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Animal > Pigs > Flashcards

Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

Traditional pig breeds

A

Tamworth
Saddleback
Large black
Middle white

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2
Q

Benefits of traditional pig breeds

A

Good mothers with good milk production
Slow maturing
Good grazers or foragers
Resistant to sunburn

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3
Q

Modern pig breeds

A

Large white

Landrace

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4
Q

Commercial requirement from female pigs

A

High litter size
Good farrowing frequency
High growth rate
Low fat carcasses

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5
Q

How many pigs per litter

A

11.4-14.2

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6
Q

How many litters per sow per year

A

2.3-2.4

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7
Q

How many weaned per sos per year

A

23-26

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8
Q

How many pig sold per sow per year

A

23-25

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9
Q

Pig between birth and weaning

A

Sucker

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10
Q

Pig between weaning and 8 weeks old of 20 kg

A

Weaner

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11
Q

Pigs between 8-12 weeks old

A

Slip

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12
Q

Pig between weaning and sale

A

Grower

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13
Q

Grower pigs over 70 kg

A

Finisher

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14
Q

Pig at 24-55 kg

A

Porker

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15
Q

Pigs at >55 kg

A

Baconer

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16
Q

Male pig castrated before puberty

A

Barrow

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17
Q

Male pig over 6 months

A

Boar

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18
Q

Female pig hasn’t produced a litter

A

Gilt

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19
Q

Female has farrowed a litter

A

Sow

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20
Q

Structure of head

A

Flat cartilaginous disc in snout
Short neck and powerful shoulders
Unspecialised dentition
Limited capacity to digest fibrous materials

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21
Q

When does transition of deciduous to permanent teeth occur?

A

8-20 months

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22
Q

Which sex grow top and lower tusks?

A

Male

Female

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23
Q

Digestive system

A

Mouth
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine

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24
Q

Social structure of female and male

A

Female lives in matriarchal groups 6-30 animals

Male lives solitary life

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25
Q

When does pig breed?

A

Autumn that trigger oestrus cyclicity

Pheromones stimulate receptivity in sows

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26
Q

When does pig farrowing?

A

Spring or summer

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27
Q

What happened during farrowing?

A

2-3 days prior to farrowing sows leave sounder
Give birth to 3-6 piglets
Sow and piglets Leave nest after 7-14 days
Piglet wean at 13-17 weeks old

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28
Q

Growing pigs

A

Group based

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29
Q

Breeding gilts or sows

A

Loose housed

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30
Q

When are stalls allowed?

A

First and last five days of pregnancy and for 24 hours during mating

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31
Q

When should sows house in crates?

A

Before and during farrowing and during lactation for 26-33 days

3-7 days prior due date
Late entry increase stillborn and risk of farrowing in group housing

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32
Q

Bio security measures

A 
Keep bugs out of farm
Limit visitors
Record visitors movement
Provide protective equipment 
Need shower facilities
No visit to other farm prior visit
33
Q

How to increase volume by increasing the number of pigs sold per sow per year?

A

Increasing number of piglets born and weaned per sow per litter

Increasing number of litters produced per year per sow

34
Q

How to increase farrowing frequency by sow management ?

A

Reduce gestation length by 3 days only

Reduce lactation length no less than 21-28 days

Reduce number of non productive or empty days

35
Q

2 steps in sow management

A

Pre farrowing till weaning

Preparation

36
Q

Function of farrowing crates or pens

A

Protect piglets from crushing and savaging by sow

Force sow to lie down slowly so piglets have time to get away

Heated creep areas to encourage piglets to lie away from sow when not feeding

Provide a warm safe hygienic environment for piglet

Sow in crates must not be confined more than 6 weeks

Enter crates 3-7 days prior due date
Late entry increase stillborn piglets and risk of farrowing in group housing

Separation of sows and piglets at 21-28 post parturition

37
Q

How to prepare the farrowing pens

A

Must be washed disinfected prior entry

Appropriate climate for sows and piglets 18&30

Provide heat lamp

Remove faecal matter daily

Record cards on crate

Assess number of functional tests for cross fostering

38
Q

How many stages are in farrowing process

A

Stage one pre farrowing period

Stage two farrowing process

Stage three end of farrowing

39
Q

What happened in pre farrowing period?

A

1-14 days pre farrowing
Mammary gland develop and vulva starts to swell

Reduce appetite

40
Q

What happened in stage two?

A

Range for 3-8 hours

Piglet birthing interval 10-20 mins

Sow lies on side shivering lifting upper back leg
Tail may twitch prior to birth
Piglet born headfirst

41
Q

What happened after farrowing?

