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Phys 4 renal > pituitary gland > Flashcards

pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

Describe polypeptide hormones

A
  • less than 100 amino acids
  • water soluble
  • bind to receptors on cell membrane
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2
Q

describe protein hormones

A
  • more than 100 amino acids
  • water soluble
  • bind to receptors on cell membrane
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3
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • lipid soluble
  • bind to receptors on the cell cytoplasm or in the cell nucleus
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4
Q

amine hormones

A
  • amino-acid derived from tyrosine (norepinipehrine etc)
  • water soluble
  • bind to receptors on cell membrane
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5
Q

thyroid hormones

A
  • derived from amino acid tysosine and contain iodine
  • water soluble
  • bind to receptors on cell membrane
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6
Q

describe ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

A
  • anterior pituitary hromone
  • stimulates synthesis of adrenocortical hormones (cortisol, androgens and aldosterone)
  • accelerates melanin synthesis (causes hyperpigmentation)
  • androgens do not fee-back inhibit ACTH secretion
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7
Q

Describe TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

A
  • stimualtes synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

- TRH from hypothalamus stimulates the secretion of TSH

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8
Q

describe FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

A
  • in females causes growth of follicles in the ovaries

- in males causes sperm maturation

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9
Q

describe LH (luteinizing hormone)

A
  • in males causes stimulation of testosterone synthesis in testes
  • in females causes stimulation of ovulation, formation of corpus luteum and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
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10
Q

Describe GH or somatostatin (growth hormone)

A
  • inhibit action of GHRH (hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone)
  • stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues
  • stimulates production of insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
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11
Q

describe prolactin (PRL)

A
  • promotes development of female breast and milk
  • not a tropic hormone
  • thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the release of prolactin
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12
Q

what are the two posterior pituitary hormones

A
  • arginine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

- Oxytocin

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13
Q

describe oxytocins effect on milk-let down reflex

A
  • afferent signals from the nipples when infant is suckling causes release of oxytocin
  • oxytocin causes milk-let down reflex
  • myoepithelial cells lining the breast ducts contract causing milk ejection
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14
Q

describe oxytocins effect on childbirth

A
  • by term of pregnancy the mother’s uterus has experienced upregulation of # of oxytocin receptors
  • -> distension of cervix anc contraction of uterus stimulates release of oxytocin
  • -> results in positive feedback and the release of more oxytocin which further increases contractility of the uterus (aids in the delivery of the baby and the involution of the uterus)
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15
Q

what are the ways hormones are cleared from the blood

A
  • Metabolic destruction by the tissue or by enzymes in the blood
  • binding to tissues
  • excretion by the liver into bile or kidneys into urine
  • water soluble hormone will be filtered at the kidney glomerulus, so hormones bound to plasma proteins tend to have much longer half lives in the blood
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16
Q

define neurogenic diabetes

A
  • caused by a problem in the hypothalamus or the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary
  • -> defect which interfere with the production or release of AVP
  • -> trauma, infection and cancer can also prevent AVP release
  • little or no ADH can reach the kidneys, the collecting ducts cannot produce concentrated urine
17
Q

Define nephrogenic diabetes

A
  • caused by problem in the kidneys themselved
  • mutation that affects the V2 receptor for ADH on the collecting duct cells
  • -> mutation that affects production and insertion of aquaporins (aquaporins are need to produce concentrated urine)
18
Q

what are the metabolic effects of growth hormones

A
  • increased rate of protein syntheisis (enhance amino acid transport, RNA translation, transcription of DNA, decreases breakdown of cell protein)
  • increased release of fatty acid from adipose tissue (used for energy)
  • DECREASE use of glucose
  • -> increase glucose synthesis by liver
  • -> increase insulin secretion
19
Q

describe the effects of growth hormone on the bones

A
  • growth hormones strongly stimulates osteoblasts so bone can continue to grow THICKER throughout life
20
Q

describe IFG (insulin growth factor)

A
  • called somatomedin C
  • liver is the main site of synthesis
  • Somatomedin C attaches strongly to carrier protien and has much longer half-life than GH
  • GH causes production and release of IGF in the liver
  • GH exert much of its effects through action of IGF
21
Q

define panhypopituitarism

A
  • abnormality of growth hormone secretion

- acquired form pituitary tumor that destorys the pituitary gland

22
Q

Define Hyperpituitarism (acromegaly

A
  • results of excessive secretion of GH after normal completion of body growth
  • resutls in overgrowth of bone in the face, head and hands
23
Q

describe the effects of too much and too little GH

A
  • Giatism = too much GH

- Dwarfism = too little GH (inability to form somatomedin C)

Phys 4 renal (17 decks)

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