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VETS1025 - EOS > Horses > Flashcards

Horses Flashcards

1
Q

What age do colts and fillies becomes geldings/ stallions and mares respectively

A

Once they turn 4

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2
Q

When is every horses birthday in Australia

A

1st August

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3
Q

What type of digestion system do horses have?

A

Hind-gut fermentation

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4
Q

What % of the day do pasture horses spend grazing an what time do stabled horses spend feeding?

A

Pasture: 60-80%
Stabled: 47%

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5
Q

What tastes do horses like/ reject?

A

Like: sweet/ sugar
Reject: salty, sour, bitter

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6
Q

What amount of time after birth does locomotion begin?

A

Within 1 hour

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7
Q

What is the frequency that a horse will urinate/ defecate per day?

A

4-15x/ day

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8
Q

How are horses measured and specify the increments

A

Measured in hands (1 hand = 10cm) and inches (1 inch = 2.5cm)

e.g. a horse is 15.2 hh, 150cm + 5cm = 155cm

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9
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of horses? and what are they based off?

A

Heavy, light, ponies (based off height/ weight)

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10
Q

What horse breeds are considered heavy horses?

A

Clydesdale, Percheron

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11
Q

What horse breeds are considered light horses?

A

TB, SB, Quarter horse, Arabian, Warmblood, Miniature horse

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12
Q

What horse breeds are considered ponies?

A

Welsh Mountain Pony, Shetland Pony

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13
Q

What can you use to identify horses

A

Sex, colour, age, natural markings (head and legs), whorls, acquired markings (e.g. scars), congenital abnormalities (prophet’s thumb print, concave/ convex name), branding, tattooing, microchips, DNA

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14
Q

What breed of horse is required to be branded on the off-side of their upper neck?

A

Standardbred

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15
Q

What are the welfare issues in the Aus. horse industry?

A

Whips, euthanasia, neglect, steroids, Rolkur, jumping, rodeos

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16
Q

What are stereotypies horses display?

A

Weaving, cribbing, stall walking, wood chewing, wind sucking

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17
Q

How to treat stereotypies?

A

Eliminate cause first

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18
Q

What is the % of body weight guide for forage (legumes/ grasses)?

A

1.5% BW

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19
Q

Do foals or adults have a higher water% of BW?

A

Foals

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20
Q

What is the rule of xml/kg/hr for water?

A

2ml/kg/hr and then total to day

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21
Q

What influences the amount of water required by a horse?

A

Temperature, activity/ exercise, lactation

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22
Q

What 2 main issues can result from an increase in starches/ sugars

A

Colic (starch)
Laminitis (starch and sugar)

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23
Q

What are examples of roughage, concentrates, protein supplements

A

Roughage: pasture (grass), legumes (clover, lucerne), cereals (oaten chaff)
Concentrates: grains (oats, barley, sorghum, maize, rice, commercial mixes)
Protein supplements: soyabean meal, lucerne, lupins, cottonseed meal, sunflower seeds, linseed meal

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24
Q

What % DM (dry matter) should a horse consume in a day?

A

2% of BW

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25
Q

Is there a standard vx program for horses in Aus.?

A

NO

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26
Q

Common horse diseases in Aus.

A

Main: Tetanus (clostridial disease), Strangles, Hendra
Other: EI (Equine influenza), Salmonella, Rotavirus

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27
Q

What are the effects of tetanus in a horse? treatment? px husbandry timeline?

A

Bacteria lives in soil and enters through wound -> bacteria produces a neurotoxin -> causes spastic paralysis/ muscles -> leads to death

$$$ to cure, but easy to prevent (Equivac 2 in 1, Equivac T)

Vx: 3 months -> at least 4 wks after -> annual booster

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28
Q

What are the effects of Strangles in a horse? cause? treatment? px husbandry timeline?

A

Cause: naso/ oral secretion from horse-horse
Symptoms: painful swallowing and breathing (dyspnoea), cough, swollen pharyngeal lymph nodes that may rupture, purulent/ bloody nasal discharge
Vx: Equivac 2 in 1
12wks -> 14wks -> 16wks -> annual booster

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29
Q

What are the causes of Hendra? And symptoms?
What locations in the last 3 years have had hendra?
Vx?

A

Cause: bats -> horse (poo, urine, aborted fetus)
Recent 3 years: 2018 (Tweed Heads), 2019 (Scone), 2020 (Murwillumbah)
Symptoms (many): fever, increased HR, discomfort (leg shifting), rapid deterioration, Nervous system signs, resp. signs
Vx: Equivac HeV

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30
Q

What internal parasites are a concern in foals, and what concern does this become once an adult?

