Developmental Flashcards
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>British empiricist school of thought</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Hobbes, Hume, Mill, Locke; all knowledge gained through experience-tabula rasa at birth; mold child through parents</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Rousseau</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>society actually a detriment to optimal development</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Functionalist System of Thought</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>studying the mind as it functioned to help individuals adapt to environment; individual differences; Darwin</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Stanley Hall</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Father of Developmental psych; empirical research w/ kids, Founder of APA</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>John Watson</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Believer in influence of environment, huge focus on parents, believed emotions and thought through learning; huge Behavioralist</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Arnold Gesell</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Development occures as a biological process, regardless of practice/training; “Nativist”</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Psychodynamic Orientation perspective</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Originated w/ Freud, stress role of subconscious conflicts in development of functioning and personality</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Cognitive Structuralist Perspective</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Piaget, children active in own development, how construct knowledge of the world through experience</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Sequential Cohort Studies</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Combine longitudinal and cross-sectional, several groups of different ages studied over time</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Gregor Mendel</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Initiated study of genetics, basic unit of heredity=gene; alternative form was allele, controlled gene’ either dominant or recessive</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Genotype</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>total genetic complement</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Phenotype</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>expressed trait</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Chromosome</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>location of genes, 23rd=sex gene; 23 pairs of chromosomes per nucleus (diploid)</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Haploid</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Gametes (sperm & egg cells) only have 23 individual chromosomes</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>R.C. Tryon</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>studied maze running ability of rats; determined if maze bright/dull, or middle; selective breeding; skills intensified over generations</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Lewis Terman</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>first to study gifted childrem, large school longitudinal</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Down’s Syndrome</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>extra 21st chromosome, more common with older parents</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>PKU</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Penylketonuria, degenerative disease of nervous system, enzyme to digest phenylalanine is missing</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Klinefelter’s Syndrome</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Extra X chromosome in males, sterile and typically mentally challenged</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Turner’s Syndrome</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Females w/ only 1 X chromosome, cant develop secondary sex characteristics, other physical abnormalities</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Zygote</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fertilized egg</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Germinal Period</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Egg travels down tube, implanted in uterine wall, 2 weeks</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Embryonic Stage</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>8 weeks, increase in size by 2million percent, </p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>Fetal Period</p>
<p class=”large” style=”text-align:center”;>3rd month, measurable electrical activity in the brain, </p>
Moro Reflex
Abrupt movement of head, fling out arms, then hugging self
Babinski Reflex
Toes spread when foot stimulated
Schema
Piaget, organized patterns of behavior and/or thought; repeated experience teaches
Adaption
Through assimilation (interpreting new info in terms of old schema) & Accomodation (modifying existing schema to encompass)
Piaget's 4 Stages
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Sensorimotor Stage
birth-2yrs; Object Permanence & primary & secondary circular reactions (repeated actions to achieve goals; primary is self, secondary other objects
Preoperational Stage
2-7 years; begin representational thought; Centration,
Centration
Only able to focus on one aspect of a phenomenon ( cant take anothers perspective; egocentrism) Conservation-change shape, same volume
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11; difficulty with abstract though, mastered conservation
Formal Operational Stage
Think logically about abstract ideas; succesful at understanding Pendulum (length of string)
Lee Vygotsky
Children internatlize aspects of culture, developing cognitive activity
Zone of Proximal Development
skills currently being developed, children require guidance to demonstrate such skills
Phonology
actual sound stem of language; kids learn to recognize sounds of language (40 phonemes in english)
Categorical Perception
Learn to distinguish noises of language and nonlanguage sounds
Semantics
learning of word meanings, categories or specific members of categories
Syntax
how words are put together to form sentences
Pragmatics
actual efficient use of a langauge; inflections
Lenneberg, Rebelsky, Nichols
age of babbeling same no matter hearing, but more frequent/longer for hearing children
Errors of growth
Overregulation; more grammatical errors as learn more words; generalizing an internalized rule
Noam Chomsky
Claimed children have innate ability of transformational grammar (conjugating)
L.A.D.
