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PhysPsych2 Flashcards

2
Q

Franz Gall

A

phrenology

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3
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

First to study the functions of major sections of the brain

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4
Q

Extirpation

A

aka ablation, surgically remove various parts of prain to observe. Flourens did on pigeons

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5
Q

William James

A

study how mind functioned while adapting to the environment, forming Functionalism

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6
Q

Functionalism

A

studying how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

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7
Q

John Dewey

A

Functionalist, criticized reaction arc

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8
Q

Paul Broca

A

First to demonstrate that functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions

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9
Q

Johannes Muller

A

identified the law of specific nerve energies, states that each sensory nerve is excited by a type of energy (more important what part of brain stimulated than the type of stimulus)

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10
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

first to measure speed of a nerve impulse via reaction. credited with moving psych into a natural science

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11
Q

Sir Charles Shrrington

A

first to infer the existence of synapses, except thought electrical (is chemical)

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12
Q

Sensory neurons

A

aka afferent neurons, from receptors to spinal cord and brain

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13
Q

Motor neurons

A

aka efferent neurons. from brain and spinal cord to muscles

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14
Q

interneurons

A

most common of 3 types. linked to reflexive behavior

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15
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Sensory neurons send pain info to spinal cord, interneurons immediately transmit info to motor, tell foot to move

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16
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

PNS

A

nerve tissues and fibers, connects the CNS to rest of body

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18
Q

Somatic NS

A

sensory and motor neurons, transmit through afferent fibers (sensory, up) and efferent fibers (motor, down)

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19
Q

Autonomic NS

A

regulates fight or flight (automatic functions). investigated by Walter Cannon

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20
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Hypes up

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21
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Slows down, conserve energy. “resting and digesting”. Acetylcholine

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22
Q

Hindbrain

A

balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestions, waking/sleeping (Vital functions)

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23
Q

Midbrain

A

sensorimotor refleces

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24
Q

Phelogeny

A

term for evolutionary deveopment in humans

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25
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Vital functions (breathing, digestion)

