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VETS1025 - EOS > Pigs > Flashcards

Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

What is an F1 gilt?

A

A first cross daughter of 2 different pure bred parents

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2
Q

What is HV (or heterosis), and which generation is it present in, and to what %?

A

HV: hybrid vigour
F1 crosses exhibit 100% hybrid vigour and display improved traits associated with fertility, growth rate, litter size, milk production)

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3
Q

What is a TSL, and are they usually pure bred or cross bred?

A

TSL: terminal sire line is a boar selected for breeding to introduce superior growth and caracass attributes. They are usually cross bred

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4
Q

Where does pork sit on the charts for most consumed meats in Aus. ?

A

Pork is 2nd most consumed

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of accommodation for pigs and briefly describe them

A

Indoor: most popular, single or group housing, on slatted/ solid flooring, controlled thermal environment
Deep litter: ‘eco shelter’, group housing, on deep litter in shelters or sheds
Outdoor: niche system but gaining popularity, paddocks with shelters (MCOP)

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6
Q

Classes in a piggery

A

Weaners, lactating sows/ suckers, farrowing sows, growers/ finishers, boars, gilts, barrow

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7
Q

What are DSS, and what is the legislation surrounding the amount of time a pig is permitted to spend in one?

A

DSS: dry sow stall is a small stall limiting movement but has some benefits

Amount of time permitted: <6 weeks, <1/3 pregnancy

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8
Q

What states have banned DSS

A

Tasmania and ACT

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9
Q

How long is the lactation cycle of pig?

A

21-28 days, 3-4 weeks

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10
Q

What is the DMA, and when are sows moved here, and are gilts able to be transferred here?

A

DMA: designated mating area where breeding boars are located
Sows are moved here after being weaned from piglets
Gilts can also be moved here once ready to breed

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11
Q

Indoor weaner shed group housing: who is moved into here? and when? what guidelines must be followed here? what is a common issue related to physiology that may occur once moved here?

A

Weaners are moved here at weaning, both female/ male are moved here but separated based on sex and size. Stocking density determined by the MCOP helps determine group sizes.
Common issue: scours due to GIT issues developed from drastic change in feed

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12
Q

What % of piglets struggle to integrate creep feed into their diet? and what implications does this have once weaned?

A

10-15% of piglets struggle to adjust to creep feed.
Once weaned, these weaners will struggle to adjust to weaner feed and most likely have GIT issues.

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13
Q

What is the next shed after the weaner shed? Should the piglets from the previous shed be maintained or should new individuals be introduced, why?

A

After weaning shed: grower finisher shed
The same weaner group should be maintained if possible to reduce aggression while establishing a new hierarchy

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14
Q

What shed will selected females (for breeding) from the grower shed go to? what does the stocking density (MCOP) change from and to when moving to this shed?

A

Gilt shed
The stocking density changes from kg/m2 to animals/ m2 (because they are now considered adults)

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15
Q

In the gilt shed, after the gilts have been exposed to the boar, how many days until they start cycling?

A

10-30 days

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16
Q

What are the optimum environmental temps for these pig classes: newborns, suckers, weaners, ‘other’ and what is the ideal rectal temp.

A

Newborns: 27-35
Suckers: 24-30
Weaners: 20-30
Other: 15-25

Rectal: 38

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17
Q

3 measurements of welfare (hint: K, H, E)

A

Production KPI’s: FCE/FCR
Health: morbidity and mortality rates
‘Emotion’: ability to express natural behaviours (nesting, hygiene - urination/ defecation)

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18
Q

Nesting and farrowing: how long before parturition does it occur? Do they do this with the group or away? How can nesting be made available to sows in DSS?

A

Nesting: 6-24 prior to farrowing
Gilts/ sows perform this away from the group
Small amounts of hay/ straw/ bedding can be provided in DSS (careful not to block effluent drains)

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19
Q

What are 6 indications that a sow/ gilt is approaching farrowing?

A

Increased activity (standing up, lying down, restless)
Swollen vulva ~4 days before
Udder enlarges
RR increases (~30 minutes before)
Pelvis ‘drops’
Milk spurts (~8 hours before)

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20
Q

Nesting and farrowing: What is the avg. time for farrowing, and when should a vet intervene (what amount of time between each piglet), what recumbancy do sows/ gilts lay in when farrowing?

A

Avg time for farrowing: 2-3 hours
Intervening: more than 30 minutes between each piglet
Recumbancy: lateral recumbancy

21
Q

What is the maximum % of piglet crushes that is acceptable in a DSS, commercial with no confinement, and what amount of days after birth do the most crushes occur in?

A

DSS: max. 2%
No confinement: 10-15%
Most crushes: first 3 days

22
Q

What is the ideal litter size? and what litter size should you start fostering piglets?

