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Physiology > Physiology wk5 > Flashcards

Physiology wk5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the cardiopulmonary/cardiorespiratory system

A
  • Transport of o2 and nutrients to tissues
  • Removal of co2
  • Regulation of body temp
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2
Q

what are the two adjustments of blood flow during exercise

A

increased cardiac output
redistribution of blood from inactive organs/digestive system

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3
Q

what is included in the circulatory system

A

heart – creates pressure to pump blood
Arteries and arterioles – carries blood away from heart
Capillaries – exchange of o2,co2 and nutrients with tissue
Veins and venules – carry blood toward the heart

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4
Q

what wall components make up blood vessels

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Endothelium
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5
Q

physical characteristics of blood include

A

Plasma – liquid portion of blood, contains: ions, proteins and hormones
Cells –
* red blood cells erythrocytes (contains HB)
* White blood cell (prevent infection
* Platelets (blood clots)
Haematocrit – percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes (amount that is RBC)

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6
Q

what does resistance refer to

A

measure of hinderance or opposition to blood flow, caused by friction

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7
Q

what is total peripheral resistance

A

sum of resistance to flow in all individual organs

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8
Q

what is the relationship between pressure difference, resistance and blood flow

A

Blood flow is directly proportional to the pressure difference the two ends of the system and inversely proportional to resistance

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9
Q

what is the formula for blood flow

A

change in pressure / resistance (darcy’s law)

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10
Q

what does resistance depend upon

A
  • length of the vessel
  • viscosity of blood
  • radius of vessel
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11
Q

what is the formula for resistance

A

length x viscosity / radius ^4

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12
Q

what is the formula for MAP

A

MAP = CO (cardiac ouput???) x Total peripheral resistance

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13
Q

what is local vascular resistance

A

resistance of blood flow from a single vessel

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14
Q

what is poseuille’s law

A

radius^4 is inversely proportional to resistance

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15
Q

what are two sources of resistance

A
  • MAP decreases throughout the systemic circulation
  • Largest BP drop occurs across the arterioles
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16
Q

how does respiration contribute to aerobic performance

A
  • O2 diffusion
  • Ventilation
  • Alveolar ventilation
  • Hb-o2 affinity
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17
Q

how does central circulation contribute to aerobic performance

A
  • Cardiac output
  • Arterial blood pressure
  • Hb conc
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18
Q

how does peripheral circulation contribute to aerobic peroformance

A
  • Flow to non-existing regions
  • Muscle blood flow
  • Muscle capillary density
  • O2 diffusion
  • Vasvualr endurance
  • O2 extraction
  • O2-Hb affinity
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19
Q

how does muscle metabolism contribute to aerobic performance

A
  • Enzymes and oxidative potential
  • Energy stores
  • Myoglobin
  • Mitochondria
  • Muscle mass/fibre types
  • Substrate delivery
20
Q

what is arteriovenous difference

A

amount of o2 taken up from 100ml of blood

21
Q

what is ficks equation

A

relationship between cardiac outpt, vo2 diff and vo2
vo2 = q x a-vo2 differnece

22
Q

what afferent feedback influences the cardiovascular system

A
  • heart mechanoreceptors
  • muscle chemoreceptors – muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs, sensitive to force ans sped of contraction
  • baroreceptors
23
Q

what is the exercise pressor reflex

A

peripheral feedback to the medulla oblongata to amend cv response to exercise

24
Q

what happpens to the baroreflex during exercise

A

it becomes inactive and rests in order to not confuse the body when increasing blood flow

25
Q

what is the structure of the heart wall

A
  • Epicardium - lubricative outer layer
  • Myocardium - provides muscular contractions that eject blood from chambers
  • Endocardium - protective inner lining of chambers and valves
26
Q

what is a myocardial infraction

A
  • Blockage in coronary blood flow results in cell damage
  • Exercise training protects against heart damage during an MI
27
Q

what are some structural differences between heart and skeletal muscles

A

Heart muscke fibers are shorter and branched
Heart muscles only have a singular nuclei compared to multiple in muscle
Skeletal muscles have no cellular junctions, the heart does
heart action is involuntary
heart muscles have the potential to be regenerative

28
Q

what are the 4 steps of the conduction system within the heart

A
  1. SA node – pacemaker, initiaties depolarization
  2. AV node – passes depolarization to ventricles, delay allowing for ventricular filling
  3. Bundle branches – connect atria to ventricles
  4. Purkinje fibres – spread way wave of depolarization throughout ventricles
29
Q

from the AV node where do the impulses move to

A

moves through ‘fibrous skeleton’ and into the intraventricular septum

30
Q

what are the components of an ECG

A

P wave – atrial depolarization
QRS complex – ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave – ventricular repolarization

31
Q
A
32
Q

what happens in systole

A

the intraventricular pressure rises as the ventricles contract, this pressure falls as the ventricles relax. The pressure is what opens the valves to allow blood to move through the heart

33
Q

what are the uses of the ECG

A
  • evaluate cardiac function
  • Look for atherosclerosis
  • S-T segment depression
34
Q

what is myocardial ischemia

A

reduced blood flow to myocardium

35
Q

how does the parasympatheitc system work

A

works via vagus nerve to slow HR by inhibiting SA/AV node (ACH

36
Q

how does the sympathetic system work

A

works via cardiac accelerator nerves to increase HR by stimulating SA/AV node (norepinephrine)

37
Q

what does chronotropic mean

A

heart rate increases

38
Q

what does inotropic mean

A

contractility increases

39
Q

what controls coronary blood vessels

A

Control of coronary blood vessels are mainly metabolic, the main metabolic vasodilator is adenosine

40
Q

what is cardiac arrest

A

sudden unexpected loss of contractile function of the heart

41
Q

what life support measures do you use during cardiac arrest

A
  • CPR
  • Chest compressions
  • AED – electric shock
42
Q

what does Vfib refer to

A

ECG is too small

43
Q

what does VT refer to

A

ECG too large

44
Q

increased need for o2 is achieved through

A
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to skeletal muscles
45
Q

what is end diastolic volume EDV

A
  • volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (preload)
  • venous return
  • frank-starling mechanism (increased stretch of ventricles)
46
Q

what is average aortic pressure

A

pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood (afterload)

47
Q

what is strength of ventricular contraction enhanced by

A
  • circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • direct sympathetic stimulation of the heart

Physiology (13 decks)

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