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VETS1025 - EOS > Beef cattle > Flashcards

Beef cattle Flashcards

1
Q

What are definitions of bull, steer, bullock, stag and mickey

A

Bull: male bovid (entire)
Steer: castrated male
Bullock: castrated male older than 2
Stag: bull who was castrated later than usual and still exhibits male characteristics
Mickey: young, intact male as an undesirable breeder

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2
Q

What is the difference between a cow, heifer and maiden

A

Cows: have previously given birth
Heifer: female who has not given birth (but may be pregnant and still be considered heifer)
Maiden: an unmated heifer

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3
Q

What are the 6 purposes of cattle

A

Meat, milk, hide, tools, power, cultural trade

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4
Q

Definitions of cracker and boner

A

Cracker: old cow (general term) yielding low quality meat
Boner: animal yielding low quality meat OR young animal term

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5
Q

What is a ruminant and what animals are ruminants

A

Ruminant: animal with 4 stomachs which process high fibre diets
Ruminant animals: cows, sheep, goats, camelids (modified ruminant)

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6
Q

What is the order of the 4 stomachs of a ruminant

A

rumen -> reticulum -> omasum -> abomasum

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7
Q

Rumen: What side of the body does it sit on? What is the approx. size (in Litres)? What does it absorb and from what process (a 3 letter word from a process starting with F)? AND what are the primary and secondary contractions

A

Side of body: Left
Approx. size: 100 L
Absorbs: VFA (volatile fatty acids)
Process to form VFA’s: Fermentation
Primary contraction: originates in reticulum, mixes contents
Secondary contraction: reticulorumen movement (chewing cud/ rumination)

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8
Q

Reticulum: What kind of visual structure does it represent? What is the function? What disease is common here (related to eating heavy/ dense objects) ?

A

Visual structure: honeycomb
Function: condense matter into cud and move it back into rumen for rumination
Common disease: hardware disease

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9
Q

Omasum: What does it visually represent? What is the function? Is the ingesta drier or wetter here than in other areas?

A

Visual structure: pages in a book
Function: absorbs water and other substances
Ingesta: drier here due to water absorption

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10
Q

Abomasum: What is this part of the ruminant system referred to as (T___ s___)? What is its function? What 2 organs come after it?

A

System: true stomach
Function: use of digestive enzyme to further breakdown food
Following organs: small intestine, large intestine

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11
Q

What is the relevance of the esophageal groove in calves?

A

The groove bypasses the rumen to prevent fermentation of milk (which can lead to death)

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12
Q

Describe the components of the mouth of a cow

A

Incisors (8) on jaw to tear grass, diastema between incisors and molars, rough tongue to help rip grass

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13
Q

What age do you expect a cow to be if 4 permanent incisors are present?

A

24-36 months (approx. 2 years old)

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14
Q

Can you expect any permanent incisors to erupt in the first year of a cow’s life

A

No

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15
Q

Approximately when do the first permanent incisors erupt

A

~18 months (18-30 months - approx. 1.5 years to 2.5 years)

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16
Q

Compare temperament, adapted climate, maturing rate, leg length and ear length of the bos indicus and bos taurus varieties

A

Bos indicus: temperament: more excitable, climate: hot/ arid/ humid, maturing rate: slower, leg length: longer, ear length: longer
Bos taurus: temperament: quieter, climate: cooler, maturing rate: faster, leg length: shorter, ear length: shorter

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17
Q

List some bos taurus British and European breeds (you don’t have to get all of them)

A

British: Angus, Beef shorthorn, Hereford (polled and horned), Murray grey, South Devon, Red poll
European: Simmental, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Limousin, Brown swiss, Chianina, Belgian blue

Waygu

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18
Q

List some bos indicus breeds

A

Brahmans, droughmaster, Aus. low line, Dexter, Square Meater

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19
Q

What % of the day do cows spend in active sleep? and what position do they sit in?

