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Morbid > Inflammation III > Flashcards

Inflammation III Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation, tissue injury and attempts at repair coexist in

A

Chronic Inflammation

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2
Q

Causes of chronic inflammation

A
  1. Persistent infections
  2. Hypersensitivity diseases eg rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis
  3. Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents eg silicosis, atherosclerosis
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3
Q

Microorganisms often evoke an immune reaction called

A

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

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4
Q

Morphological features of chronic inflammation

A
  1. Infiltration with mononuclear cells
  2. Tissue destruction
  3. Attempts at healing (accomplished by angiogenesis and fibrosis)
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5
Q

The half-life of blood monocytes is

A

1 day

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6
Q

Life span of tissue macrophages

A

Several months or years

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7
Q

Two major pathways of macrophage activation

A

Classical
Alternative

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8
Q

Dominant cell type in chronic inflammation

A

macrophages

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9
Q

Classical macrophage activation may be induced by: (4)

A
  1. Microbials(e.g endotoxin) using TLRs
  2. IFN-Y (T-cell derived signal)
  3. Foreign substances (crystals, foreign matter)
  4. M1 macrophages (produce NO and ROS, upregulate lysosomal enzymes)

NB: M1 macrophages - Classically activated macrophages

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10
Q

Main function of M1 macrophages

A

Destroy or Kill microbes

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11
Q

Alternative macrophage activation is induced by

A

Cytokines other than IFN-Y such as IL-4, IL-13 (produced by T-cells)

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12
Q

The cytokines of the alternative macrophage pathway stimulate/inhibit the classical macrophage pathway

A

Inhibit

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13
Q

Principal function of M2 macrophages

A

Tissue repair

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14
Q

M2 macrophages secrete growth factors that

A
  1. Promote angiogenesis
  2. Activate fibroblasts
  3. Stimulate collagen synthesis
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15
Q

Much of the tissue injury in chronic inflammation is caused by

A

The products of Activated macrophages

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16
Q

Macrophages secrete mediators of inflammation such as

A

TNF
IL-1
chemokines
eicosanoids

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17
Q

Macrophages display antigens to and respond to signals from which cells

A

T lymphocytes

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18
Q

Dominant population in CI seen in autoimmune and other hypersensitivity diseases

A

Lymphocytes

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19
Q

Which cytokines from activated macrophages promote leukocyte recruitment

A

IL-1
TNF
Chemokines

20
Q

Three subsets of CD4+ T cells that secrete different types of cytokines and elicit different types of inflammation.

A
  1. TH1
  2. TH2
  3. TH17
21
Q

Function of TH1 cells

A

Produce IFN-Y, which activates macrophages via the classical pathway

22
Q

Function of TH2 cells

A

TH2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which recruit and activate eosinophils and are responsible for the alternative pathway of macrophage activation.

23
Q

Function of TH17 cells

A

TH17 cells secrete IL-17 and other cytokines, which induce the secretion of chemokines responsible for recruiting neutrophils (and monocytes) into the reaction.

24
Q

Which cells are involved in defense against many types of bacteria and viruses and in autoimmune diseases?

A

TH1 and TH17 cells

25
Q

TH2 cells are important against

A
  1. Helminthic parasites (oesinophils)
  2. Allergic inflammation
26
Q

What are Tertiary Lymphoid Organs composed of

A

Accumulated lymphocytes
Antigen-Presenting cells (APCs)
Plasma cells

27
Q

Lymphoid organogenesis like Tertiary Lymphoid organs is often seen in

A
  1. Synovium in long-standing rheumatoid arthritis
  2. Thyroid in Hashimoto thyroiditis
28
Q

Eosinophils are mediated by

A

IgE

29
Q

Which chemokine drives the recruitment of oesinophils

A

Eotaxin

30
Q

Which cytokine drives the recruitment of oesinophils

A

IL 5

31
Q

Eosinophils contain granules responsible for lysis of parasitic cells, These granules contain

A

Major Basic Protein

32
Q

Mast cells express on their surface the receptor …………… that binds the …………. portion of ………. antibody.

A

FceRI; Fc; IgE

Mast cells express on their surface the receptor (FceRI) that
binds the Fc portion of IgE antibody.

33
Q

In immediate hypersensitivity reactions, IgE antibodies bound to the cells’ Fc receptors specifically recognize
antigen, and the cells degranulate and release mediators, such as

A

Histamine
Prostaglandins

34
Q

Which type of granuloma incites a persistent T cell mediated immune response

A

Immune granulomas

35
Q

In immune granulomas, macrophages activate T cells to produce which cytokines

A

IFN-Y
IL 2

36
Q

Activated macrophages in granulomas are called

A

Epitheloid cells

37
Q

Constituents of granulomas

A

Epitheloid cells
Giant cells
Mononuclear cells (T lymphocytes)
Outer rim of fibroblasts and connective tissue

38
Q

Noncaseating granulomas

A

Crohn disease
Sarcoidosis

39
Q

Granulomas are usually accompanied by fibrosis T/F

A

T

40
Q

The granuloma in tuberculosis is referred to as

A

A tubercle

41
Q

What special stain is used for tubercle bacilli

A

Acid-fast stain

42
Q

Serological studies can be helpful in

A

Syphilis

43
Q

Molecular techniques are useful in

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction in TB

44
Q

Culture methods are helpful in

A

TB and fungal diseases

45
Q

SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION

A

Morbid (8 decks)

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