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Animal > Beef > Flashcards

Beef Flashcards

1
Q

Animal under 12 months old

A

Calf

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2
Q

Animal not with its mum and not dependent on milk supply

A

Weaner

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3
Q

Animal 12-24 years old

A

Yearling

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4
Q

Female no first calf

A

Heifer

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5
Q

Female had a calf

A

Cow

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6
Q

Castrated male

A

Steer

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7
Q

Entire male

A

Bull

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8
Q

The process including vaccination identification castration

A

Marking

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9
Q

PIC

A

Property identification code

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10
Q

RFID

A

Radio frequency identification

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11
Q

Receptive to mating

A

On heat

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12
Q

Female animal preparing to give birth

A

Springer

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13
Q

Removal from herd

A

Culling

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14
Q

Separating individual animal from group

A

Drafting

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15
Q

8 Bos Taurus breeds

A 
Angus 
Hereford
Poll Hereford
Murray grey
Shorthorn
Simmental
Charolais
Limousin
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16
Q

6 Bos Indicus breeds

A 
Belmont red
Brahman
Brangus
Braford 
Droughmaster 
Santa gertrudis
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17
Q

Production life cycle of beef

A

Calf feed from its mum until weaning
Females keep as replacement breeders or sold
Entire males keep as replacement or sale bulls
All steers are sold

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18
Q

How long does bull join for?

A

6-9 weeks

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19
Q

How many calf is produced per year?

A

1

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20
Q

How long is the sperm cycle of beef?

A

10 weeks

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21
Q

When should management procedures occur?

A

Minimum 3 months before joining

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22
Q

Which routine is used to check bull’s sperm and body condition ?

A

Bull breeding soundness evaluation

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23
Q

How many cows can be mated by healthy bulls?

A

40-50 cows

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24
Q

Would bulls lose weight during joining?

A

Lose weight due to chasing cows

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25
Q

When does cow have oestrous cycle?

And why?

A

All year
Aseasonal polyoestrous

Ensure regular and predictable opportunities to get pregnant

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26
Q

How often do cows on heat?

A

Every 21 days

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27
Q

2 hormones regulating oestrous cycle

A

Progesterone for pregnancy

Oestrogen for oestrous

28
Q

What happened in oestrous cycle?

A

After the egg is released, the remaining parts of follicle form corpus luteum which produces progesterone

When animal is pregnant and progesterone remains high
If not pregnant the corpus luteum regresses and progesterone level falls

29
Q

How long is gestation period?

A

9 months

30
Q

When does cow reach puberty?

A

Reach 50% of mature adult weight

31
Q

How heavy and how old is the female during first joining?

A

60-65% mature weight

Around 15 months old

32
Q

How old and heavy is the cow when calving?

A

24 months old

80-85% mature weight

33
Q

Single sire mating

A

One bull in groups of 40-50 cows

34
Q

Multiple sire mating

A

2% + 1 bulls with cows

35
Q

How to achieve genetic gain

A

Artificial insemination

Embryo transfer

36
Q

When should pregnancy test be done?

A

6 weeks after the bulls are removed

37
Q

How many stages in parturition?

A

4 stages
Preliminary
Stage 1-3

38
Q

Outline preliminary stage

A

Springing occurs 1-2 weeks before calving

2-7 days before calving vulva becomes floppy

39
Q

Outline stage 1

A

Last for 2-6 hours or up till 12 hours as first mum

Uterus contract
Isolate herself from the mob
Stop eating

40
Q

Outline stage 2

A

Between 1-2 hours or 3-4 hours for first time

Presentation of water sac
Front hooves 
Front legs 
Head
Shoulders
Rest of the calf
41
Q

What is breach presentation?

A

Hind feet present first

42
Q

Outline stage 3

A

Passing placenta within 24 hours

Calf needs to stand up and drink colostrum within 30 mins to 4 hours

43
Q

Importance of colostrum and amount of colostrum needed

A

Support thermoregulation and provide nutrients and antibodies
Contain laxatives for first faeces

Need 10% of body weight in first 24 hours

44
Q

4 stomachs

A

Rumen
Abomasum
Omasum
Reticulum

45
Q

Importance of rumen

A

Chamber full of microbes that assist fermentation and eructation and rumination

46
Q

Time spent on grazing ruminating resting

A

8 hours each

47
Q

What happen when more time is spent on food and grazing?

A

Animal won’t grow as much nor lactating

48
Q

Does ruminants have top front teeth?

A

No but with hard dental pad

49
Q

2 tooth

4 tooth

A

18-24 months old

24-30 months old

50
Q

5 key nutrient requirements

A 
Protein
Energy
Fat
Water soluble vitamins
Minerals
51
Q

Importance of fibre

A

Limits energy value of plants for mono gastric
Moderate rumen pH through rumination that stimulate saliva production

Microbes in rumen utilise fibre

52
Q

When does rumen start to develop and become fully functional?

A

6 weeks old and 12 weeks

53
Q

How is milk movement controlled?

A

Reticular groove regulars milk going into abomasum

54
Q

What are needed to develop rumen?

A

Fibre like hay

Concentrates like pellets

55
Q

How heavy is the cow at 60 days old ?

A

60 kg

56
Q

When should calf be weaned and how heavy is that?

A

6 months old

180-200 kg

57
Q

What is the earliest time to wean a calf?

A

100 kg

58
Q

Best practice to weaning

A

Leaving calves in yards for 5-10 days

59
Q

Why does calf bred from yard perform better?

A

Exposure to human and animals in close proximity
Have experience eating out a feed trough
Do better in feedlots

60
Q

Average period spend in feedlot

A

50-120 days

61
Q

How much does cattle gain weight per day in feedlot?

A

1.5-2.2 kg

62
Q

What criterion involves in grading system?

A

Carcass for meat and fat colour
Rib fat
Ossification
Yield - maximise muscle minimum bone

63
Q

Where should NLIS tag and management tag place in ears?

A

NLIS in right

Management in left

64
Q

Which diseases should be vaccinated against?

A 
Clostridia 
Blackleg
Malignant oedema
Blacks disease
Tetanus
Puppy kidney
65
Q

When should cows be vaccinated?

A

6 weeks old marking
12 weeks old weaning
Before dehorning or castration

66
Q

How long does it take to make antibodies against vaccine?

A

7-14 days

67
Q

When should castration be done? Use of what

A

10-12 weeks old

Using rubber rings

Animal (8 decks)

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