A

3% of the day, laying in sternal recumbancy, head tucked into thorax

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20
Q

Do cows display the flehmen response

A

Yes

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21
Q

Describe cow vision in terms of degrees present for monocular, binocular, and the blind spot

A

Monocular: 330 (165 each side)
Binocular: 25-55
Blind spot: directly behind

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22
Q

What are main reasons that will cause a herd to baulk (consider smell/ vision)

A

Light to dark transitions or blood/ offal in a paddock

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23
Q

Place these intervention in their hierarchy: noise, paddle, waddy/stick, tail twist (and when is appropriate to use), electric jigger, movement/ positioning, assertive/ exaggerated movement

A
  1. Movement/ positioning
  2. Assertive/ exaggerated movement
  3. Noise
  4. Waddy/ stick
  5. Paddle
  6. Tail twist (Only appropriate in race)
  7. Electric jigger
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24
Q

What are the four key instincts of a cow

A

They want to face where they are moving, they want to face the danger (Prey instinct), they want to release their pressure, they want to be in their herd

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25
Q

What occurs in female courtship of cows

A

Allogrooming, flehmen response, investigation behaviour -> attempted mounting (female will only stand if in heat)

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26
Q

What indicates female receptivity to a bull

A

Standing to be mounting, tail diversion, being mounted by other females

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27
Q

What type of estrus does a cow display, what does it mean, and how can their estrus be influenced by external factors

A

Cow are polyestrus: go on heat more than once a year
Influenced by: stress, extreme weather, nutrition

28
Q

Are bos taurus or indicus predominant dairy breeds

A

Bos taurus

29
Q

Is mounting behaviour more common in bos taurus or bos indicus, and do dairy or beef cattle exhibit it more

A

More common in bos taurus and as bos taurus breeds are predominantly dairy breeds, dairy exhibit it more than beef

30
Q

What cannot be directly measured in the BSE for a bull

A

Libido

31
Q

Why is the most dominant bull usually infertile

A

The most dominant bull, while largest (usually in size), fights to maintain dominance and commonly injures himself, leading to reduced fertility for a range of reasons (e.g. injured legs - decreases mounting capabilities)

32
Q

Do bos taurus or bos indicus have a lower libido

A

Bos indicus

33
Q

What is the startle reflex in a calf

A

Reflex by the calf when interacted with, it can cause the mum to come running at you and charge. The calf may bolt and vocalise, bolt silently, or charge at you

34
Q

Who is the largest beef exporter in the world, and where does Aus sit?

A

Largest: Brazil
Aus: 4th largest

35
Q

What is the ratio of beef cattle to dairy cattle in aus.

A

~9:1 (% is 91% beef to 9% dairy)

36
Q

Which state has the highest turnover for beef production, and what would this mean for their type of production system used? (Intensive or extensive?)

A

NSW
Type of prod. system: intensive because NSW is only a small state compared to others

37
Q

Who is the main country we export beef to

A

China

38
Q

Moving from North Queensland to Tasmania, what production system are we more likely to see as we go further south, and what are we less likely to see

A

More likely to see intensive production system
Less likely to see extensive systems

39
Q

How long is the estrus cycle and the gestation of a cow

A

Estrus: 21 days
Gestation: 9 months, 283 days +/- 14 days

40
Q

What period of time after calving must the cows get pregnant again to achieve the correct production cycle, and how many estrus cycles is this

A

2 months to get pregnant again, approx. 2 estrus cycles

41
Q

For a heifer, what weight is she first joined at

A

50-60% of adult weight (breed dependent)

42
Q

What must the nutrition account for in a first-calf heifer, compared to a cow on her 3rd parody

A

First calf heifer: growing + maintenance + pregnancy
3rd parody cow: Maintenance + lactation (6-7 months) + pregnancy

43
Q

In tropical/ arid climates, a decrease in phosphorus nutrition can lead to what

A

Can lead to a phosphorus deficiently, and a prevalance of botulism due to the eating of bones of dead animals (to increase phosphorus levels) which carry the toxin

44
Q

In temperate climates, a decrease in Mg in grass can lead to what, and is there a correlation with footrot/ higher parasite incidence

A

Decrease in Mg in grass: grass tetany
Footrot: higher rainfall -> wet ground
Higher parasite incidence: intensive prod. systems found south (where temperate climates are) which have a higher stocking density and increase parasite transmission

