Physiology: Midterm Review Flashcards
Definition of a cell:
Smallest functional unit that can maintain the necessary characteristics of life
4 major types of tissues:
1) epithelial 2) connective 3) muscular 4) nervous
Define homeostasis and through what mechanism does it accomplish this:
“The condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many internal regulatory processes.”
Feedback loops
a flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents. separates the cell from the external environment:
plasma (cell) membrane
fluid inside the cell:
fluid outside the cell:
Intracellular fluid AKA cytosol
Extracellular fluid
finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area(no movement):
microvilli
the contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus):
cytoplasm
a network of protein filaments within the cytosol (intracellular fluid):
cytoskeleton
An ________ is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell. _____________ are embedded within the cytoplasm
organelle/organelles
The _________ is the largest and most prominent of a cell’s organelles
Nucleus
rounded or elongated structure usually located near the centre of the cell
▪the control center for cell:
Nucleus
site of protein synthesis in a cell:
ribosome
site of protein synthesis (ribosomes are attached):
endoplasmic reticulum
makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
processes, sorts, packages, and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane or around the cell
Golgi Complex (a.k.a. apparatus, body)
power plants of the cell (they transform organic compounds into energy (ATP) that is easily accessible to the cell)
mitochondria
short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell–their movement causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface
Cilia (sing. cilium)
similar to cilia but longer, they move the cell
Flagella (sing. flagellum)
cells must be able to transport material across the plasma membrane (both in and out)
▪membrane transport is either _______ or ______ (depending on whether it requires energy)
passive/active
what are the two types of passive transport with cells?
osmosis, diffusion
example of active transport with cells?
transport in vesicles
▪movement of molecules across the plasma membrane downtheir concentration gradient
▪both the solvent and the solutes undergo diffusion (they move down their concentration gradients)
Diffusion
▪passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
osmosis
common locations for epithelial cells:
skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, lining of blood vessels and the heart
They secrete their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct. Examples:
pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenals
what is connective tissue made of?
extracellular matrix (ECM -the material between the cells) and cells
what does extracellular matrix contain and what are those made up of?
▪protein fibres: collagen, elastin, reticulum
▪ground substance: may be fluid, gel-like or calcified. is an amorphous gelatinous material
Types of Connective Tissue (5 types)
1) Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular
2) Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
3) Bone
4) Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic)
5) Liquid (blood, lymph)
what is most widely distributed CT in the body (the universal packing tissue/glue) and where is it found?
areolar tissue/everywhere
what is adipose tissue?
areolar tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes
reticular tissue functions:
forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells, filters and removes old blood cells and microbes
do most connective tissues have good blood supply?
yes
is epithelial tissue avascular?
yes
the 3 types of cartilage?
a) hyaline cartilage
b) fibrocartilage
c) elastic cartilage
most common cartilage in the body and locations:
hyaline/ends of bones, parts of ribs, tip of nose, parts of the throat and lungs, fetal skeleton
fibrocartilage locations:
between vertebrae (intervertebral discs), pubic symphysis, menisci
3 types of muscle tissue:
a) skeletal
b) smooth
c) cardiac
compartmentalized by CT, they are attached to the skeleton (some attach to the skin):
skeletal muscle
muscle found in the walls of hollow tubes (e.g. lungs, blood vessels, stomach, intestines):
smooth muscle
the two types of nervous tissue cells:
1) neuroglia 2) neurons
Define fascia:
A fascia is a sheath, a sheet, or any other dissectible aggregation of connective tissue that forms beneath the skin to attach, enclose, and separate muscle and other internal organs.
subserous (a.k.a. visceral) fascia:
the connective tissues that suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes
superficial fascia:
the connective tissue that is often referred to as adipose –it’s beneath the skin
deep fascia:
the dense irregular connective tissue that gives form and support for underlying organs –can have areolar connective tissue continuous with it
3 types of membranes:
a) mucous
b) serous
c) cutaneous
what defines mucous membranes and some examples:
line a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior
GI tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract
what defines serous membranes ?
line a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior
what are the two types of serous membranes?
1) parietal layer: lines the cavity wall
2) visceral layer: covers and adheres to the organs in the cavity
AKA skin=
cutaneous membranes
what are synovial membranes/where are they?
line freely movable joint cavities/bursae
Integumentary System structure (superficial to deep):
Epiermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Epidermal Cells
▪keratinocytes
▪melanocytes
▪Langerhans cells
▪Merkel cells
most common epidermal cell:
keratinocytes
Langerhans cells:
responsible for recognizing foreign and harmful antigens and helping to remove them
Merkel cells
involved in the sensation of touch
Epidermal Layers 5 layers, deepest to most superficial:
1) stratum basale
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum
5) stratum corneum
Subcutaneous Tissue is made up of ________ tissue and ________ tissue:
areolar and adipose
