Developmental

Question 1

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>British empiricist school of thought</p>

Answer 1

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hobbes, Hume, Mill, Locke; all knowledge gained through experience-tabula rasa at birth; mold child through parents</p>

Question 2

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Rousseau</p>

Answer 2

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>society actually a detriment to optimal development</p>

Question 3

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Functionalist System of Thought</p>

Answer 3

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>studying the mind as it functioned to help individuals adapt to environment; individual differences; Darwin</p>

Question 4

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Stanley Hall</p>

Answer 4

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Father of Developmental psych; empirical research w/ kids, Founder of APA</p>

Question 5

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>John Watson</p>

Answer 5

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Believer in influence of environment, huge focus on parents, believed emotions and thought through learning; huge Behavioralist</p>

Question 6

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arnold Gesell</p>

Answer 6

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Development occures as a biological process, regardless of practice/training; “Nativist”</p>

Question 7

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Psychodynamic Orientation perspective</p>

Answer 7

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Originated w/ Freud, stress role of subconscious conflicts in development of functioning and personality</p>

Question 8

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cognitive Structuralist Perspective</p>

Answer 8

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Piaget, children active in own development, how construct knowledge of the world through experience</p>

Question 9

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sequential Cohort Studies</p>

Answer 9

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Combine longitudinal and cross-sectional, several groups of different ages studied over time</p>

Question 10

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Gregor Mendel</p>

Answer 10

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Initiated study of genetics, basic unit of heredity=gene; alternative form was allele, controlled gene’ either dominant or recessive</p>

Question 11

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Genotype</p>

Answer 11

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>total genetic complement</p>

Question 12

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phenotype</p>

Answer 12

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>expressed trait</p>

Question 13

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chromosome</p>

Answer 13

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>location of genes, 23rd=sex gene; 23 pairs of chromosomes per nucleus (diploid)</p>

Question 14

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Haploid</p>

Answer 14

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Gametes (sperm & egg cells) only have 23 individual chromosomes</p>

Question 15

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>R.C. Tryon</p>

Answer 15

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>studied maze running ability of rats; determined if maze bright/dull, or middle; selective breeding; skills intensified over generations</p>

Question 16

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lewis Terman</p>

Answer 16

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>first to study gifted childrem, large school longitudinal</p>

Question 17

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Down’s Syndrome</p>

Answer 17

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>extra 21st chromosome, more common with older parents</p>

Question 18

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>PKU</p>

Answer 18

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Penylketonuria, degenerative disease of nervous system, enzyme to digest phenylalanine is missing</p>

Question 19

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Klinefelter’s Syndrome</p>

Answer 19

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Extra X chromosome in males, sterile and typically mentally challenged</p>

Question 20

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Turner’s Syndrome</p>

Answer 20

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Females w/ only 1 X chromosome, cant develop secondary sex characteristics, other physical abnormalities</p>

Question 21

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Zygote</p>

Answer 21

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fertilized egg</p>

Question 22

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Germinal Period</p>

Answer 22

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Egg travels down tube, implanted in uterine wall, 2 weeks</p>

Question 23

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Embryonic Stage</p>

Answer 23

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>8 weeks, increase in size by 2million percent, </p>

Question 24

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fetal Period</p>

Answer 24

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>3rd month, measurable electrical activity in the brain, </p>

Question 25

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Moro Reflex</p>

Answer 25

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Abrupt movement of head, fling out arms, then hugging self</p>

Question 26

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Babinski Reflex</p>

Answer 26

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Toes spread when foot stimulated</p>

Question 27

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Schema</p>

Answer 27

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Piaget, organized patterns of behavior and/or thought; repeated experience teaches</p>

Question 28

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Adaption</p>

Answer 28

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Through assimilation (interpreting new info in terms of old schema) & Accomodation (modifying existing schema to encompass)</p>

