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Physiology > Physiology Test 2 Set A > Flashcards

Physiology Test 2 Set A Flashcards

1
Q

What are the communication and control systems of the body

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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2
Q

all glands that secrete hormones make up the

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

collects information, analyses it and generates co-ordinated output

A

nervous system

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4
Q

cells adapted to generate and propagate an electrical signal

A

neurons

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5
Q

four functional regions of a neuron

A
  1. dentrites
  2. cell body
  3. axon
  4. presynamptic terminals
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6
Q

non-neuron nervous cell thatprovide physical support, nutrition, to neurons

A

glial cells

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7
Q

type of glial cell that looks for foreign invaders

A

microglia

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8
Q

an individual cell

A

neuron

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9
Q

a bundle of axons in the pns

A

nerve

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10
Q

cell bodies make up the

A

grey matter

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11
Q

myelin makes up the

A

white matter

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12
Q

relay sensory signals to integrative sites

A

afferent neurons

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13
Q

relay control signals from integrative centers to target cells under nervous control

A

efferent neurons

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14
Q

relay signals entirely within the central nervous system

A

interneurons

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15
Q

everything in the nervous system starts with the

A

receptor

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16
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

A

nuclei

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18
Q

bundles of axons

A

tract or pathway

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19
Q

what makes up the PNS

A

all nerves extending from the CNS to the rest of the body

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20
Q

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglia

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21
Q

stimulates voluntary muscles

A

somatic motor neurons

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22
Q

stimulates involuntary muscles and tissues

A

autonomic motor neurons

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23
Q

processes done at high activity (stress)

A

sympathetic nervous system

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24
Q

processes done at rest (housekeeping)

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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25
Q

describe the organization of mammalian sympathetic nervous system

A

short preganglionic uses ach, long postganglionic releases norepi

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26
Q

describe the organization of mammalian parasympathetic nervous system

A

long preganglionic and short postganglionic both use Ach

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27
Q

sympathetic does what

A 
increases heart rate
releases catacholamines from chomaffin cells 
stimulates sweat
relaxes bladder 
inhibits digestion
relaxes airways 
dilates pupils
constricts blood vessels
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28
Q

parasympathetic division does what

A 
constricts pupils
stimulates salvation
slows heart rate
stimulates digestion
dilates blood pressure
29
Q

no further change in electrical potential and no further change in the ion concentration across the membrane

A

electrochemical equilibrium

30
Q

equation applies to only one ion at a time and only to ions that can cross the membrane

A

Nernst equation

31
Q

specific cell properties must be considered when determining the equilibrium potential of specific ions

A
  1. principle of electrical neutrality

2. osmotic balance

32
Q

What factors determine the resting membrane potential

A
  1. unequal distribution of inorganic ions

2. relative ion permeabilities

33
Q

determined by the properties of the ionic pores or channels in a membrane

A

ionic permeability

34
Q

the equation that gives the quantitative relation between membrane potential, ion concentrations, and permeabilities

A

the goldman equation

35
Q

the Em in a cell is generally closer to sodium or potassium

A

potassium

36
Q

Why is Em closer to potassium

A

this is the ion that is the most permeable to the membrane

37
Q

resting membrane potential for a neuron is around

A

-65mV

38
Q

cell capable of modulating their membrane potential in response to stimulation from their environment

A

excitable cells

39
Q

six characteristics of an action potential

A
  1. triggered by a depolarization
  2. threshold must be reached in order to trigger action potential
  3. all or nothing events
  4. propagates without decrement through a neuron
  5. at peak Em becomes inside positive
  6. there is a brief period called the absolute refractory period when another action potential cannot be fired
40
Q

where on the neuron is the action potential generated

A

the axon hillock

41
Q

when the membrane potential of a cell becomes more negative

A

hyperpolarizing

42
Q

when the membrane potential of a cell becomes more positive

A

depolarizing

43
Q

threshold potential is determined by

A

the density of voltage-sensitive sodium channels

connection between depolarization and opening of sodium channels

44
Q

two important factors cause the membrane potential to return to rest following depolarization

A

depolarization induced increase in permeability of sodium is transient
a delayed voltage dependent increase in potassium

45
Q

closed when membrane potential is equal or more negative than the usual resting potential, preventing sodium from entering and responses quickly in response to depolarization

A

m gate voltage Na channel

46
Q

open at resting membrane potential, closes in response to depolarization slowly, and leads to a decrease in sodium permeability

A

h gate voltage Na channel

47
Q

whats going on in the resting membrane potential

A

potassium leak channels are open, voltage gated channels are closed

48
Q

what is going on in the rising phase of the action potential

A

when threshold is reached m gated voltage sodium channels open leading to depolatization of the membrane which leads more Na channels to open which causes more depolarization which causes more channels to open.

49
Q

this produces the rising phase of the action potential

A

Hodgkin cycle

50
Q

voltage gated potassium channels that are closed at the normal resting membrane potential and respond slowly to depolarization, remain open during depolarization, close slowly when membrane potential returns to resting values

A

n voltage gated potassium channel

51
Q

what is going on during the falling phase

A

peak was reached, h gate closed, n gate open, inhibited further movement of sodium, moving potassium out which repolarizes the membrane

52
Q

what is going on during the recovery phase

A

n gates are going to remain open to undershoot the membrane resting potential
this is the refractory period

53
Q

when the h gates of the voltage gated sodium channel are closed, the channel cannot conduct sodium no matter what the state of the m gate

A

refractory period

54
Q

once an action potential occurs at one end of the neuron, the depolarization will bring the neighboring region of the cell above the threshold

A

regenerative depolarization

55
Q

there are always two paths that current flowing down the inside of the axon can take

A

continuing down the interior of the fiber

crossing the membrane at that point

56
Q

the rate of voltage decrease with distance depends on

A

intracellular path down the axon

resistance of the plasma membrane to current flow

57
Q

glial cell that provides the spiral insulating material surrounding the axon

A

schwann cells

58
Q

what is the insulation surrounding the axon

A

myelin

59
Q

periodic breaks in the myelin sheath occur at interval of about 1mm

A

nodes of ranvier

60
Q

the form of action potential conduction resulting from the jumping from one node to the next

A

saltatory conduction

61
Q

two types of cells work in cardiac action potentials

A

pacemaker cells

cardiac muscle cells

62
Q

pacemaker cells resting membrane potential

A

-40 mV

63
Q

where are pacemaker cells located

A

right atrium

64
Q

sympathetic nervous system does what to the pacemaker cells

A

increases permeability, increases time to threshold, increases heart rate

65
Q

parasympathetic does what to the pacemaker cells

A

decreases permeability, decrease time to threshold, decreases heart rate

66
Q

a specialized site of contact of a neuron with another neuron or with an effector

A

synapse

67
Q

signal transmission

A

ionotropic

68
Q

neuronal modulation

A

metabotrophic

Physiology (8 decks)

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