piaget Cognitive Development Flashcards
Define figurative schemas.
Mental representations of the basic properties of objects.
Define Operative schemas
Mental representations of logical connections among objects in the world e.g. Collies are dogs and dogs are mammals and mammals are animals
Define sensorimotor schemas.
Basic actions performed on physical actions
What is adaption?
The process through which schemas change
What is organisation?
The internal rearrangement and linking together of schemas so that they form a strongly interconnected cognitive system. The process of of deriving generalisable schemas.
What sub stages are involves in the process of adaption ?
Assimilation, accommodation, equilibration
What is assimilation?
Using existing schemas to act apon the world/ interpret it. Absorbing new things into old schemas.
What is accommodation?
Adapting existing schemas to fit into reality. Change in a schema resulting from new info taken in by assimilation
What is equilibration ?
The periodic restructuring of schemas to create a balance between accommodation and assimilation.
What were the 4 stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational
Define cognitive schemas
Basic actions of knowing, including both physical actions and mental actions.
When is the sensorimotor stage?
Birth-24months
What are the 6 sub stages of the sensorimotor phase and when do they occur?
Reflexes - birth to 1 month
Primary circular reactions - 1 to 4 months
Secondary circular reactions - 4 to 8 months
Coordination of secondary reaction - 8 to 12
Tertiary circular reactions - 12-18
Beginning of representational thought 18-24 months
What happens in primary circular reactions?
Accommodation of basic schemas
Infant repeats an action to have a desired outcome on self
what happens in the secondary circular reactions?
Trial and error learning emerging
means - ends causality begins
Infants repeat an interesting effect in the surrounding world
what happens in the coordination of secondary schemas ?
clear intentional means end behaviour combines 2 schemes. Imitation occurs of novel behaviours
what happens in tertiary circular reactions?
Experimentation begins
purposeful trial and error exploration
What happens in the beginning of representational thought stage?
development of use of symbols
deferred imitation
what are the main criticisms of the sensorimotor stage?
infants understand objects better that Piaget believed. Object permanence starts as early as 2/3 months !!!
Children have memory which suggests they are capable of referring to the past. Carolyn Rovee Collier suggested that babies can remember specific events over a period of time. She did this through the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm. 2 months olds can remember 1 day, 3 months olds for 1 week and 6 months old for 2 weeks. Children are capable of some imitation at birth and they can demonstrate deferred imitation for 24 hours at 9 months
when is the pre-operational stage
2-6 years
What are the main features of the proportional stage?
c-cafes centration (tendency to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time) conservation isn't mastered animistic thinking figurative schemes increase rapidly egocentric thinking symbol use becomes evident
wha are the challenges to the pre-operational stage?
some children as young as 2/3 understand perspective taking and can adapt play to different audiences. Flavell states that at 4/5 children can figure out what the other person experiences.
4/5 year olds have developed the false belief principle which shows the emergence of the theory of mind.
children are aware that some inanimate famliar objects are not alive. only unfamiliar objects were considered to be ‘living’
when is the concrete operational stage?
6-12
what are the main stages associated with the concrete operational stage?
CIDER Can Cause Serious Headaches Conservation mastered Inductive logic Deductive logic Egocentrism eliminated Reversibility mastered Class inclusion grasped Classification Seriation Horizontal decalge to explain how it comes about
what are the criticisms of the concrete operational phase?
Siegler suggested that it is less step-like - children may use a variety of stages and varying complexity in their thinking for similar problems
task matter may also depend on the relative complexity of the task
When is the formal operational phase?
12 onwards
what features are associated with the formal operational phase?
NHS
Naive ideaism
Hypotheticodedictive reasoning (sophisticated type of reasoning that involves using deductive logic and the ability to consider hypotheses)
Systematic problem solving
what are the criticism of the formal operational stage?
some people never reach this phase or only reach it for certain tasks.
what are the general criticism of paint’s cognitive development model?
sequence of stages are not as invarient as piaget suggests- culture may have an impact
stages dont represent qualattaive changes in cognition- people argue that development is more continuous, training can speed up development, and conservation tasks are mastered at different times.
Children don’t always exhibit all the carecteristics of each stage - geocentricism is seen in some adults for example and children will turn pictures around in the pre-operational stage
What does the neo-piagetian theory suggest?
he looked at mental structure to explain cognitive change. He stated that younger children had a greater proportion of operating space compared to storage space. the more storage space available means that more complex tasks as they can store info, Myelination is part of hoe this process occurs.
Who put forward the neo-piatian theory?
case