Question 29

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Piaget’s 4 Stages</p>

Answer 29

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational</p>

Question 30

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sensorimotor Stage</p>

Answer 30

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>birth-2yrs; Object Permanence & primary & secondary circular reactions (repeated actions to achieve goals; primary is self, secondary other objects</p>

Question 31

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Preoperational Stage</p>

Answer 31

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>2-7 years; begin representational thought; Centration,</p>

Question 32

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Centration</p>

Answer 32

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Only able to focus on one aspect of a phenomenon ( cant take anothers perspective; egocentrism) Conservation-change shape, same volume</p>

Question 33

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Concrete Operational Stage</p>

Answer 33

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>7-11; difficulty with abstract though, mastered conservation</p>

Question 34

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Formal Operational Stage</p>

Answer 34

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Think logically about abstract ideas; succesful at understanding Pendulum (length of string)</p>

Question 35

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lee Vygotsky</p>

Answer 35

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Children internatlize aspects of culture, developing cognitive activity</p>

Question 36

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Zone of Proximal Development</p>

Answer 36

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>skills currently being developed, children require guidance to demonstrate such skills</p>

Question 37

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phonology</p>

Answer 37

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>actual sound stem of language; kids learn to recognize sounds of language (40 phonemes in english)</p>

Question 38

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Categorical Perception</p>

Answer 38

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Learn to distinguish noises of language and nonlanguage sounds</p>

Question 39

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Semantics</p>

Answer 39

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>learning of word meanings, categories or specific members of categories</p>

Question 40

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Syntax</p>

Answer 40

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>how words are put together to form sentences</p>

Question 41

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Pragmatics</p>

Answer 41

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>actual efficient use of a langauge; inflections</p>

Question 42

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lenneberg, Rebelsky, Nichols</p>

Answer 42

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>age of babbeling same no matter hearing, but more frequent/longer for hearing children</p>

Question 43

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Errors of growth</p>

Answer 43

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Overregulation; more grammatical errors as learn more words; generalizing an internalized rule</p>

Question 44

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Noam Chomsky</p>

Answer 44

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Claimed children have innate ability of transformational grammar (conjugating) </p>

Question 45

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>L.A.D.</p>

Answer 45

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Language acquisition device, Chomsky, thought to be triggered by exposure to language</p>

Question 46

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Genie</p>

Answer 46

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>no contact from 2-13, eventually able to learn some language-establishes sensitive period of language development</p>

Question 47

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Freud’s 5 Stages</p>

Answer 47

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital</p>

Question 48

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oral Stage</p>

Answer 48

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>0-1yr, put objects in mouth; fixation=excessive dependency</p>

Question 49

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Anal Stage</p>

Answer 49

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>1-3yr, elimnation and retenion of waste materials; fixation= orderliness or slopiness</p>

Question 50

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Oedipal Stage</p>

Answer 50

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>3-5; aka phallic; Oedipal/Electra Conflict</p>

Question 51

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Latency</p>

Answer 51

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>5-puberty’ libido is sublimated</p>

Question 52

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Genital Stage</p>

Answer 52

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>healthy relationship if proper development; OR fetishes</p>

Question 53

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Eric Erikson</p>

Answer 53

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Development is a sequence of life crises;psychosocial theory, emphasizes emotional development and interactions w/ social environment</p>

Question 54

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Erikson’s Crises</p>

Answer 54

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>trust, autonomy, initiviative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, integrity</p>

Question 55

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Trust v Mistrust</p>

Answer 55

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>year 1, trust self and environment OR suspisious of world</p>

Question 56

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Autonomy V Shame & Guilt</p>

Answer 56

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>1-3yrs, Autonomy OR feeling of lack of control</p>

Question 57

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Initiative V Guilt</p>

Answer 57

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>3-6yrs, feeling of purpose OR fear of punishment, show off or restrict self</p>

Question 58

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Industry V Inferiority</p>

Answer 58

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>6-12yrs, competent OR feel inadequate</p>

Question 59

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Intimacy V Isolation</p>

Answer 59

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Failure leads to avoidace of commitment, distancing of self </p>

