Chapter 28 Flashcards
Mitral valve prolapse- one or both _______ of the mitral valve ______ _______ (prolapse) into the ______ ________ during systole. Most common valve disorder in the U.S. Many cases are completely __________. Characterized by a ________ ________ upon auscultation.
Cusps Billow upward Left atrium Asymptomatic Mid systolic click
If a pt with mitral valve prolapse is symptomatic you may note palpitations r/r ________, ________, light headedness, _______, fatigue (especially in the _______), lethargy, ______, dyspnea, ______ _______, anxiety, hyperventilation, depression, panic attacks, and _________ _______ _____.
Dysthymia Tachycardia Syncope Morning Weakness Chest tightness Atypical chest pain
_______ ________ may be needed to alleviate syncope, severe chest pain, or palpitations.
Beta blockers
Mitral regurgitation permits ______ of blood from the _____ ventricle into the ___ atrium during ventricular systole, producing a ______ best heard at the _____.
Back flow Left Left Murmur Apex
Because of mitral regurgitation the increased volume from LA, the LV gradually becomes ______ and _____ in order to maintain adequate _____ ____ and will eventually cause atrial ______ and atrial _______ and ultimately _____ ________.
Dilated Hypertrophy Cardiac output Dilation Fibrillation Heart failure
Mitral stenosis impairs the flow of blood from the ____ to the ____. Most common in ______ and occurs in ____ of people with a history of _______ heart disease.
LA
LV
Women
Rheumatic diseases
Autoimmunity in response to streptococcal antigens leads to _______ and ______ of the valvular leaflets to become _______ and _____, and the chordae tendineae become _______.
Inflammation Scarring Fibrous Infused Shortened
As mitral stenosis progresses, symptoms of decreased _____ ______ occur, esp. During ______. If untreated, chronic mitral stenosis develops into pulmonary _______, pulmonary edema, and right _____ ______.
Cardiac output Exertion Hypertension Edema Ventricular failure
Aortic regurgitation results from inability of the aortic valve _____ to close properly during _____ due to _____ or ______ abnormalities.
Leaflets
Diastole
Congenital
Acquired
______ _______ occurs in the ventricle because it receives blood from both the left atrium and from the ______ during diastole.
Volume overload
Aorta
As the ____-________ _______ of the LV increases, myocardial fibers stretch to accommodate the extra fluid and the LV will increase its ______ ______ and maintain cardiac output.
End-diastolic volume
Stroke volume
______ _______ occurs due to increased volume and increased __________. Overtime, ______ ______ and ________ eventually cannot compensate for aortic incompetence and _______ _________ develops.
Ventricular hypertrophy Afterload Ventricular dilation Hypertrophy Heart failure
Aortic stenosis has 3 common causes: 1) ______ ______ ______ 2) degeneration with _______, and 3) _____ damage caused by rheumatic heart disease. Usually develops ______ and Classic s/sx include ______, syncope, and _____.
Congenital bicuspid valve Aging Inflammatory Gradually Angina Dyspnea
Clinical manifestations include _____ stroke volume, and ______ pulse pressure, ________, and delayed pulses.
Decreased
Narrowed
Bradycardia
Once pts become _______ from aortic stenosis, the ______ is poor. Develops from thickening, ______, calcification, vegetation, or _____ of the flaps of the valve.
Asymptomatic
Prognosis
Scarring
Refusing
