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Hisotology Final > Pineal , hyphalamus/pituitary ( epi/hypophysis) > Flashcards

Pineal , hyphalamus/pituitary ( epi/hypophysis) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the pineal gland ?

A

Neuroectodermal cell

nureal tube epithelium

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2
Q

What are the two systems that intergrate meabolic and physiologic functions and allow adjustments to change in external enviornment or stimuli ( homeostsis)

A
  1. Nervous system : Response is quick and direct via AXONS, thru chemical substance called neurotransmitters
  2. Endocrine : response is quick ( epinepherin e/polypeptides) ORslow (steroid) or sustain ( thyroxine) and INDIRECT via blood vessels and the through chemical susbstance -> HORMONES
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3
Q

Which system has a response that is

quick ( epinepherin e/polypeptides) OR slow (steroid) or sustain ( thyroxine) and INDIRECT via blood vessels and the through chemical susbstance -> HORMONES

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

Which system has a

quick and direct via AXONS, thru chemical substance called neurotransmitters

A

Nervous system

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5
Q

Where is the pineal gland locacted

is it encapsulate or unencapsulated with connective tissue

A

Adjacent (next to) the THIRD VENTRICLE cavity , you can see the pineal gland coming off the 3rd ventricle withconnectice tissue around it aand trabacule that divide it into different lobules

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6
Q

What invaginates the lobule pineal gland

A

connective tissue and trabacule that divid into different lobules

lobular is invgainated by connective tissue trabacule

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7
Q

The pineal gland contains a surrounding ____ and can be seen coming off the ___

A

surrounding cap sule coming OFF third ventricle

think of pineal as peanut coming off

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8
Q

What are the cells of the pineal gland and their function

A

Pinaelocytes- secrete melatonin during DARKNESS

and Glial cells

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9
Q

Where and when is melatonin secrete in the ____

A

Melatonin is secrete from the pineal gland in the DARKNESS and is secreted DOWN fenestrated cappilaries WITHIN PINEAL

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10
Q

WHat is the main cell type in the pineal gland and what does it produce

A

pinealocytes produce melatonin (in dark ) and serotonin ( in the day ) which inhibits melatonin synthesis

Serotonin must be converted to melatonin

The precursor to melatonin is serotonin, a neurotransmitter that itself is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Within the pineal gland, serotonin is acetylated ( by HIOM) and then methylated to yield melatonin

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11
Q

Melaton n regulates and facilitates

what is amount of melatonin vs in the day and night

A

sleep cycle , regulates seasonal biorhythms

in the day serotonin is high and melatonin is low in the night melatonin is high and serotinin is low !

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12
Q

Where are glial cells derived from and their function , stain nuclei is what color

A

Glial cells are derived from MONOCYTES=Phagocstic function

they have DARKER stained nuclei , smaller than pinealocytes

  • especialy present in vascinity around BV/cappilaries
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13
Q

What type of innervation, input inhibits melatonin synthesysis

A

VISUAL Sympatheric Input form the Retina through SUPACHIASMATICnucleus of the HYPOTHALOMUS inhibit melatonin syn.

DURING DAY=light input

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14
Q

Corpora Aranecca is also know as “_____” which is when concretions accumulate with AGE

can it be secreted?

where is this UNIqUE to ?

A

BRAIN SAND

Accumulation that CANNOT be secreted

Unique to PINAEL GLAND

calcified , no known function

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15
Q

What enzyme converts serotonin to melatonin

A

Hydroyindole-o-methyltransfarse

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16
Q

Pineal gland supress___ functions

A

gonadal functions

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17
Q

In the night what type of innervation occurs in pineal gland ? via?

A

Autonomic Sympathetic input through (via ) Superior Cervial Ganglion

Direcent Autonomic Sympathetic input through (via ) Superior Cervial Ganglion PROMOTES melanin synthesis

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18
Q

In the pineal secretory granules (serotonin/melatonin) bud against the _____, making their way down the ____

A

BUd against FENESTRATED cappilaries

PERIVASCULAR process

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19
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located and composed of

A

hypothalamus located immediately ABOVE the pitutatary, adjacent to THIRD ventrile (next to it, like the pineal but pineal is on the other side!)

composed of clusters of different neurons grouped together called “NUCLEI” that SECRETE different hormones

thinkof it like the pituitary “pits” off the hypohalamus

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20
Q

The nuclei of the hypothalamus is defined as the ?

A

the specialized neurons grouped together called “NUCLEI” that SECRETE different hormones

nuclei=clusters of cells=cell bodies

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21
Q

T or F the hypothalmus is encapsulated?

A

FALSE , not encapsulated!

