Physiology: Midterm Review

Question 1

Definition of a cell:

Answer 1

Smallest functional unit that can maintain the necessary characteristics of life

Question 2

4 major types of tissues:

Answer 2

1) epithelial 2) connective 3) muscular 4) nervous

Question 3

Define homeostasis and through what mechanism does it accomplish this:

Answer 3

“The condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many internal regulatory processes.”

Feedback loops

Question 4

a flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents. separates the cell from the external environment:

Answer 4

plasma (cell) membrane

Question 5

fluid inside the cell:

fluid outside the cell:

Answer 5

Intracellular fluid AKA cytosol

Extracellular fluid

Question 6

finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area(no movement):

Answer 6

microvilli

Question 7

the contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus):

Answer 7

cytoplasm

Question 8

a network of protein filaments within the cytosol (intracellular fluid):

Answer 8

cytoskeleton

Question 9

An ________ is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell. _____________ are embedded within the cytoplasm

Answer 9

organelle/organelles

Question 10

The _________ is the largest and most prominent of a cell’s organelles

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

rounded or elongated structure usually located near the centre of the cell
▪the control center for cell:

Answer 11

Nucleus

Question 12

site of protein synthesis in a cell:

Answer 12

ribosome

Question 13

site of protein synthesis (ribosomes are attached):

Answer 13

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism

Answer 14

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

processes, sorts, packages, and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane or around the cell

Answer 15

Golgi Complex (a.k.a. apparatus, body)

Question 16

power plants of the cell (they transform organic compounds into energy (ATP) that is easily accessible to the cell)

Answer 16

mitochondria

Question 17

short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell–their movement causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface

Answer 17

Cilia (sing. cilium)

Question 18

similar to cilia but longer, they move the cell

Answer 18

Flagella (sing. flagellum)

Question 19

cells must be able to transport material across the plasma membrane (both in and out)
▪membrane transport is either _______ or ______ (depending on whether it requires energy)

Answer 19

passive/active

Question 20

what are the two types of passive transport with cells?

Answer 20

osmosis, diffusion

Question 21

example of active transport with cells?

Answer 21

transport in vesicles

Question 22

▪movement of molecules across the plasma membrane downtheir concentration gradient
▪both the solvent and the solutes undergo diffusion (they move down their concentration gradients)

Answer 22

Diffusion

Question 23

▪passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

Answer 23

osmosis

Question 24

common locations for epithelial cells:

Answer 24

skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, lining of blood vessels and the heart

Question 25

They secrete their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct. Examples:

Answer 25

pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenals

Question 26

what is connective tissue made of?

Answer 26

extracellular matrix (ECM -the material between the cells) and cells

Question 27

what does extracellular matrix contain and what are those made up of?

Answer 27

▪protein fibres: collagen, elastin, reticulum ▪ground substance: may be fluid, gel-like or calcified. is an amorphous gelatinous material

Question 28

Types of Connective Tissue (5 types)

Answer 28

1) Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular 2) Dense (regular, irregular, elastic) 3) Bone 4) Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic) 5) Liquid (blood, lymph)

Question 29

what is most widely distributed CT in the body (the universal packing tissue/glue) and where is it found?

Answer 29

areolar tissue/everywhere

Question 30

what is adipose tissue?

Answer 30

areolar tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes

Question 31

reticular tissue functions:

Answer 31

forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells, filters and removes old blood cells and microbes

Question 32

do most connective tissues have good blood supply?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

is epithelial tissue avascular?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 34

a) hyaline cartilage b) fibrocartilage c) elastic cartilage

Question 35

most common cartilage in the body and locations:

Answer 35

hyaline/ends of bones, parts of ribs, tip of nose, parts of the throat and lungs, fetal skeleton

Question 36

fibrocartilage locations:

Answer 36

between vertebrae (intervertebral discs), pubic symphysis, menisci

Question 37

3 types of muscle tissue:

Answer 37

a) skeletal b) smooth c) cardiac

Question 38

compartmentalized by CT, they are attached to the skeleton (some attach to the skin):

Answer 38

skeletal muscle

Question 39

muscle found in the walls of hollow tubes (e.g. lungs, blood vessels, stomach, intestines):

Answer 39

smooth muscle

Question 40

the two types of nervous tissue cells:

Answer 40

1) neuroglia 2) neurons

Question 41

Define fascia:

Answer 41

A fascia is a sheath, a sheet, or any other dissectible aggregation of connective tissue that forms beneath the skin to attach, enclose, and separate muscle and other internal organs.

Question 42

subserous (a.k.a. visceral) fascia:

Answer 42

the connective tissues that suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes

Question 43

superficial fascia:

Answer 43

the connective tissue that is often referred to as adipose –it’s beneath the skin

Question 44

deep fascia:

Answer 44

the dense irregular connective tissue that gives form and support for underlying organs –can have areolar connective tissue continuous with it

Question 45

3 types of membranes:

Answer 45

a) mucous b) serous c) cutaneous

Question 46

what defines mucous membranes and some examples:

Answer 46

line a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior GI tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract

Question 47

what defines serous membranes ?

Answer 47

line a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior

Question 48

what are the two types of serous membranes?

Answer 48

1) parietal layer: lines the cavity wall | 2) visceral layer: covers and adheres to the organs in the cavity

Question 49

AKA skin=

Answer 49

cutaneous membranes

Question 50

what are synovial membranes/where are they?

Answer 50

line freely movable joint cavities/bursae

Question 51

Integumentary System structure (superficial to deep):

Answer 51

Epiermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue

Question 52

Epidermal Cells

Answer 52

▪keratinocytes ▪melanocytes ▪Langerhans cells ▪Merkel cells

Question 53

most common epidermal cell:

Answer 53

keratinocytes

Question 54

Langerhans cells:

Answer 54

responsible for recognizing foreign and harmful antigens and helping to remove them

Question 55

Merkel cells

Answer 55

involved in the sensation of touch

Question 56

Epidermal Layers 5 layers, deepest to most superficial:

Answer 56

1) stratum basale 2) stratum spinosum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum lucidum 5) stratum corneum

Question 57

Subcutaneous Tissue is made up of ________ tissue and ________ tissue:

Answer 57

areolar and adipose