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Intro to Anatomy > Physiology: Midterm Review > Flashcards

Physiology: Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a cell:

A

Smallest functional unit that can maintain the necessary characteristics of life

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2
Q

4 major types of tissues:

A

1) epithelial 2) connective 3) muscular 4) nervous

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3
Q

Define homeostasis and through what mechanism does it accomplish this:

A

“The condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many internal regulatory processes.”

Feedback loops

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4
Q

a flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents. separates the cell from the external environment:

A

plasma (cell) membrane

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5
Q

fluid inside the cell:

fluid outside the cell:

A

Intracellular fluid AKA cytosol

Extracellular fluid

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6
Q

finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area(no movement):

A

microvilli

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7
Q

the contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus):

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

a network of protein filaments within the cytosol (intracellular fluid):

A

cytoskeleton

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9
Q

An ________ is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell. _____________ are embedded within the cytoplasm

A

organelle/organelles

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10
Q

The _________ is the largest and most prominent of a cell’s organelles

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

rounded or elongated structure usually located near the centre of the cell
▪the control center for cell:

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

site of protein synthesis in a cell:

A

ribosome

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13
Q

site of protein synthesis (ribosomes are attached):

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

processes, sorts, packages, and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane or around the cell

A

Golgi Complex (a.k.a. apparatus, body)

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16
Q

power plants of the cell (they transform organic compounds into energy (ATP) that is easily accessible to the cell)

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell–their movement causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface

A

Cilia (sing. cilium)

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18
Q

similar to cilia but longer, they move the cell

A

Flagella (sing. flagellum)

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19
Q

cells must be able to transport material across the plasma membrane (both in and out)
▪membrane transport is either _______ or ______ (depending on whether it requires energy)

A

passive/active

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20
Q

what are the two types of passive transport with cells?

A

osmosis, diffusion

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21
Q

example of active transport with cells?

A

transport in vesicles

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22
Q

▪movement of molecules across the plasma membrane downtheir concentration gradient
▪both the solvent and the solutes undergo diffusion (they move down their concentration gradients)

A

Diffusion

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23
Q

▪passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

A

osmosis

24
Q

common locations for epithelial cells:

A

skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, lining of blood vessels and the heart

25
Q

They secrete their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct. Examples:

A

pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenals

26
Q

what is connective tissue made of?

A

extracellular matrix (ECM -the material between the cells) and cells

27
Q

what does extracellular matrix contain and what are those made up of?

A

▪protein fibres: collagen, elastin, reticulum

▪ground substance: may be fluid, gel-like or calcified. is an amorphous gelatinous material

28
Q

Types of Connective Tissue (5 types)

A

1) Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular
2) Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
3) Bone
4) Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic)
5) Liquid (blood, lymph)

29
Q

what is most widely distributed CT in the body (the universal packing tissue/glue) and where is it found?

A

areolar tissue/everywhere

30
Q

what is adipose tissue?

A

areolar tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes

31
Q

reticular tissue functions:

A

forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells, filters and removes old blood cells and microbes

32
Q

do most connective tissues have good blood supply?

A

yes

33
Q

is epithelial tissue avascular?

A

yes

34
Q

the 3 types of cartilage?

A

a) hyaline cartilage
b) fibrocartilage
c) elastic cartilage

35
Q

most common cartilage in the body and locations:

A

hyaline/ends of bones, parts of ribs, tip of nose, parts of the throat and lungs, fetal skeleton

36
Q

fibrocartilage locations:

A

between vertebrae (intervertebral discs), pubic symphysis, menisci

37
Q

3 types of muscle tissue:

A

a) skeletal
b) smooth
c) cardiac

38
Q

compartmentalized by CT, they are attached to the skeleton (some attach to the skin):

A

skeletal muscle

39
Q

muscle found in the walls of hollow tubes (e.g. lungs, blood vessels, stomach, intestines):

A

smooth muscle

40
Q

the two types of nervous tissue cells:

A

1) neuroglia 2) neurons

41
Q

Define fascia:

A

A fascia is a sheath, a sheet, or any other dissectible aggregation of connective tissue that forms beneath the skin to attach, enclose, and separate muscle and other internal organs.

42
Q

subserous (a.k.a. visceral) fascia:

A

the connective tissues that suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes

43
Q

superficial fascia:

A

the connective tissue that is often referred to as adipose –it’s beneath the skin

44
Q

deep fascia:

A

the dense irregular connective tissue that gives form and support for underlying organs –can have areolar connective tissue continuous with it

45
Q

3 types of membranes:

A

a) mucous
b) serous
c) cutaneous

46
Q

what defines mucous membranes and some examples:

A

line a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior

GI tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract

47
Q

what defines serous membranes ?

A

line a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior

48
Q

what are the two types of serous membranes?

A

1) parietal layer: lines the cavity wall

2) visceral layer: covers and adheres to the organs in the cavity

49
Q

AKA skin=

A

cutaneous membranes

50
Q

what are synovial membranes/where are they?

A

line freely movable joint cavities/bursae

51
Q

Integumentary System structure (superficial to deep):

A

Epiermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue

52
Q

Epidermal Cells

A

▪keratinocytes
▪melanocytes
▪Langerhans cells
▪Merkel cells

53
Q

most common epidermal cell:

A

keratinocytes

54
Q

Langerhans cells:

A

responsible for recognizing foreign and harmful antigens and helping to remove them

55
Q

Merkel cells

A

involved in the sensation of touch

56
Q

Epidermal Layers 5 layers, deepest to most superficial:

A

1) stratum basale
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum
5) stratum corneum

57
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue is made up of ________ tissue and ________ tissue:

A

areolar and adipose

Intro to Anatomy (7 decks)

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