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Morbid > Inflammation II > Flashcards

Inflammation II Flashcards

1
Q

Histamine and Serotonin can be released in response to anaphylatoxins

A

C3a and C5a

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2
Q

Histamine is stored in

A

Mast cell granules

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3
Q

Histamine is released by

A

Mast cell degranulation

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4
Q

Neuropeptides and cytokines may also trigger the release of histamine (give examples)

A

Substance P; IL-1, IL-8

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5
Q

Vasoactive amines are found in

A

Mast cells, basophils, platelets

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6
Q

Effect of histamine on arterioles, venules and smooth muscles

A

Dilation, Increased semi permeability, Contraction respectively

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7
Q

Antihistamine drugs are used to treat

A

Inflammatory reactions

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8
Q

Serotonin is found in

A

Platelets, GIT, mast cells(rodents)

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9
Q

Functions of serotonin

A

NT in GIT, vasoconstrictor

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10
Q

Lipid mediators are

A

Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes

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11
Q

Lipid mediators are produced from

A

Arachidonic acid

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12
Q

AA derived mediators are synthesized by two major groups of enzymes

A

Cyclooxygenases
Lipooxygenases

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13
Q

C5a releases AA from membrane phospholipids through the action of

A

Phospholipase A2

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14
Q

List the AA derived eicosanoids that mediate vasodilation

A

PGI2 (prostacyclin)
PGE2
PGE1
PGD2

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15
Q

List the eicosanoids that mediate vasoconstriction

A

Thromboxane A2
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

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16
Q

List the AA derived eicosanoids that mediate increased vascular permeability

A

Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

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17
Q

List the eicosanoids that mediate chemo taxis and leukocyte adhesion

A

Leukotriene B4, HETE

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18
Q

Prostaglandins are produced by

A

Mast cells, leukocytes, macrophages

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19
Q

Which cyclooxygenase is produced in response to inflammatory stimuli and
is also constitutively expressed in most tissues, where it may serve a hemostatic function ?

A

COX 1

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20
Q

Which cyclooxygenase is induced by inflammatory stimuli and thus generates the prostaglandins that are involved in inflammatory reactions, but is low or absent in most normal
tissues?

A

COX 2

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21
Q

A thromboxane-prostacyclin imbalance is in

A

Thrombus formation in coronary and cerebral blood vessels

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22
Q

The major prostaglandin made by mast cells

A

PGD2

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23
Q

Most widely distributed prostaglandin

A

PGE2

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24
Q

Function of PGF2a

A

Contraction of uterine and bronchial smooth muscle and small arterioles

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25
Q

Which prostaglandin is a chemoattractant for neutrophils ?

A

PGD2

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26
Q

…………… is a hyperalgesic (prostaglandin)

A

PGE2

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27
Q

………… is involved in cytokine induced fever during infections

A

PGE2

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28
Q

What enzyme converts AA to 5-HETE

A

5-lipooxygenase

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29
Q

5 HETE is chemotactic for neutrophils and the precursor of

A

Leukotrienes

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30
Q

Functions of LTB4

A

Potent chemotactic agent
Activator of neutrophils
Causes aggregation and adhesion
Generation of ROS
Release of lysosomal enzymes

31
Q

The cysteinyl-containing leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 cause

A

Intense vasoconstriction
Bronchospasm
Increase permeability of venules

32
Q

Leukotrienes are more potent than histamine in increasing vascular permeability and causing bronchospasm. T/F

A

T

33
Q

Lipoxins suppress inflammation by

A

Inhibiting the recruitment of leukocytes

34
Q

Two cell populations are required for
the transcellular biosynthesis of these mediators. Which?

A

Lipoxins

35
Q

Cyclooxygenase inhibitors include

A

Aspirin, NSAIDs eg ibuprofen

36
Q

Selective COX-2 inhibitors may increase the risk of cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular events, possibly because;

A
  1. Impair production of PGI2
  2. Doesn’t affect COX 1 mediated Thromboxane
37
Q

5 lipooxygenase is affected by NSAIDs.
T/F

A

T. It is not

38
Q

Pharmacological agents that inhibit leukotriene production are useful in

A

Treatment of asthma

39
Q

Example of a pharmacological agent that inhibits leukotriene production

A

Zileuton

40
Q

Corticosteroids are broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory agents that
reduce the transcription of genes encoding

A

COX 2
Phospholipase A2
IL-1
TNF
iNOS

41
Q

Example of leukotriene receptor antagonist

A

Montelukast

42
Q

Consumption of Fish oils promote/inhibit inflammation

A

Inhibit

43
Q

Growth factors that act on ……….. and ………… cells are not grouped under cytokines

A

Epithelial and mesenchymal

44
Q

Cytokines (TNF and IL-1) are mainly produced by

A

Activated macrophages and dendritic cells (TNF also by T lymphocytes and mast cells; IL-1 by some epithelial cells)

45
Q

The production of TNF is onduced by

A

TLRs and other microbials

46
Q

Roles of cytokines in inflammation

A
  1. Endothelial activation
  2. Activation of leukocytes and other cells
  3. Systemic acute-phase response
47
Q

TNF activates fibroblasts and stimulates THI7 responses which in turn induce AI.
T/F

A

F. IL-1 does these

48
Q

Sustained production of ………….. contributes to cachexia

A

TNF

49
Q

TNF antagonists are useful in the treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases such as

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
Psoriasis
Inflammatory bowel diseases

50
Q

In TNF antagonist therapy, patients could become susceptible to

A

Mycobacterial infection

51
Q

TNF antagonists<IL-1 antagonists (efficacy). T/F

A

F. TNF antagonists are more effective

52
Q

What substances induce acute-phase responses including fever

A

TNF
IL-1
IL-6

53
Q

Principal sources of IL-12

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages

54
Q

Principal sources of IFN-gamma

A

T lymphocytes, NK cells

55
Q

Principal sources of IL-17

A

T lymphocytes

56
Q

Action of IL-12 in inflammation

A

Increased production of IFN-gamma

57
Q

Principal sources of IFN-gamma

A

T lymphocytes, NK cells

58
Q

Principal action of IFN-gamma

A

Activation of macrophages

59
Q

Source of IL-17

A

T lymphocytes

60
Q

Action of IL-17 in inflammation

A

Recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes

61
Q

4 groups of chemokines

A

C-X-C chemokines
C-C chemokines
C chemokines
CX3C chemokines

62
Q

Functions of C-X-C

A

Activation and chemotaxis of neutrophils

63
Q

Example C-X-C

A

IL-8

64
Q

C-X-C chemokines are mainly induced by

A

IL-1, TNF

65
Q

C-C chemokines include

A

Eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-Ialpha, RANTES

66
Q

Functions of C-C chemokines

A

Attract monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes

(Not as potent chemoattractants of neutrophils)

67
Q

Oetaxin selectively recruits

A

Oesinophils

68
Q

C chemokines are relatively specific for

A

Lymphocytes

69
Q

Examples of C chemokines

A

Lymphotactin

70
Q

The only known member of CX3C chemokines is known as

A

Fractalkine

71
Q

CX3C chemokines exist in 2 forms

A

A cell-surface bound protein and a soluble form

72
Q

Chemokines mediate by activities by

A

Binding to 7-transmembrane GPCRs

73
Q

2 main functions of chemokines

A
  1. Stimulate leukocyte attachment and migration in AI
  2. Maintenance of tissue architecture
74
Q

The critical step in complement activation is

A

Proteolysis of C3 (most abundant component)

Morbid (8 decks)

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