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Morbid > Pigments > Flashcards

Pigments Flashcards

1
Q

Pigments could be (categories)

A

Normal or Abnormal, Endogenous or Exogenous

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2
Q

Diseases caused by exogenous pigments (carbon)

A

Anthracosis(cytokines encourage formation of fibrosis in lungs)

Coal workers Pneumoconiosis

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3
Q

Examples of endogenous pigments

A

Lipofuscin
Hemosiderin
Homogentistic acid
Melanin
Bilirubin

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4
Q

Homogentistic acid is deposited in?

A

The connective tissues, skin in patients with alkaptonuria

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5
Q

Lipofuscin are not injurious to the cell. T/F

A

T

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6
Q

Which pigment is the end product of oxygen radical mediated membrane damage?

A

Lipofuscin

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7
Q

Morphology of lipofuscin

A

(Microscopic)
Yellow-brown
Finely granular
Perinuclear

No gross

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8
Q

Where is melanin synthesized?

A

Melanocytes and dendritic cells

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9
Q

In the synthesis of melanin, tyrosinase acts on tyrosine to form

A

Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DHPA)

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10
Q

Generalized hyperpigmentation examples

A

Addison’s disease
Chloasma
Chronic Arsenic poisoning

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11
Q

Which generalized hyperpigmentation is seen in pregnancy or caused by oral contraceptives?

A

Chloasma

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12
Q

Classic raindrop pigmentation of the skin is a symptom of

A

Chronic arsenic poisoning

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13
Q

Diseases of focal hyperpigmentation

A

Neurofibromatosis
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Melanosis coli
Melanotic tumors
Lentigo
Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy

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14
Q

Cafe-au-lait spots

A

Neurofibromatosis

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15
Q

Peutz-Jeghers

A

Peri oral

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16
Q

Lentigo

A

Skin

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17
Q

Lymph nodes draining skin lesions

A

Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy

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18
Q

Albinism is caused by

A

Genetic defect in TYROSINASE

19
Q

Examples of focal hypopigmentation

A

Leucoderma (autoimmune)
Vitiligo
Acquired Focal HP(wound healing, leprosy, lupus)

20
Q

Alkaptonuria is an autosomal dominant disorder T/F

A

False
Autosomal recessive disorder

21
Q

Alkaptonuria is the deficiency of what enzyme?

A

Oxidase enzyme

22
Q

Homogentistic acid accumulates in the tissues in what disorder?

A

Alkaptonuria

23
Q

Ochronosis is deposited both inter and intracellularly in what disorder?

A

Alkaptonuria

24
Q

In alkaptonuria, what black pigment is deposited?

A

Ochronosis

25
Q

Iron in tissues can be stored as

A

Ferettin (Fe complexed to apoferritin)
Haemosiderin (formed by aggregates of ferritin)

26
Q

Haemosiderin can be localized or generalized T/F

A

T

27
Q

Hemosiderin laden macrophages at sites of endometriotic deposits is an example of

A

Localized hemosiderosis

28
Q

Hemosiderin laden alveolar macrophages in the lungs occurs in?

A

Left ventricular failure (due to localized hemosiderosis)

29
Q

Generalized hemosiderosis is broadly categorized into:

A
  1. Increased breakdown of hemoglobin
  2. Excessive intestinal absorption of iron
  3. Excessive iron intake
30
Q

In increased hemolysis, treatment with blood transfusions or parenteral iron only (treats/worsens) the condition of iron overload?

A

Worsens

31
Q

Excessive iron absorption is known as

A

Idiopathic Hemochromatosis/Hereditary Hemochromatosis

32
Q

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal dominant disease T/F

A

T

33
Q

Idiopathic hemochromatosis is characterized by

A
  1. Pigmented Liver cirrhosis
  2. Skin pigmentation
  3. Pancreatic damage resulting in DIABETES (‘Bronze diabetes’)

PLS Idiot🙏🏽

34
Q

Excessive iron intake was first observed

A

In the Bantu tribe of South Africa

35
Q

What gene has been identified as the predisposing factor to the overload in excessive iron intake?

A

Ferroportin

36
Q

Hemosiderosis is visualized with

A

Prussian blue (golden-brown, intracytoplasmic)

37
Q

Where is Bilirubin found?

A

Bile. Non-iron containing

38
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia causes

A

Jaundice

39
Q

Aetiology of bilirubin accumulation

A
  1. Excessive RBC destruction
  2. Liver disease/injury
  3. Defective intra/extrahepatic bile ducts
40
Q

Bilirubin accumulates as yellow pigment in the fluids and tissues of

A

Skin, Hepatocytes, Sclera

41
Q

In infants, high levels of unconjugated bilirubin may cause

A

Brain injury (kernicterus)

42
Q

Lipofuscin persists in ………… as collections of indigestible material

A

Lysosomes

43
Q

Granules of lipid-protein complexes

A

Lipofuscin

44
Q

Lipofuscin is eliminated by intracellular lipid peroxidation T/F

A

F. It is not

Morbid (8 decks)

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