A

Ideal litter: 13-14
Fostering: 17-18

23
Q

Are replacement gilts/ sows chosen based on mothering skills or genetics contribution such as lactation, early puberty etc.

A

Genetic contribution: lactation, early puberty, etc.

24
Q

How many stages are involved in sow nursing/ lactation? and simply define each step?

A

6 stages:
1. Vocalising/ gather of piglets, sow grunting (1 grunt/ second)
2. Stim. oxytocin, reduced vocalisations, increased butting/ nosing, sow grunt (1/second)
3. Sucking noises and reduced vocalisations, sow grunting maxs at 2/second
4. Maximum milk letdown, piglets suck fast (3/second), sow grunt 1/second
5. loud sucking, sow grunting stops
6. Sucking slows and piglets bunt udder depending on nutrition received, sow: milk flow ends

25
Q

How many litters/ sow/ year should a commercial industry aim for?

A

2

26
Q

What type of yearly oestrus do pigs have?

A

Seasonal anoestrus (summer and early autumn)
Anoestrus: period of sexual inactivity between 2 periods of oestrus/ year

27
Q

How long does courtship last in pigs?

A

1-5 minutes

28
Q

How does courtship affect litter size?

A

Courtship stimulates FSH, LH surge (hormones for ovulation) which increases the number which increases litter size

29
Q

What % of the day do pigs spent rooting/ feeding/ foraging?

A

10-15%

30
Q

What is the last resort to prevent pigs from destroying ground by rooting? and where can it be placed?

A

Nose rings should be placed either through the top of the nose cartilage or between the cartilage of the two snouts

31
Q

What are 6 main abnormal behaviours?

A

Tail and ear biting/ sucking
Cannibalism
Inguinal/ belly nosing
Prepuce sucking (which can lead to sores/ infections)
Snout rubbing (can lead to necrotic areas on flank

32
Q

What digestion system do pigs have?

A

Monogastric

33
Q

What cereal grains can be fed to pigs?

A

Wheat, barley, sorghum

34
Q

What protein meals can be fed to pigs?

A

Fish meals, blood/ bone meal, soymeal

35
Q

What ‘other’ nutrients should be fed to pigs?

A

Oil, fats, amino acids, vitamins, minerals

36
Q

What biosecurity issues must be considered if using dam water?

A

Some diseases included can be salmonella and e.coli

37
Q

How long before farrowing should a gilt/ sow be moved into the farrowing shed?

A

1 week before farrowing

38
Q

What is an acceptable BCS to drop from farrowing -> lactation? and what can happen if it is more than x?

A

0.5 BCS, if more than 0.5 BCS, it can affect the next oestrus/ pregnancy

39
Q

How long after farrowing should a pig be back up to ideal consumption on lac sow feed?

A

7 days

40
Q

How is growth rate measured?

A

ADG (average daily gain): g/day

41
Q

How is feed intake measured?

A

kg/day or tonnes/ shed

42
Q

What does FCE/ FCR stand for and measure?

A

FCE/ FCR: feed conversion efficiency/ rate
measure how much feed (in kg) is required to produce 1kg of lean meat

43
Q

Are younger or older pigs able to convert feed more efficiently?

A

Younger pigs

44
Q

match the BCS to the associated time: 2.5, 3, 4-5
- mid-to-late gestation up to farrowing
- acceptable after farrow (lactation requires lots of energy)
- not acceptable, dystocia risk

A

2.5: acceptable after farrow (lactation requires lots of energy)
3: mid-to-late gestation up to farrowing
4-5: not acceptable, dystocia risk

45
Q

What is the difference between metaphylactic and prophylactic administration of medication?

A

Prophylactic: administering meds to prepare for illness (e.g. antibiotics in the weaning shed to prepare for scours)
Metaphylactic: treatment of a group of animals without evidence of disease (e.g. come into contact with an animal who does have the disease)

46
Q

What is swill feeding? is it legal/ illegal, why?

A

Swill feeding is the illegal feeding of food scraps containing meat/ imported dairy products.

It is illegal as it draws the risk of introducing exotic diseases into Aus. (e.g. foot and mouth disease, African Swine Fever (ASF)

47
Q

What is ‘feedback’ in terms of feeding pigs? and provide 2 examples and if they are legal/ illegal

A

Feedback is the traditional way of exposing pigs to pathogens.
1st example: feeding e.coli diarrhoea to pigs to increase their e.coli resistance (legal - grey area)
2nd example: the consumption of piglets who have died from parvovirus to build their immunity (illegal - swill feeding)

48
Q

What is the length of gestation, lactation, weaning to oestrus?

A

Gestation: 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
Lactation: 21-28 days (3-4 weeks)
Weaning to oestrus: 6 days

49
Q

What is the length of the oestrus cycle and oestrus period

A

Oestrus cycle: 21 days
Oestrus period: 2-3 days (receptive to boar)

VETS1025 - EOS (7 decks)

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