Physiology week 2 Flashcards
what are the 4 types of tissue
connective
nervous
epithelial
muscular
what type of epithelium is the strongest? and what are the different types/ combos
stratified squamous epthelium (skin)
thinnest is simple squamous for diffusion
simple (1 line) or stratified (layers)
combined with
squamous: thin layer
cuboidal: squares
columnar: rectangle columns
types of connective tissue
-bone, cartilage
-dense regular (tendons and ligaments)
-dense irregular (dermis of skin)
dense irregular connective tissue example
skin
dense regular connective tissue example
tendons, ligaments
connective tissue proper
-loose and dense
-NOT bone or cartilage
-cells and matrix (fibres- collagen, elastic fibres) (ground substance i.e. glycoproteins and proteoglycans)
ground substance and examples
ground substance, an amorphous gel-like substance present in the composition of the various connective tissues.
i.e. glycoproteins and proteoglycans
“structural” connective tissue
cells (i.e. fibroblast, adipocytes, macrophage)
-matrix –> fibres and ground substance
what is the matrix of connective tissue composed of
fibres and ground substance
arteries vs veins
arteries= away from heart
veins= toward heart
what is the flow from the heart
pump (heart) –> flexible, muscular vessels (arteries and arterioles) –> very large number of tiny vessels (capillaries) –> large-capacity vessels (veins and venules) –> back to heart
arteries
large, more elastic (so don’t drop to ventricle diastole of 0mmHg pressure)
-blood away from heart to large organ/tissue “beds”
-pressure “réservoirs”
arterioles
-smaller muscular vessels to feed capillary tissue beds
–>Arterioles are small arteries that link up to capillaries, which are smaller yet
-constrict or dilate to modify flow to each bed
-i.e. running race, increase flow to leg and decrease flow to GI
capillaries
small vessels
exchange gas, nutrients, metabolites and waste
-pulmonary (alveoli of lungs)
-systemic (i.e. brain, skeletal muscle)
pulmonary vs systemic of heart
which side
oxygenated or deoxygenated
pulmonary: right side, deoxygenated blood back to the heart
systemic: left side, oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
pulmonary vs systemic capillaries are found where
-pulmonary (alveoli of lungs)
–> deoxygenated back to heart
-systemic (i.e. brain, skeletal muscle)
–> oxygenated away from heart
pulmonary circuit of heart
pulmonary: right side, deoxygenated blood back to the heart
- right heart applied moderate pressure to low O2, high CO2 blood
- pulmonary arteries and arterioles deliver blood to lungs
- pulmonary capillaries allow lung tissue to deliver O2 to and extract CO2 from blood
- pulmonary veins return high O2, low CO2 blood to the left heart
–> into systemic circulation
systemic circuit of heart
systemic: left side, oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
- left heart applies high pressure to high O2, low CO2 blood
- systemic arteries and arterioles deliver blood to tissues
- systemic capillaries allow tissues to extract O2 from and deliver Co2 to blood
- systemic veins return low O2, high CO2 blood to the right heart
–> into pulmonary circulation
what are the two phases of the heart?
relaxation/ diastole: decrease pressure, fills with blood from veins
contraction/ systole: increase pressure to blood and eject it from the heart to the arteries
what are the 4 chambers of the heart?
left and right atrium
left and right ventricle
atrium vs ventricle
left vs right
atrium= receive blood
ventricle = pressure to blood
left= systemic
right= pulmonary
left atrium
left ventricle
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium:receive blood from pulmonary vein –> pass blood to left ventricle (atrial systole) –>
right atrium: receives blood from veins of vena cave –> passes blood to right ventricle –>
right ventricle: applies pressure to blood –> ejects a proportion into the pulmonary artery
heart; cardiac cycles and cardiac output formula
heart:
1. apply pressure to blood during ventricular systole
2. send portion of full (diastolic) volume into arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) every systole
stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output
flow
pressure
pressure gradient
flow : fluid through tube i.e. mL/sec
pressure: force fluid exerts
pressure gradient: difference; high vs. low –> pressure (potential energy) into kinetic energy; blood move, bulge of arteries elastic walls
capillaries
(also systemic)
in lungs: pulmonary, exchange O2 and CO2
pulmonary system
ventilation, airflow
-capillaries to optimize exchange of molecules between atmosphere and blood
-atmospher: high O2, low CO2
pulmonary system vs systemic circulation:
-pump
-substance being pumped
- gas diffusing out of blood
-gas diffusing into blood
-pH in capillary blood
-pump: diaphragm (P) vs left ventricle (S)
-substance being pumped: gas (P) vs blood (S)
- gas diffusing out of blood: CO2 (P), O2 (S)
-gas diffusing into blood: O2 (P), CO2 (S)
-pH in capillary blood: increases (alkaline) (P), decreases (acidic- CO2 decreases the pH) (S)
what 3 sensors control cardiorespiratory apparatus?
pressure sensors: baroreceptors
gas sensors: chemoreceptors (CO2 and O2)
pH sensors: H+ in the form of CO2 in the brain
–> pH decreases, brainstem send message via nerves to activate sympathetic nervous system, release norepinephrine and epinephrine, increase heart rate and constrict arterioles)
major baroreceptors (sense pressure)
-carotoid arteries
-arch of the aorta
-many brain regions involved; hypothalamus (temperature, pain), cerebral cortex (respiratory rate) etc.
-medulla and pons mediate brainstem
vital signs: resting heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate
resting heart rate: 60-100 bpm
blood pressure: 140 mmHg systolic. 90 mmHg diastolic (abnormal < 90/60)
respiratory rate: 12-20 breaths/ min
