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Physiology > exercise and immune function > Flashcards

exercise and immune function Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two branches of the immune system

A

innate - non specific
adaptive - specific

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2
Q

what does the immune system do

A

defends the body against foreign pathogens including viruses, bacteria and fungi

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3
Q

does heavy exercise help immune function

A

less antibodies
reduced immune cells
less responsive immune cells
less function of immune cells

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4
Q

what are the innate physical barriers

A
  • tears
  • Saliva
  • Cough/sneeze
  • Muscal membranes
  • Skin
  • Stomach acid
  • Gut bacteria
  • Urine
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5
Q

how do the barriers stop pathogens

A
  1. Trapped by skin cells or mucus
  2. Killed by antibodies in tears, salvia and mucus
  3. Removed by shedding skin, coughing, vomiting, faeces and flushing bodily fluids
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6
Q

what are the cells of the cell mediated innate immunity

A

monocytes
neutrophils
natural killer cells

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7
Q

what do monocytes do

A

3-9% of blood
* Type of phagocyte
* Leaves blood and forms macrophages in tissue
* Consume microbes and dead cells by phagocytosis

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8
Q

what do nuetrophils do

A

60% of blood
* Most abundant immune cell in blood
* Rapid responder to infection/stress
* Engulf microbes by phagocytosis and kill via release of toxic molecules (respiratory burst)

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9
Q

what do natural killer cells do

A

1-6% of blood
* Destroy virus-infected and cancerous cells
* Produce proteins such as cytokines to kill

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10
Q

what are PAMPs

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns, how non specific immune cells recognize

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11
Q

what are complement proteins

A

made in the liver, circulate as inactive proteins in the blood. These bind to antibodies or patterns on microbes/dead cells

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12
Q

what are the two types of adaptive immunity

A

t cells - cell mediated
b cells - humoral immunity

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13
Q

what is a complement cascade

A

when complement proteins form complexes that recruit phagocytes via chemical gradients

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14
Q

what do cytokines do

A

made in the liver, circulate as inactive proteins in the blood
These bind to antibodies or patterns on microbes/dead cells

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15
Q

what do dendritic cells do

A

process parts of a foreign bodies and present the antigen to cells of the adaptive immune system (T/B cells) in lymph nodes
called an antigen presenting cell

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16
Q

how does cell mediated immunity work

A
  • Type of lymphocyte in the thymus
  • Release cytokines
17
Q

how does humoral immunity work

A
  • Lymphocyte produced in bone marrow
  • Differentiate into memory cells and plasma cells to produce antibodies
  • Antibodies trap and trigger other immune cells to destroy the cell
18
Q

what makes t/b cells different

A

they have memory, can remember the pathogens when they re-enter for a quicker response

19
Q

what are the different t cells and how do they work

A

Helper T cells, co-ordinate immune response by recruiting other t/b cells to site of infection
Regulatory t cells have role of supressing activity of the immune system
Cytotoxic t cells, specific killer cells, recognise antigens on surface of infected cells/tumours

20
Q

how can we measure immune function

A

Self reported illness
Cellular level –
* Conc of immune cells
* Activation/suppression markers
* Measure immune cell function
Release of moleucles reflecting immune response –
* Antibodies with anti-microbial properties
* Enzymes with a role in phagocytosis
In vivo immunity – Antibody response to a vaccine

21
Q

how does exercise help immune function

A

increases the number of leukocytes in blood, the increase is even greater in intense exercise. However, these levels drop hours after exercise.

22
Q

how do cells act after exercise

A

immune cells migrate to sites where the body may encounter damage or infection (muscles. Lungs)

23
Q

what is the open window hypothesis

A

Cells mobilises during exercise = high function and tissue homing potential, high capacity to leave the circulation

24
Q

how can exercise stop tumors

A

primes effector cells, creates environment to inhibit tumour growth, may be potential to collect these cells for stem cells transplants

25
Q

does heavy exercise help immune function

A

less antibodies
reduced immune cells
less responsive immune cells
less function of immune cells

Physiology (13 decks)

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