A
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31
Q

Is a low, moderate or high shedder more likely to infect other horses in a herd and are more susceptible to diease?

A

High shedder

32
Q

What would you choose to cover against all types of worms in horses?

A

A product that contains both macrolytic lactones and praziquantal

33
Q

What type of breeders are horses (long or short day?)

A

Long day/ summer

34
Q

What use of reproductive technological is illegal in which horse industry (specific breed)?

A

The use of ET/ AI is illegal in the TB industry

35
Q

What is the average cycle length of a horse and the oestrus length?

A

Cycle length: 21-22 days
Oestrus length: 4-7 days

36
Q

What is diestrus and how long does it last in a horse?

A

DIESTRUS: the period after oestrus where they are no longer receptive to a male
How long does it last: 14-15 days

37
Q

What acronym is associated with determining oestrus in a horse, and what do they stand for?

A

TUW
Tail up, urinating, winking

38
Q

What diameter does a follicle need to be to rupture, and then become receptive to a male

A

> 50mm

39
Q

Mare management: repro: when do you want to foal after? when do you join/ breed from, and what can help simulate longer days to stimulate early cycling

A

Foal just after 1st August
Breed/ join from 15th September (of the previous year)
Artificial lighting to stimulate early cycling

40
Q

Why is the rate of conception usually 66% in TB and not higher? (4 main reasons)

A
  1. Imposition of inappropriate breeding season (September - December) when natural breeding is November-January
  2. Selection of breeders based on performance not fertility
  3. Persevering with breeding from aging mares/ stallions
  4. Breeding all mares regardless of reproductive performance
41
Q

What are the 3 types of semen used in breeding (hint: storage type included) and why are they used?

A

Fresh: if mare has poor temper
Chilled: if travelling <24 hours
Frozen: worldwide/ nationwide

42
Q

What is ET and what is it used for?

A

ET = embryo transfer
May be used if mare ‘cannot’ have/ support a foal (e.g. if a show horse - racing, dressage, jumper, older, uterine issues)

43
Q

What is the FSH? and are horses able to receive it (why/ why not)?

A

FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone
Horse are not able to receive it as they are not receptive to the hormone

44
Q

What checkpoint (days post breeding) should ultrasounds be performed and when can you insure the foal/ sign a pregnancy certificate?

A

11-16 days post breeding: check for pregnancy (and check if twin)
30 days: check still preg. (if twin, can try to abort)
45 days: check for normal develop (foal can now be insured/ preg. certificate can be completed)

45
Q

What are the 3 stages of foaling?

A
  1. Uterine contraction
  2. Foaling proper
  3. Passing of placenta
46
Q

How to manage foal rejection

A

Restraint, pharmaceuticals, physical barrier, surrogate dam (last resort)

47
Q

What is foal heat

A

Mares can come into heat (oestrus) as early as 3-14 days post parturition

48
Q

What is caslick’s operation? and why is it used? and what must occur to the area before breeding/ foaling?

A

Procedure: ‘vulvoplasty’ which seals the vulval lips together
Why: for mares with poor vulval conformation (which has let air/ faeces into repro. tract -> reduces fertility)
Must be opened prior to breeding/ foaling

49
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
____ access to fresh, ____ ____

A

Unlimited access to fresh, clean water

50
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
Feed only ____ quality ingredients, free from ___, rotten ____ and dust (which can cause b___)

A

Feed only high quality ingredients, free from mould, rotten food and dust (which can cause botulism)

51
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
Diet should provide adequate f____ of h__ and/ or p___ at 1.5% ___/ ____

A

Diet should provide adequate forage of hay and/ or pasture at 1.5% BW/ day

52
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
Select concentrate designed for the type of horse being fed: r___, e____, camp____, pony club, pasture potato

A

Select concentrate designed for the type of horse being fed: racing, endurance, campdrafting, pony club, pasture potato

53
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
Monitor body condition to guide e___ i___

A

Monitor body condition to guide energy intake

54
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
____or _____weight horses require an evaluation of their _____ ______

A

Under or overweight horses require an evaluation of their feeding program

55
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
Restrict the amount of s___ per meal, ideal is 2-2.5g/kg of ___

A

Restrict the amount of starch per meal, ideal is 2-2.5g/kg of BW

56
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
Feed regularly:
grain: - time per day (depending on requirement)
forage: c_____ access preferable OR _ times per day

A

Feed regularly:
grain: 1-3 time per day (depending on requirement)
forage: continual access preferable OR 3 times per day

57
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
Make dietary changes slowly (1 ____ to switch)

A

Make dietary changes slowly (1 week to switch)

58
Q

Fill in the blank for the general feeding rule:
Feed _____ for a specific reason: to complement forage and grain, supply nutrients missing from ration

A

Feed supplements for a specific reason: to complement forage and grain, supply nutrients missing from ration

59
Q

What amount of ml/ kg/hr does a horse require? and what can influence this number to increase?

