fruits are dev from ovary of
monocarpellary gyne or multicarpellary syncarpous gyne
simple fleshy- pericarp is diff into
epi, meso n endo carp
apple and pear are formed from —- and cashew fruit is from —
thalamus, pedicel
Berry means + ex
from bi to multicarpellary sync gyne (Superior or inferior ovary)
ex: tomato, ber, brinjal
pepo is cf of?
cucurbitaceae fam
(from tricarpellary sync gyne)
True fruit part (inedible) of apple is —- type of fruit
Pome
bicarp sync gyne (inferior ovary with enlarged thalamus)
all citrus fruits (multicarp sync gyne with axile placentation) is — fruit
hesparidium
has juicy hairs
stony endocarp is found in
drupe
monocarp, superior ovary, 1 seed
ex of drupe
mango, coconut, almond, walnut, plum
Balausta
from inferior ovary, Outer seed coat==TESTA stores food
ex: pomegranate
dry dehescent means
fruits which break and release seeds during maturity
legumes n capsules are type of —- fruit
dry dehescent
capsules r found in
malvaceae, solonaceae
(Papaver- poppy opium plant; Cotton: Gossypium; Datura- Ladies finger; Onion)
multicarp, sync gyne with axial placen
how does seed come out in dry indehescent fruit
animal eats
poaceae/graminae family has —- type of fruit
caryopsis (dry indehescent)
pericarp fused with seed coat- small, 1 seeded, monocarp and superior ovary
bucarp, sync gyne with —- placentation is seen in cyosella… ex?
basal, asteraceae fam
single seeded with hard pericarp is seen in — dry indehecent fruit
nut
ex:cashew, litchi (aril is edible part)
Siliqua is fruit with —- gyne, placent and ovary? Ex?
Bicarp, sync gyne
superior ovary
parietal placent
ex: mustard
Schizocarpic fruit===
Splitting fruits
Lomentum fruit means
Fruits are splitted in one seeded many mericarps, which separate after maturity.
Ex: Tamarind, Ground nut, acasia