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22
Q

Function of the hypothalamus is based on the different regions /nuclei such as

A

Anterior/posterior hypothalamus- parasympathetic/ sympatheitic-dec/inc heart rate

ventro-media;,supraoptic,paraventricular

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23
Q

Which nuclei (remember not typical nuclei jsust grup of neurons) of the hypothalmus project to median eminence to regulate appetite, sleep and wake center; emotions, behavior

A

Ventro-medial nucleus

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24
Q

Which Nuclei of hypothalamus regulates water/mineral metabolism (vasopressin/ADH)

A

Supraoptic nucleus

to have good optics(eyes) need mineals water

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25
Q

Which Nuclei of hypothalamus regulates parturition & milk ejection (oxytocin)

A

Paraventricular nucleus

P for paturation

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26
Q

Neurons in the ventral medial, dorsal medial and infundibulary nuclei project to the _____and ____and drain into the _____ of the pitutary

A

Neurons (yellow) in the ventral medial, dorsal medial and infundibulary nuclei project to the median eminence and infundibular stalk. Drain into the Pars DISTALIS of the Pituatary

so going from hypthalamus to pitutary

to remmeber: THINK VENTRLA AND DORSAL have DIStance forme ach other !

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27
Q

Describe the median eminence and what supplies it

A

The median eminence are cappilaries the releases many hormones in vasuclature

•Superior hypophyseal artery supplies median eminence and infundibular stalk

28
Q

Neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project down to the_____

What do they synthesice and where are they terminated

A

Neurons (green) in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project down to the pars nervosa.

sNp

We know that oxytocin is synthesized by paraventricular and that vassOPressin is synthasized by supraOPtic they TERMINATE in HERING BODIES

29
Q

What supplies neurohyphophysis___

What branches to form pars Nervosa

A
  • Inferior hypophyseal artery supplies neurohyphophysis
  • Inferior hypophyseal artery=pars Nervosa
30
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal Portal system is

A

(capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins)

31
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormon factors from hyppothalamus regulate??

think whta is it connected to?

A

PITUATARY!

32
Q

What and where are Hering bodies

A

Herring bodies are located end of axons is the pars Nervosa that sore ADH(vassopressin) and Oxytocin from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

33
Q

Where does the releasin g and inhibatory hormones fromthe medial nuclei (ventro-nuclei) terminate and release?

A

Terminat in the median eminece! because this is where it is terminates this is also where the HORMONES WILL BE RELEASED into the fenestrated cappilaries of the MEDIAN eminence

To remmeber: MEDIAL nuclei terminate in the MEDIAN eminence !

34
Q

Pars Nervosa and Pars distalis are located in the hypotalmus T or F?

A

NO they are located in the pituitary

rememenber neurons from the the hypthalmus drain down into the connect pitutary where pars ae located

looks like hanging balls from penis

35
Q

IDentify

A

Pars Nervosa

Neurohypohysis

dark staining herring bodys

red -pituocytes

36
Q

IDentify

what is the yellow?

A

Pars DISTALIS

adenophysis

DIstalis a\is always YELLOW ! the yellow stain is actually RBC-never forget !

anything not stained is chomophobe!

37
Q

ANTERIOR Pituatary cells secrete which hormone

the Basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary secrete?

the Acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary

are these hormones stimulating or releasing ??

A

B-FLAT

{the Basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH}

GPA

{Growth hormone and Prolactin are secreted by the Acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary

ALL stimulating ( hormones of the hypothalumus are RELEASING these hormones remeber that in hypothamus hormones are being released for the most part)

38
Q

Hypothaalmus have releasing (stimulating) or inhibitory effect on secretion of specifc hormone by cell types in pars nerversoa or pars distalis?

A

Pars distalis!

Meaning that they are coming from the medial-nuclei which terminates inmedian eminence !

39
Q

Which hormones are common to ANterior pitutary hormone

hypothalamus releasing and inhiibiting hormone?

These 3 hormones are also the theonly Hyptohalmic INHIBITING HORMONES

A

GP

M

GP

{Growth hormone and Prolactin

M

Melanocyte

40
Q

Pituitary Gland is located attached to the ____ and lies in a cup like indentation of bone called the ___

A

attached to the hypotalamus

lies in SELLA TURICA

41
Q

What are the regions of the pituitary Gland and their origin

A

Neurohypophysis -derived from neurodiencephalon : pars nervosa, Infundibular stalk includes a) stem and b) median eminence (contains vascular bed)

Adentohypophysis derived from the oral ectoderm :

Three parts:

  • pars distalis (or pars anterior), pars intermedia, pars tuberalis - a projection from the adenohypophysis (nuts from penis) extends dorsal along the anterior and lateral aspects of the infundibular stalk
42
Q

T or F the pituary gland is comprised of majority Adenohyphysis ?