A

2ml/kg/hr, this can increase with high temps, humidity, exercise

60
Q

What is the need for starch and carbohydrate intake?

A

To replace glycogen stores (in skeletal muscle) necessary for racing, running, jumping

61
Q

What can an increase in dietary starch do to the digestive tract?

A

Can cause colic

62
Q

What can an increase in starch and sugar do to the horse?

A

Can cause laminitis -> separation of the hoof wall from the foot

63
Q

What are examples of roughage (5), concentrates (6) and protein supplements (6) in a horses diet?

A

Roughage: alfalfa, pasture (grass), legumes (lucerne, clover), cereal (oaten chaff)
Concentrates: grains (e.g. oats, barley, sorghum, maize, rice, commercial mixes)
Protein supplements: soybean meal, lucerne, lupins, cottonseed meal, sunflower seeds, linseed meal

64
Q

If I have a 650kg horse, how much forage should they consume a day, and how much additional feed (in DM) should they consume to meet their goal?

A

1.5% in forage: 9.75kg
2% in DM: 13kg
additional feed to meet DM goal from forage: 3.25kg

65
Q

In dentistry: what do SEP’s stand for and why must they be cut down regularly (and how regularly in adults)?

A

SEP: sharp enamel points
Must be cut down regularly due to ever erupting teeth continually forming SEP’s
Must be conducted yearly in adults

66
Q

How to SEP’s form, and what feed causes more defines SEPs

A

caused by circular grinding motion of teeth, and are more common on soft feeds

67
Q

How much does a hoof grow per month?

A

6-12 mm (~1cm)

68
Q

As there is no standard vaccination routine for horses in Australia, how would you determine the need to vaccinate a horse for something?

A

You should consider:
- risk of a disease in a population
- consequence of the disease (death, severe illness, $$ to cure or little to no effect)
- efficacy of the product
- potential for adverse rxn
- $ of vx vs. $ of disease

69
Q

3 Most relevant vx recommended for horses in SEQ

A

Hendra, strangles, tetanus

70
Q

Choose the disease this description matches to:
- neurotoxin is produced by the bacteria and causes spastic paraylsis
- Vx: Equivac T, Equivac 2 in 1
- Bacterial disease living in the soil
- clostridium tetani

A

Tetanus

71
Q

Choose the disease this description matches to:
- passed naso-oro
- not fatal (death) but can have severe complications
- symptoms: painful swallowing and breathing, swollen pharyngeal lymph nodes that can rupture, purulent/ bloody nasal discharge
- streptococcus equi infection
- Equivac 2 in 1

A

Strangles

72
Q

Choose the disease this description matches to:
- nervous and respiratory symptoms
- plentiful number of symptoms: rapid onset of illness, fever, weight shifting on legs (discomfort), increased HR/RR
- Equivac HeV
- once vaccinated, horse must be identifiable with a microchip
- transmissible bats -> horse (urine, faeces, aborted fetus)
- member of the henipavivirus

A

Hendra

73
Q

Should foal internal parasite treatment focus on strongyles or roundworms and ascarids, and at what age should the focus shift and why?

A

Foals: roundworms and ascarids
>6 months old: focus on strongyles as they develop immunity to roundworms

74
Q

Do young adults or adults carry a higher worm burden, and should they be treated as a low, moderate or high shedder (and what is this frequency)?

A

Young adults carry a higher worm burden, and should be treated as a higher shedder (tx 3-4 x per year)

75
Q

What are the causes of a 66% conception rate in the thoroughbred horse industry?

A
  1. imposing an inappropriate breeding season (Sep-dec) instead of natural breeding season (Nov-Feb - long day breeder)
  2. selecting breeder based on performance not fertility
  3. persevering with breeding from aging mares/ stallions due to increased performance of their offspring
  4. breeding all mares regardless of repro performance
76
Q
A

VETS1025 - EOS (7 decks)

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