Language acquisition device, Chomsky, thought to be triggered by exposure to language
Genie
no contact from 2-13, eventually able to learn some language-establishes sensitive period of language development
Freud's 5 Stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oral Stage
0-1yr, put objects in mouth; fixation=excessive dependency
Anal Stage
1-3yr, elimnation and retenion of waste materials; fixation= orderliness or slopiness
Oedipal Stage
3-5; aka phallic; Oedipal/Electra Conflict
Latency
5-puberty' libido is sublimated
Genital Stage
healthy relationship if proper development; OR fetishes
Eric Erikson
Development is a sequence of life crises;psychosocial theory, emphasizes emotional development and interactions w/ social environment
Erikson's Crises
trust, autonomy, initiviative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, integrity
Trust v Mistrust
year 1, trust self and environment OR suspisious of world
Autonomy V Shame & Guilt
1-3yrs, Autonomy OR feeling of lack of control
Initiative V Guilt
3-6yrs, feeling of purpose OR fear of punishment, show off or restrict self
Industry V Inferiority
6-12yrs, competent OR feel inadequate
Intimacy V Isolation
Failure leads to avoidace of commitment, distancing of self
Generativity V Stagnation
middle age, good member of society OR bored, little care of others
Integrity V Despair
Old age, reflect on life, Wisdom or feeling of bitterness about life, fear death
Temperament
somewhat heritable, emerges early in life, stable, pervasive across situations
Thomas & Chess
longitudinal study of temperament, 3 categories of infant emotional style "easy, slow to warm up, and difficult"
Temperament RM's
Parental reports of child behavior, obstervation in naturalistic settings, observations in laboratory settings
Wolff
ID'd three distinct patterns of crying, basic, angry, pain. Parent HR increase to pain cry (nonparents too) children learn crying=response
Social Smiling
ingants communication, by 5 months, only familiar faces elicit a smile
Fear Response
Undifferentiated to inncreasingly specific, by 1yr, more specific
Harry Harlow
Baby rhesus monkeys, contact comfort, prefer cloth even w/o food providing
John Bowlby
studied foster children, lacked bodily contact, attachment phases
Bowlby's Attachment phases
1. pre-attachment, infant reacts identically to all adults 2. 3months, discriminate between faces, 6months seek mother, 9-12 bonding intensifies, stranger anxiety, 2yrs seperation anxiety
Mary Ainsworth
Strange situation procdure, Ugandan children, observed child while mother & stranger came & left
Type A
Insecure/avoidant attachment, not distressed when alone w/ stranger, avoid mother upon return
Type B
Secure Attachment
Type C
Insecure/Resistant, distressed when alone, resist contact when she returns
Konrad lorenz
imprinting, bird imprinted on him, critical periods of attachment
Lawrence Kohlberg
3 stages of moral development: Preconventional, conventional, post conventional
Preconventional morality
right and wrong established by reward/punishment, first punishment to obedience, then reciprocity
Conventional phase of Morality
based on social rules, good girl,nice boy orientation (look for approval) then law-and-order orientation (morality deifned by authority)
PostConventional Morality
Social sontract orientation- morals are conventions to ensure greater good; then Universal ethical principles- act according to principles
Heinz Dillema
Kohlberg design, responses to hypothetical moral situations, place in 1 of stages
Carol Gilligan
Males & females adopt different perspectives on moral issues due to how they are raised; Kohlberg only tested males; She claims women focused on caring & compassion
Kohlberg's Gender Stages
Gender labeling-label self and others; Gender stability-know will always be that gender, superficial, based on physical notion; Gender consistency- permanency
Gender schematic processing theory
Martin & Halverson, once label self, concentrate on behaviors that are associated with their gender
Diana Baumrind
Parenting, authoritarian-no warmth; authoritative- high demands, positive reinforcement, warm; permissive-no control