A

True

75% adenohypohysis ( epithelium)

25%( neurohyphysis)

43
Q

Unmylienated or myleninated axonscome down friom the ___and terminate into the pars Nervosa , is nuclei in the pars nervosa?

A

Unmylinated (-100,000s) axons

down fromhypthlamus (attahced)

NO Neural nuclei in pars nervosa

44
Q

Highly branched glial cells are known as

A

Pituocytes

45
Q

Adenohypophysis is composed of

A

pars tuberlis( wraps around infundibulum )

Pars intermedia_middle

Pars distalis( anterior lobe)

46
Q

Neurohypophysis is composed of

A

Neurohypophysis (neuronal)

  1. Pars nervosa
  2. Infundibular stalk includes = a) stem and b) median eminence
47
Q
A

Pars Nervosa

48
Q

Cell bodies of the Neurohyophysis arise from and secrete and are sythesized from?

What carried the glycogen associatedwith these to hormones?

A

Ø Cell bodies arise in Supraoptic (ADH, vassOPressin) and Paraventricular (oxycitin) nuclei of hypothalamus

synthesized in hypothamus secreted in pars nervosa

Neurophysin caries the glycogen associated.

49
Q

Where is th einfundibular stalk and pars nervosa?

A
50
Q

Which hormones control pars distalis

A

hypothalopic relasing and inhibiting hormone released into median eminence and subsequently drain into pars distalis

G, P, M, ,T, Gonad 2 , Coritroph

51
Q

What type of cappilaries and cells are in the pars distalis

A
  • Fenestrated (sinusoidal) capillaries in pars distalis
  • Contains 2 types of parenchymal cells:
  • Chromophobes (50%): do not stain or stain poorly
  • Chromophils (50%): stain intensely with different dyes

remember yellow stained seen here (addenhyphysis)RBS

52
Q

Chromophobes are find in what gland , describe

A

Pituitary Gland -pars distalis

Chromophobes: lack granules

Follicular (support cells) Undifferentiated cells- dont stain

53
Q

Chromophils are found in what gland , does it stain, there are twotypes of chromphills describe them

A

Pituiatry

Chromophils: Secretory cells–intense stain-pars distalis

  • Acidophils: stain with eosin and orange G (stain yellow/orange-RBC!) (simple proteins)–
  • Basophils: stain with hematoxilin and PAS (stain purple/blue) (glycoproteins)
54
Q

Basophils stainwith a secrete what hormone

A

Stain puble blue- H/E and PAS

B-FLAT M

Thyrotrophs: TSH /thyrotropin 5 %

(thyroid-stimulating hormone)

  • Gonadotrophs: sex hormones

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) 10%

LH (luteinizing hormone) 10%

  • Corticotrophs: 10-20 %

ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic H.)

B-Lipotropin

B-Endorphin

MSH (melanocyte stimulating H.)

(common precursor: pro-opio-melano-cortin)

55
Q

Acidophils stain with a secrete what hormone

A

Acidophils are acid remember stain ligther than basophill, YELLOW/Organe

eosin and orange G

GPA

  • Somatotrophs ()GH 40-50%
  • Mammotrophs (Prl) 15-25%
56
Q

most abundant hormone secrete by chomorphill is

A

somatroph-growth hormone 40-50%

57
Q

Describe this immage – what does it secrete

A

Pars Intermedia

Contains basophilic cells (melanotrophs)

  • organized in cords

- secrete MSH (melanocyte

stimulating hormone)

58
Q

Pars intermedia is also called ___ illed with colloid and lined by cuboidal eptihelim

A

Rathke cleft ( remanents of Rathle Pouch)

The posterior wall of Rathke’s pouch grows into the vestigial pars intermedia that appears nonfunctional in humans.

59
Q

What forms partial collar around Infundibular stalk

Histology (basophils) similar to pars distalis

•

Most cells secret gonadotrophins

(LH and FSH)

Contains primary capillary plexus

A

Pars tuberalis !

60
Q

Pars tuberalis contains primary___

A

cappilary plexus

61
Q

hypothalamo-hypophysel poratl system supplys____

A

blood to the pitiuitary

62
Q

In the hypothalamo-hypophysel poratl system Superior hypophyseal artery supplies _____

A

Supplies blood to and infundibular stalk. the median emmience irrigated by PRMARY cappilaries branching from the supperior hypohyseal artery

63
Q

In the hypothalamo-hypophysel poratl system Inferior hypophyseal artery supplies _____

A

Supplies blood to Neurohyphysis , the cappilaries in the pars nervosa originate from here !

64
Q

Where does the secondary capillary plexus irrigate?

Primary capillary are the ____ pornt for inhiptory/releaseing of medial nuclei

A

pars distalis

hormones from the eminence are drain down into here

termination point

65
Q
A

Hisotology Final (5 decks)

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