Question 60

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Generativity V Stagnation</p>

Answer 60

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>middle age, good member of society OR bored, little care of others</p>

Question 61

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Integrity V Despair</p>

Answer 61

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Old age, reflect on life, Wisdom or feeling of bitterness about life, fear death</p>

Question 62

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Temperament</p>

Answer 62

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>somewhat heritable, emerges early in life, stable, pervasive across situations</p>

Question 63

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Thomas & Chess</p>

Answer 63

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>longitudinal study of temperament, 3 categories of infant emotional style “easy, slow to warm up, and difficult”</p>

Question 64

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Temperament RM’s</p>

Answer 64

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Parental reports of child behavior, obstervation in naturalistic settings, observations in laboratory settings</p>

Question 65

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Wolff</p>

Answer 65

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>ID’d three distinct patterns of crying, basic, angry, pain. Parent HR increase to pain cry (nonparents too) children learn crying=response</p>

Question 66

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Social Smiling</p>

Answer 66

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>ingants communication, by 5 months, only familiar faces elicit a smile</p>

Question 67

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fear Response</p>

Answer 67

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Undifferentiated to inncreasingly specific, by 1yr, more specific</p>

Question 68

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Harry Harlow</p>

Answer 68

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Baby rhesus monkeys, contact comfort, prefer cloth even w/o food providing</p>

Question 69

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>John Bowlby</p>

Answer 69

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>studied foster children, lacked bodily contact, attachment phases</p>

Question 70

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Bowlby’s Attachment phases</p>

Answer 70

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>1. pre-attachment, infant reacts identically to all adults 2. 3months, discriminate between faces, 6months seek mother, 9-12 bonding intensifies, stranger anxiety, 2yrs seperation anxiety</p>

Question 71

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Mary Ainsworth</p>

Answer 71

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Strange situation procdure, Ugandan children, observed child while mother & stranger came & left</p>

Question 72

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type A</p>

Answer 72

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Insecure/avoidant attachment, not distressed when alone w/ stranger, avoid mother upon return</p>

Question 73

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type B</p>

Answer 73

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Secure Attachment</p>

Question 74

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Type C</p>

Answer 74

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Insecure/Resistant, distressed when alone, resist contact when she returns</p>

Question 75

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Konrad lorenz</p>

Answer 75

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>imprinting, bird imprinted on him, critical periods of attachment</p>

Question 76

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lawrence Kohlberg</p>

Answer 76

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>3 stages of moral development: Preconventional, conventional, post conventional</p>

Question 77

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Preconventional morality</p>

Answer 77

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>right and wrong established by reward/punishment, first punishment to obedience, then reciprocity</p>

Question 78

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Conventional phase of Morality</p>

Answer 78

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>based on social rules, good girl,nice boy orientation (look for approval) then law-and-order orientation (morality deifned by authority)</p>

Question 79

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>PostConventional Morality</p>

Answer 79

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Social sontract orientation- morals are conventions to ensure greater good; then Universal ethical principles- act according to principles</p>

Question 80

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Heinz Dillema</p>

Answer 80

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Kohlberg design, responses to hypothetical moral situations, place in 1 of stages</p>

Question 81

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Carol Gilligan</p>

Answer 81

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Males & females adopt different perspectives on moral issues due to how they are raised; Kohlberg only tested males; She claims women focused on caring & compassion</p>

Question 82

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Kohlberg’s Gender Stages</p>

Answer 82

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Gender labeling-label self and others; Gender stability-know will always be that gender, superficial, based on physical notion; Gender consistency- permanency</p>

Question 83

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Gender schematic processing theory</p>

Answer 83

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Martin & Halverson, once label self, concentrate on behaviors that are associated with their gender</p>

Question 84

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Diana Baumrind</p>

Answer 84

<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Parenting, authoritarian-no warmth; authoritative- high demands, positive reinforcement, warm; permissive-no control</p>