45
Q

To plan calving times, would you plan this for just before peak rainfall or during peak rainfall to account for high grass growth

A

Just before peak rainfall to prepare for peak pasture growth to allow mum to have plenty of energy for lactation, maintenance, growth (heifer) and to prepare for next pregnancy

46
Q

What are backgrounding operations involved in beef movement

A

Backgrounding operations are farms that will fatten up cows for slaughter

47
Q

What are the next 3 stages after selling to a backgrounding operation, that the cows can move to

A

Grain finished (where people will pay premium for cows already converted to grain), grass-finished, live export

48
Q

What is the BTEC? (hint: eradication scheme)

A

Brucellosis and TB eradication scheme

49
Q

What are common diseases in northern, southern and feedlot system (give at least 2 examples per system)

A

Northern: tick fever - protozoan (and cattle tick), undernutrition (usually environmental), bovine ephemeral (3 day disease), buffalo fly
Southern: bloat (from clover in pasture - temperate climate), gastro-intestinal parasites, pink eye, grass tetany
Feedlot: heat stress, bovine respiratory

50
Q

Are feedlots of pastoral grazing more popular in Aus

A

Pasture

51
Q

Characteristics of extensive pasture systems

A

Cattle handled less often, low stocking density, drought resistance cattle (bos indicus), one way gates to water to trap herd

52
Q

Characteristics of intensive pasture systems

A

Smaller area than extensive, can use beef repro tech (AI, ET), can be breeder/ stud herd, can use pasture rotation but parasite burden still an issue

53
Q

Why live export over caracass export

A

Some locations may not have the refrigeration facilities, cultural reasons (halal), improving herd genetics for importing country

54
Q

What are the bull: cow ratios in extensive vs intensive

A

Extensive: 1:25
Intensive: 1:40

55
Q

When should calves be weaned and what can be introduced to possibly increase sale price into a backgrounding enterprise

A

Weaning: 5-6months old
Introducing a creep feed that only calves have access to in order to introduce grain to the rumen

56
Q

Forms of identification

A

Tattoos, branding (hot/ cold), chem tagging, ear notching, ear tag (NLIS), HGP punch (hormone growth promotants)

57
Q

Reasons for castrating bulls

A

Genetic control (poor temper), preventing unwanted calves, behaviour control, prevention of secondary sex characteristics that make meat tougher

58
Q

Tools to castrate calves, explain how they work and classify them as surgical or non-surgical (5 total)

A

Surgical: Scalpel and emasculator (crushes/ cuts spermatic cord), henderson tool (twists and cuts cord - attached to power tool), knife/ scalpel (must be sharp - no sawing)
Non-surgical: burdizzo (<6 months - crushes vas deferens, confirmation of procedure had to tell as not visible), elastrator (<2 weeks old - uncomfortable, risk of tetanus, drops within 3 weeks)

59
Q

Where should you inject sub-q vx in a cow

A

neck triangle avoiding the spinal column and jugular furrow

60
Q

What are characteristics of stud/ seed herd

A

Smaller in numerical size, composed of many breeds, use developing gene tech.

61
Q

What are the goals of stud/ seed herd

A

Primary goal: to influence genetic progress in industry
Secondary goal: supply cattle to various marketsW

62
Q

What genetic technology can be used in cattle herd

A

AI, ET, FSH (to produce superovulation), cloning

63
Q

What would you observe in a cow if they above their TNZ (thermoneutral zone)

A

Panting, reduced food intake, standing in shade

64
Q

What would you observe in a cow if they were below their TNZ (thermoneutral zone)

A

Huddling, shivering, orienting towards sun, avoiding shade

65
Q

What are the 2 ways to measure stress

A

behaviour observation and biochemical observation (e.g. cortisol)

66
Q

What are physical stressors

A

transport, cold/ heat, noise, feed deprivation

67
Q

What are physiologic stressors

A

weaning, social isolation, mixing of unfamiliar cows, restraint

VETS1025 - EOS (7 decks)

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