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Intro to Anatomy > Physiology: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Physiology: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of (structurally):

A

▪brain

▪spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) made up of:

A 
▪cranial nerves and their branches
▪spinal nerves and their branches
▪ganglia
▪enteric plexuses
▪sensory receptors
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3
Q

what is a nucleus/nuclei:

A

-cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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4
Q

what are ganglion/ganglia?

A

-cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

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5
Q

what is a tract?

A

-bundle of axons in the CNS

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6
Q

what is a nerve?

A

-bundle of axons in the PNS

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7
Q

what is grey matter composed of?

A

collections of cell bodies and UNmyelinated nerve fibres in the CNS

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8
Q

what is white matter composed of?

A

myelinated axons in the CNS

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9
Q

what does the spinal cord taper into at L2?

A

conus medullaris

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10
Q

what are the roots of the spinal nerves?

A

cauda equinas

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11
Q

Functions of the NS:

A 
1) Sensory
▪detection and input
2) Integrative
▪processing/storing/analyzing of sensory info
▪decision-making
3) Motor
▪output
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12
Q

what are the two type of nervous cells?

A

1) Neurons

2) Neuroglia

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13
Q

Role of neuroglia?

A

▪support neurons
▪nourish “ “
▪protect “ “

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14
Q

what are the parts of a neuron?

A

dendrite, cell body, axon

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15
Q

function of a dendrite?

A

it is the input portion of the neuron

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16
Q

function of cell body AKA soma?

A

cell processes (e.g. protein synthesis)

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17
Q

the end of an axon divides into many fine processes called:

A

axon terminals

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18
Q

the swollen ends of some axon terminals:

A

synaptic bulb

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19
Q

a multilayered lipid and protein covering that speeds up signal (‘action potential’) conduction:

A

myelin

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20
Q

an electrical signal that travels along the cell membrane of a neuron:

A

action potential

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21
Q

Structural Classification of Neurons (3 of them) and why:

A

1) multipolar
2) bipolar
3) unipolar

of process extending from the cell body

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22
Q

all motor neurons are (structure):

A

multipolar

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23
Q

most neurons in the brain and spinal cord (structure):

A

multipolar

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24
Q

sensory neurons in the PNS are (structure):

A

unipolar

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25
Q

Functional Classification of Neurons-how classified and what types (3)?:

A

functionally, they are classified according to the direction in which the AP is conducted with respect to the CNS

1) sensory neurons
2) motor neurons
3) interneurons

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26
Q

Sensory Neurons a.k.a. (directional):

A

afferent neurons

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27
Q

Motor Neurons AKA (directional):

A

efferent neurons

28
Q

Interneurons a.k.a.

A

association neurons

29
Q

most interneurons are ______ polar

A

multi

30
Q

the site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and another type of cell:

A

synapse

31
Q

2 types of synapses:

A

electrical and chemical

32
Q

Electrical Synapses: APs conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells through ______________________

A

gap junctions

33
Q

the space between the communicating neurons _________________

A

synaptic cleft

34
Q

chemical synapses are _________ (than electrical)

A

slower

35
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS (4 types):

A

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells

36
Q

2 roles of astrocytes:

A

▪help form the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

▪provide nutrients to neurons

37
Q

role of oligodendrocytes:

A

form/maintain the myelin sheath of CNS neurons

38
Q

where are epydymal cells in the body?

A

they line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord

39
Q

The neuroglia of the PNS are _________ cells:

A

Schwann

40
Q

what cells form the myelin sheath of PNS axons?

A

Schwann cells

41
Q

where does the spinal cord end, inferiorly?

A

L2

42
Q

a small tube in the centre of the SC that contains CSF is the _______________

A

central canal

43
Q

the horns of the grey matter of the spinal cord are called the:

A
  • posterior (a.k.a. dorsal) horn

- anterior (a.k.a. ventral) horn

44
Q

in white matter of spinal cord, _____ (a.k.a. _________) tracts consist of axons that conduct APs away from the brain

A

motor; descending

45
Q

in white matter of spinal cord, _____ (a.k.a. _________) tracts consist of axons that conduct APs away from the brain

A

sensory; ascending

46
Q

Brain Structure, 4 parts:

A

1) brain stem
2) cerebellum
3) diencephalon
4) cerebrum

47
Q

3 regions of the brain stem:

A

3 regions: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

48
Q

continuous with the SC, it is the part between the SC and the diencephalon:

A

brain stem

49
Q

In brain: contains centres (nuclei) for the control of heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting

A

medulla oblongata

50
Q

contains centres for the control of breathing

A

pons

51
Q

contains centres for reflex visual activities (e.g. tracking moving objects, scanning stationary objects), hearing

A

midbrain

52
Q
  • a net-like formation of neural tissue that spreads throughout the brain stem
  • contains the (RAS)
A

reticular formation

53
Q

where is the reticular formation located?

A

brain stem

54
Q

▪smoothes and coordinates skeletal muscle contraction

▪regulates posture and balance

A

cerebellum

55
Q

Diencephalon includes 3 parts:

A

:a) hypothalamus b) thalamus c) epithalamus

56
Q

what part of brain responsible for:
▪major regulator of homeostasis
▪controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system
▪hormone production
▪emotion and behaviour (with the limbic system)
▪eating, drinking
▪body temperature
▪circadian rhythm (a 24 hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological and/or behavioural processes of living things)

A

hypothalamus

57
Q

what part of the brain is the major relay station for most sensory input to the cerebral cortex?

A

thalamus

58
Q

what area of the brain contains the pineal gland and is involved in smelling (especially emotional responses to smells)?

A

epithalamus

59
Q

which part of brain consists of:
▪an outer rim of grey matter (cerebral cortex);
▪an inner region of white matter(association areas); and
▪grey matter nuclei deep within the white (basal ganglia)

A

cerebrum

60
Q

In brain:
▪contains sensory areas involved in perception
▪contains motor areas involved in the execution of voluntary movements

A

cerebral cortex

61
Q

In brain are that:
•helps to regulate the starting and stopping of movements
•helps control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles
•helps suppress unwanted movement
•helps to set resting muscle tone

A

basal ganglia AKA basal nuclei

62
Q

three protective layers of CT encircle the brain and SC, what are they called as a unit?

A

meninges

63
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

1) dura mater –tough outer layer
2) arachnoid membrane –middle layer
3) pia mater –inner layer

64
Q

in the PNS: damage to ________ and myelinated axons can be repaired if the cell body is intact and ________cells are active

A

dendrites; Schwann

65
Q

can damaged neurons be repaired in the CNS?

A

mostly no

Intro to Anatomy (7 decks)

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