piaget Cognitive Development

Question 1

Define figurative schemas.

Answer 1

Mental representations of the basic properties of objects.

Question 2

Define Operative schemas

Answer 2

Mental representations of logical connections among objects in the world e.g. Collies are dogs and dogs are mammals and mammals are animals

Question 3

Define sensorimotor schemas.

Answer 3

Basic actions performed on physical actions

Question 4

What is adaption?

Answer 4

The process through which schemas change

Question 5

What is organisation?

Answer 5

The internal rearrangement and linking together of schemas so that they form a strongly interconnected cognitive system. The process of of deriving generalisable schemas.

Question 6

What sub stages are involves in the process of adaption ?

Answer 6

Assimilation, accommodation, equilibration

Question 7

What is assimilation?

Answer 7

Using existing schemas to act apon the world/ interpret it. Absorbing new things into old schemas.

Question 8

What is accommodation?

Answer 8

Adapting existing schemas to fit into reality. Change in a schema resulting from new info taken in by assimilation

Question 9

What is equilibration ?

Answer 9

The periodic restructuring of schemas to create a balance between accommodation and assimilation.

Question 10

What were the 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 10

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational

Question 11

Define cognitive schemas

Answer 11

Basic actions of knowing, including both physical actions and mental actions.

Question 12

When is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 12

Birth-24months

Question 13

What are the 6 sub stages of the sensorimotor phase and when do they occur?

Answer 13

Reflexes - birth to 1 month
Primary circular reactions - 1 to 4 months
Secondary circular reactions - 4 to 8 months
Coordination of secondary reaction - 8 to 12
Tertiary circular reactions - 12-18
Beginning of representational thought 18-24 months

Question 14

What happens in primary circular reactions?

Answer 14

Accommodation of basic schemas

Infant repeats an action to have a desired outcome on self

Question 15

what happens in the secondary circular reactions?

Answer 15

Trial and error learning emerging
means - ends causality begins
Infants repeat an interesting effect in the surrounding world

Question 16

what happens in the coordination of secondary schemas ?

Answer 16

clear intentional means end behaviour combines 2 schemes. Imitation occurs of novel behaviours

Question 17

what happens in tertiary circular reactions?

Answer 17

Experimentation begins

purposeful trial and error exploration

Question 18

What happens in the beginning of representational thought stage?

Answer 18

development of use of symbols

deferred imitation

Question 19

what are the main criticisms of the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 19

infants understand objects better that Piaget believed. Object permanence starts as early as 2/3 months !!!
Children have memory which suggests they are capable of referring to the past. Carolyn Rovee Collier suggested that babies can remember specific events over a period of time. She did this through the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm. 2 months olds can remember 1 day, 3 months olds for 1 week and 6 months old for 2 weeks. Children are capable of some imitation at birth and they can demonstrate deferred imitation for 24 hours at 9 months

Question 20

when is the pre-operational stage

Answer 20

2-6 years

Question 21

What are the main features of the proportional stage?

Answer 21

c-cafes 
centration  (tendency to think of the world in terms of one variable at a time)
conservation isn't mastered 
animistic thinking
figurative schemes increase rapidly 
egocentric thinking
symbol use becomes evident

Question 22

wha are the challenges to the pre-operational stage?

Answer 22

some children as young as 2/3 understand perspective taking and can adapt play to different audiences. Flavell states that at 4/5 children can figure out what the other person experiences.
4/5 year olds have developed the false belief principle which shows the emergence of the theory of mind.
children are aware that some inanimate famliar objects are not alive. only unfamiliar objects were considered to be ‘living’

Question 23

when is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 23

6-12

Question 24

what are the main stages associated with the concrete operational stage?

Answer 24

CIDER Can Cause Serious Headaches 
Conservation mastered
Inductive logic 
Deductive logic 
Egocentrism eliminated
Reversibility mastered 
Class inclusion grasped 
Classification
Seriation 
Horizontal decalge to explain how it comes about

Question 25

what are the criticisms of the concrete operational phase?

Answer 25

Siegler suggested that it is less step-like - children may use a variety of stages and varying complexity in their thinking for similar problems
task matter may also depend on the relative complexity of the task

Question 26

When is the formal operational phase?

Answer 26

12 onwards

Question 27

what features are associated with the formal operational phase?

Answer 27

NHS
Naive ideaism
Hypotheticodedictive reasoning (sophisticated type of reasoning that involves using deductive logic and the ability to consider hypotheses)
Systematic problem solving

Question 28

what are the criticism of the formal operational stage?

Answer 28

some people never reach this phase or only reach it for certain tasks.

Question 29

what are the general criticism of paint’s cognitive development model?

Answer 29

sequence of stages are not as invarient as piaget suggests- culture may have an impact
stages dont represent qualattaive changes in cognition- people argue that development is more continuous, training can speed up development, and conservation tasks are mastered at different times.
Children don’t always exhibit all the carecteristics of each stage - geocentricism is seen in some adults for example and children will turn pictures around in the pre-operational stage

Question 30

What does the neo-piagetian theory suggest?

Answer 30

he looked at mental structure to explain cognitive change. He stated that younger children had a greater proportion of operating space compared to storage space. the more storage space available means that more complex tasks as they can store info, Myelination is part of hoe this process occurs.

Question 31

Who put forward the neo-piatian theory?

Answer 31

case