Pintrest Study Helpers

Question 0

Area of infarction

Answer 0

O2 deprived
Damage irreversible
Causes “Q” wave on EKG

Question 1

3 areas of damage after a myocardial infarction

Answer 1

Area of Infarction
Area of injury
Area of ischemia

Question 2

Area of injury

Answer 2

Next to infarct. Tissue is viable as long as circulation remains adequate. Increasing O2 may save this area from necrosis. Causes S-T Segment Elevation on EKG

Question 3

Area of ischemia

Answer 3

Viability may not be damaged as long as MI doesn’t extend and collateral circulation is able to compensate. Causes depressed ST Segment.

Question 4

Preload

Answer 4

Volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (end diastolic pressure)
Increased in: hypovolemia, regulation of cardiac valves
Heart failure

Question 5

After load

Answer 5

Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
Increased in: hypertension and vasoconstriction
Increase afterload= increased cardiac workload

Question 6

Myocardial Infarction

Answer 6

• pain: sudden onset, substernal, crushing, tightness, severe, unrelieved by nitro, and may radiate to: back, neck, jaw, shoulder and arms
• dyspnea
• syncope ( decreased bp)
• nausea and vomit
• extreme weakness
• diaphoresis
• denial in common
• increased heart rate
• dietary restrictions: lower sodium, lower cholesterol and lower caffeine

Question 7

Treating congestive heart failure

Unload fast

Answer 7

U-upright position
N-nitrates 
L-Lasix 
O-oxygen 
A-ace inhibitors 
D-digoxin 

F-fluids (decrease)
A-afterload (decrease)
S-sodium retention
T-test (digoxin level, ABGs, Potassium levels)

Question 8

Left sided failure

Answer 8

• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
• Elevated pulmonary wedge pressure
• Pulmonary congestion: cough, crackles, wheezes, blood-tinged sputum, tachypnea
• Restlessness, confusion, orthopnea, tachycardia, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and cyanosis

Question 9

Right sided failure (Cor Pulmonale)

Answer 9

• fatigue
• increased peripheral venous pressure
• ascites
• enlarged liver and spleen
• may be secondary to chronic pulmonary problems
• distended jugular veins
• anorexia & complaints of GI distress
• weight gain
• dependent edema

Question 10

PQRST waves

Answer 10

P (ok here I come)
R (I got to get from the atrium to ventricles)
QRS (making it happen… Ventricles contract)
ST (I think I’ll take a little rest)
T ( ready to go again)

Question 11

Heart murmurs causes: SPAMS

Answer 11

S-stenosis of a valve
P-partial obstruction 
A-aneurysms 
M-mitral regurgitation 
S-septal defect

Question 12

Types of heart murmurs

Answer 12

Systolic: crescendo: increase during systole. Decrescendo: decrease during systole
Diastolic: indicates pathological disease