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BMS100 test 1 > Physiology week 3 > Flashcards

Physiology week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

heart chambers (4) and what separates them?

A

L + R atrium (top of heart)

L + R ventricle (bottom of heart)

intraventricular septum (separate L and R)

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2
Q

heart vessels

A

-pulmonary trunk and L + R pulmonary arteries

-aorta (pump blood away from heart)

-superior and inferior vena cava (bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium)

-pulmonary veins

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3
Q

what is the pathway of blood?

A

Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body’s tissues through the aorta.

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4
Q

2 types of heart valves and 2 valves within each

where are they located

A
  1. atrioventricular valves: between atria and ventricles, prevent back flow (large and floppy - chordae tendinae)
    –>tricuspid valve
    –>mitral/bicuspid valve
  2. semilunar valves: between ventricles and great arteries (smaller tighter)
    –>pulmonary semilunar valve
    –>aortic semilunar valve
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5
Q

Atrioventricular valves
–>tricuspid valve
–>mitral/bicuspid valve

A

atrioventricular valves: between atria and ventricles, prevent back flow

–>tricuspid valve
–>mitral/bicuspid valve

-when left ventricle contracts blood moves to aorta, not left atrium

-when right ventricle contracts, blood moves into pulmonary artery, not right atrium

-larger “floppy”
-anchored by the chord tendinae to stop “flopping back: (prolapse) into atria during ventricular contraction

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6
Q

Semilunar valves
–>pulmonary semilunar valve
–>aortic semilunar valve

A

semilunar valves: between ventricles and great arteries

–>pulmonary semilunar valve
–>aortic semilunar valve

-when ventricle relaxes during diastole. blood isn’t “sucked back” into that ventricle
-smaller “tighter” - no chordae tendinae

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7
Q

which valves have something to stop their prolapse and what is it?

A

atrioventricular (tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid valve) –> chordae tendinae

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8
Q

significance of apex of the heart

A

bottom point
-point of maximal impulse
-easiest to palpate cardiac impulse

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9
Q

S1 and S2 sounds

A

S1 “lub”- begin systole; close mitral and tricuspid valves
–> low frequency; atrioventricular valves and big and floppy

S2 “dub”- begin diastole; close aortic and pulmonary valves
–> high frequency; semilunar are smaller and tighter

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10
Q

which phases do S1 and S2 start and which valves are involved

A

S1- begin systole (atrioventricular- tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid)

S2- begin diastole (semilunar- aortic and pulmonary valves)

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11
Q

angle of louis

A

“bump” between manubrium and body of sternum - right below 2nd intercostal space

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12
Q

what is on the right border of the heart?

A

right atrium

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13
Q

what is on the inferior surface of the heart?

A

right ventricle and a bit of the left ventricle (apex)

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14
Q

what’s on the left border of the heart?

A

left ventricle and atrium

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15
Q

what’s at the base (top) of heart?

A

where great arteries emerge from the superior aspect

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16
Q

what are the key location for auscultations and palpations?

A

-2nd intercostal space, left sternal border –> pulmonic valve

-2nd intercostal space, right sternal border–> aortic valve

-4th/5th intercostal space, left sternal border –> right ventricle, right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

-5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line –> left atrioventricular valve (mitral/ bicuspid valve)
-palpate the PMI (point of maximal impulse) apex

17
Q

auscultate 2nd intercostal space, left sternal border for which valve?

A

pulmonic valve

18
Q

auscultate 2nd intercostal space, right sternal border for which valve?

A

aortic valve

19
Q

auscultate 4th/5th intercostal space, left sternal border for which valve?

A

right ventricle, right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

20
Q

auscultate 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line for which valve? and palpate what?

A

left atrioventricular valve (mitral/ bicuspid valve)
-palpate the PMI (point of maximal impulse) apex

21
Q

2nd intercostal spaces for which valves

which is on which side

A

semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic)

aortic-right side
pulmonic- left side

22
Q

4th/5th spaces for which valves

which is on which side

A

atrioventricular (mitral/ bicuspid and tricuspid)

mitral/bicuspid & apex- left side
tricuspid- right side

23
Q

normal blood flow vs turbulent blood flow

A

normal blood flow: laminar flow; smooth and orderly

turbulent blood flow: rapid and disorderly eddies and vibrations from valvular abnormalities (i.e. murmurs, extra heart sounds)

24
Q

rank from most to least pressure: atrial pressure, ventricular pressure, aortic pressure

A
  1. aortic pressure (very high)
  2. ventricular pressure (starts off very low with atrial pressure then shoots up to aortic pressure then back down)
  3. atrial pressure (very low)
25
Q

atrial pressure (left atrium)

A
  1. the left atrium contracts, helping fill the left ventricle
  2. the left ventricle contracts –> pressure increase causes the left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve) to close –> the first heart sound (Lub)
  3. the left atrium fills while the pressure in the left ventricle is high
  4. the pressure in the left ventricle drops, resulting in opening of the left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve)
  5. the left atrium fills

**mitral valve is between left ventricle and atrium

26
Q

ventricular pressure (left ventricle)

A
  1. the relaxed left ventricle experiences a “bump” in pressure as the left atrium fills it
  2. the left ventricle contracts –> pressure increases causes the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve to close –> the first heart sound (Lub)
  3. the left ventricle relaxes, and pressure starts to drop
  4. when the left ventricle pressure is less than the left atrium pressure, the atrioventricular (mitral) valve opens
  5. the left ventricle fills
27
Q

aortic pressure

A
  1. diastolic pressure just prior to ventricular contraction
  2. the left ventricle contracts –> pressure increase overcomes aortic diastolic pressure –> aortic (semilunar) valve opens
  3. the left ventricle applies maximal (systolic) pressure to the aorta
  4. when the left ventricle pressure is less than the aortic pressure, the aortic (semilunar) valve closes –> second heart sound (Dub)
  • valve closes to prevent back flow
28
Q

what are 2 vascular abnormalities and give brief description

A

stenosis: the valve doesnt open wide enough

regurgitation: the valve doesnt close fully

29
Q

stenosis

A

stenosis: the valve doesnt open wide enough
-higher pressures needed to push blood through narrow valve
-higher pressure causes “noisy” turbulent flow –> murmur
-murmur heard when blood flows across valve when it should be open
-i.e. aortic valve for blood from left ventricle to aorta if not wide enough hear murmur at 2nd intercostal space between S1 and S2

30
Q

regurgitation

A

regurgitation: the valve doesnt close fully
-backflow, causing turbulent flow –> murmurs
-heard when blood flow across valve when should be closed
-i.e. if mitral valve doesnt close after left ventricle contracts there’d be backflow from left ventricle into atrium
-hear after s1 @ 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

31
Q

when do you hear murmurs?

A

can hear murmurs during systole or diastole if valve cant open or close enough

32
Q

systole vs diastole for valves closing

A

systole= blood go to rest of body

systole: begins with mitral (or tricuspid) valve closing and ends with aortic (or pulmonic) valve closing

diastole: begin with aortic (or pulmonic) valve closing and ends with mitral (or tricuspid) valve closing

mitral or tricuspid = between ventricle and atrium

aortic or pulmonic = between ventricle and outer vessels

33
Q

blood flow between compartment and name valve in between

A

left ventricle –> aorta (aortic valve btwn)

right ventricle –> pulmonary artery (pulmonic valve between)

right atrium –> right ventricle (tricuspid valve btwn)

left atrium –> left ventricle (mitral valve btwn)

BMS100 test 1 (24 decks)

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