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26
Cerebellum
Refined motor movements
27
Reticular formation
arousal, attention, and alterness, anesthetics work here
28
Superior v Interior colliculus
superior/visual input. inferior/auditory. responsible for reflexes
29
Thalamus
sensory relay station (except smell)
30
Hypothalamus
lateral, ventromedial, anterior. emotion during high arousal, aggresion, sexual, hormones, homeostatic functions (hunger). Fight or Flight
31
Osmoregulation
maintenance of water balance in body peformed by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus (Walter Cannon)
32
Lateral Hypothalamus
hunger center. lesion/ aphagia (lack hunger)
33
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
satiety center, when you’ve eaten enough. lesion/hyperphagia (very hungry)
34
Anterior hypothalamus
Sexual activity
35
Basal Ganglia
coordinates muscle movement. related to parkinson's and schizophrenia
36
Extrapyramidal motor system
sends info to brain and spinal cord about body position. helps make smooth movememnts, steady posture
37
Ventricles
fluid filled cavities in brain, link to spinal cord. abnormalities relate to schizophrenianegsocial withdrawl, flat affect, catatonic state
38
Cerebrospinal fluid
fills ventricles and spinal canal
39
Limbic system
emotion and memory. septum, amygdala, hippocampus
40
Septum
akak septal area, primary pleasure center. inhibits agrression. discovered by James Olds and Peter Milner (rats preferred stimulation to eating)
41
Amygdala
defensive and aggressive behavior. Kluver and bucy, bilateral removal/ KB Syndrome, hypersexual
42
Hippocampus
memory and learning
43
Anterograde amnesia
No new memories, lesion to hippocampus. HM, stop seizures. Brenda Milner Case Study
44
Frontal Lobe
Prefrontal and motor cortex. Broca's Area (normally left hemisphere)
45
Association v Projection areas
Association/ combines input from many areas. projection/ receive incoming sensory info, or sen out motor commands (visual, motor cortexes)
46
Parietal lobe
somatosensory cortex. also spatial processing
47
Striate Cortex
visual cortex. David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
48
Temporal Lobe
Wernike's area (language reception and comprehension), auditory, language, memory
49
Ipsilaterally
communication and action on same side of ody (rare, smell)
50
nondominant hemisphere
interprets emotion of language, intuition, creativity, spatial,
51
Corpus Callosum
Roger Sperry, Michale Gazzaniga, split brain patients
52
Neurons 4 parts
cell body (Soma), dendrites, axon, terminal buttons. Transforms chemical (between) energy to elctrical (within) energy and back
53
Glial Cells
nonneural cells, specialized in insulating the axon w/ myeling sheath, speeds up conduction for impulses
54
Dendrite v Axon
Axon myelinated, static, communication avenue. Dendrite changes, receives info
55
Resting potentional
slight negative electrical charge in membrane (aka membrane potential). polarized at rest, neg70 millivolts
56
ions
small ones pass through membrane. potassim inside, sodium outside but both move. sodiumnegpotassium pump retains resting polarization
57
Firing of a neuron 4 stages
resting potential, depolarization, action potential spike, hyperpolarization
58
Depolarization
increase to threshold potential, neg50 millivots, actual firing of the neuron. occurs at node of Ranvier
59
Action Potential spike
rapid electrical pulse, positive charge of membrane (sudden influx of sodium)
60
2 parts of Refractory Period
Absoluteneg depolarization, unresponsive to any stimulus. relativeneg post spike, strong stimuli can reach threshold potential
61
Axon hillock
origin of action potential, where axon meets cell body, switch to all or nothing property from the graded potential of the cell body
62
Presynaptic membrane
on the terminal button, facing the synapse, contains vesicles of NTs
63
Postsynaptic membrane
on dendrite, facing synapse, receptors to receive NTs
64
EPSP
excitatory postsynaptic potential. when NT creates a postsynaptic potential that makes the neuron more likely to fire (IPSP when less likely to fire). graded potentials
65
Eric Kandel
aplusia, habituation causes less NT release, showed that synaptic transmission underlie behavior change
66
Acetylcholine
trasnmits nerve impusles, linked to Alzheimers
67
Catecholamines
epinephrine, norepinephrine, domapine (also aka monoanimes/ biogenic amines). important in emotion expreience
68
Norepinephrine
aka noradrenaline, controls alertness and wakefulness. implicated in depression (too little and mania (too much)
69
Dopamine
role in movement and posture. located in basal ganglia. schizophrenia (too much or brain is over sensitive).parkinsons (LnegDopa increases dopamine)
70
Phenothiazines
antipsychotic med, thought to reduce sensitivity of dopamine receptors
71
Tardive dyskinesia
sideeffect of antipsychotic drugs, motor disturbances similar to Parkinsons
72
GABA
produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, play a role in stabilizing neural activity
73
Peptides
2 or more amino acids joined. endorphins and enkephalins, similar to morphine and opiates, natural painkillers
74
Depressants
aka sedativeneghypnotic drugs, synergistic (additive, more means greater). benzodiazepines (valium) and barbituratesneg increase GABA.
75
Korsakoff's Syndrome
chronic alcoholism, serious disturbances in memory. traced to vitamin loss in thiamin (Vitamin B1)
76
Behavioral Stimulants
Amphetamines (mimic sympathetic NS). antidepressants
77
Tricyclic antidepressants
facilitate transmission of norepinephrine or serotonin at synapse (block reuptake of monoamines)
78
MAO
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. inhibit MAO which normally breaks down norrepinephrine and serotonin
79
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, Prozac
80
Ritalin
aka Methylphenidates, treat ADD. increases alertness and decreases motor activity
81
Antipsychotic drugs
Thorazine, chlorpromazine, phenothiazine, haloperidol (Haldol). all schizophrenia
82
Lithium Carbonate
Treat Bipolar
83
Pituitary gland
anterior releases hormones and endocrine glands (controlled by hypothalamus)
84
Androgens
critical male hormones, most important hormone is testosterone
85
Gonadoptropic hormones
aka gonadtropins, during puberty, increase production of hormones, stimulating secondary sex characteriestics
86
Female reproductive cycle
FSH hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen (release egg) and progesterone (prepares uterus)
87
Wilder Penfield
stimulated brain parts with electrocodes, mapped different areas on surface
88
rCBF
regional cerebral bllod flow. measured by PET, CAT, and MRI scans
89
A.R. Luria
neuropsychological disorders, wrote early book on
90
Apraxia
impairment in organization of motor actions, damage at associations areas that organize simple motor movememnts into voluntary acts
91
Reticular formation
brainstem, keeps cortex awake and alert
92
Sleep Wave
Beta/awake. Alpha/awak, eyes closed, relaxing. Delta/Stage 3 and 4. Theta/ stage 2
93
Sleep Cycle
1. sleep spindles. 2.theta waves, slower, K complexes. 3. slower, delta waves. 4. deepest sleep, steepest sleep spindles, delta waves. REM.desynchronized sleep/paradocical sleep. look like beta waves(all 90 minutes)
94
James Lange theory of emotion
physiological reaction, then emotion
95
Cannon Bard Theory of emotion
physiological and emotional naming occur simultaneously
96
Schacter Singer Theory
aka 2 factor theory of emotion.emotion is based on interaction between changes in physiological and cognitive appraisal

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