A

Placenta deliver 1-4 hrs after last piglet

Piglets born with eye open and suckling immediately

First born attach to front teats

Variation in weight relates to increase with litter size

Piglets weaned at 6-8 kg

42
Q

4 common farrowing problems

A

Large litters resulting in uterine inertia

Very large piglets

2 or more piglets presenting at same time

Dead pigs inside uterus

43
Q

When should we provide assistance at birth?

A

Piglet interval is greater than 60 mins to minimise still births

44
Q

6 aspects of Piglet management

A

Ensure piglets consume colostrum

Iron injection given within 24 hours of birth

Clip needle teeth

Use of vaccination programs

Cross fostering

Feeding

45
Q

How much colostrum is needed for piglets in first 24 hours?

A

200-400 mL

Provide stomach tubing to split suckling

46
Q

Why increase in litter size is a bad thing?

A

More variation in birthweight and risk of longer parturition and low vitality piglets

47
Q

Importance of clip needle teeth

A

Reduce scratches during play and fighting

48
Q

Details of cross fostering

A

Occur only when piglet consumed its mum colostrum

Between 12-24 hours after birth

Only Move piglets when number exceeds functional teats

49
Q

What is the diet during pre weaning and when to intake?

A

Mothers milk and creep feed

Low intake before day 21

50
Q

Purpose of pre weaning diet

A

To ease impact of weaning and to be highly palatable

51
Q

Why pre weaning diet is low before day 21?

A

Abundance of milk and immaturity of digestive system

52
Q

4 Goals of management in sow

A

Target body condition at 3

Abundant supply of cool water to reduce constipation increase feed intake

Keep sows calm and quiet

Prevent and manage lameness

53
Q

2 goals of gilt management

A

Get as many gilts to cycle as young as possible

Mate them to provide a good litter size to permit a long reproductive breeding life, low incidence of premature culling

54
Q

4 aspects of gilt management

A

Selection based on genetics and physical traits

Selection based on early life characteristics

Appropriate nutrition

Effective puberty stimulation and oestrus detection

55
Q

What genetics and physical traits would be chosen?

A

18-20 weeks

Select based on feed legs teat number and back fat

56
Q

What early life characteristics favour gilt management?

A

Less than 40% male produce more gilts from the ratio in litter

Birthweight greater than 1.2 kg gilts more fertile

Ensure high colostrum intake

57
Q

What nutrition is provided for gilts ?

A

Preparing diet prior 8 weeks before mating

Ensure high feeding plan 3 weeks prior mating

Feed to target weight

58
Q

When to start puberty stimulation and oestrus detection?

A

26-29 weeks old

Daily physical contact with boar by priming pheromones
Boars at 10-12 months old minimum
Occur in designated mating area with no distraction for 15-20 mins

59
Q

3 aspects of weaned sow management

A

High feed intake during lactation and post weaning to support ovarian follicle growth and ovulation

Group housing to promote oestrus cyclicity

Ensure oestrus detection procedures to allow sows inseminated at correct time

60
Q

How long does oestrus last for ?

A

24-72 hours

61
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

31 hours after oestrus starts

62
Q

When should insemination occur and why?

A

12-24 hours before ovulation

Too early or late insemination leads to lower conception and pregnancy rates and reduced litter sizes

63
Q

How long does egg survive for ?

A

6 hours

64
Q

What is the best detector of oestrus in sow?

A

Boar

65
Q

2 types of pheromones and its function

A

Signalling pheromones for behavioural response

Priming pheromones for ovulation

66
Q

2 ways of mating

A

Artificial insemination

Supervised natural mating

67
Q

Benefits of AI

A

Quicker

Reduced need for boars

More rapid genetic gain

Increased control over timing

68
Q

How long could semen survive for and appropriate temperature for transportation?

A

Within 4 days

16

69
Q

3 aspects of pregnant sows management

A

Housing

Rapid detection of non pregnant sows

Feed intake affects pregnancy outcomes and litter sizes

70
Q

Benefits of housing in group of pregnant sow

A

Reduce aggression

Promote positive behaviours

71
Q

How to house growing pig

A

In pen shape with formulated diets to suit specific needs, ad lib feed and good access to feeders

72
Q

When should growing pig wean?

A

20 kg

73
Q

When should grower diet be introduced?

A

20-60 kg from 10-15 weeks old

74
Q

When should finished diet be introduced?

A

60 kg to slaughter From 15 weeks old

75
Q

When should Weaner diet cut off?

A

10-12 weeks old

76
Q

What type of system should growing pig in?

A

Deep litter based system

77
Q

3 welfare issues

A

Frustration of normal behaviour

Increased competition relating to access for food

High incidence of abnormal behaviours

78
Q

Alternatives of farrowing crate

A

Individual pens

Group housing

Animal (8 decks)

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