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Physiology > pysiology Test 1 set A > Flashcards

pysiology Test 1 set A Flashcards

1
Q

the study of animal function

A

animal physiology

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2
Q

components of actual, living animals and the interactions among those components that enable the animals to perform as they do

A

mechanism

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3
Q

the increase in the frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that animals will survive and reproduce

A

natural selection

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4
Q

a physiological mechanism or other trait that is a product of evolution by natural selection

A

adaption

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5
Q

the reason why the trait is an asset that is the reason why natural selection favors the evolution of that trait

A

adaptive significance

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6
Q

emphasizes the study of mechanisms

A

mechanistic physiology

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7
Q

emphasizes the study of evolutionary origins

A

evolutionary physiology

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8
Q

the synthetic study of the function of all animals

A

comparative physiology

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9
Q

the study of how animals respond physiologically to environment al conditions and challenges,

A

environmental physiology

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10
Q

investigation with a deliberate emphasis on synthesis across levels of biological organization such as research that probes the relations between molecular and anatomical features of organs

A

integrative physiology

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11
Q

the set of conditions , temperature, pH, sodium concentration and so forth experienced by cells within an animals body

A

internal environment

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12
Q

conditions outside the body

A

external environment

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13
Q

an animal that permits internal and external conditions to be equal

A

conformity

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14
Q

animal that maintains internal constancy in the face of external variability

A

regulation

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15
Q

the coordinated physiological processes which maintain most of the constant states in the organims

A

homeostasis

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16
Q

responses exhibited during the first minutes or hours after an environmental change

A

acute responses

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17
Q

expressed following prolonged exposure to new environmental conditions

A

chronic responses

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18
Q

involving changes in the genotypes

A

evolutionary responses

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19
Q

a chronic response to a changed environment if the new environment differs from the preceding environment in just a few highly defined ways

A

acclimation

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20
Q

a chronic response of individuals to a changed environment when the new and old environments are different natural environments that can differ in numerous ways, such as winter and summer, or low and high altitudes

A

acclimatization

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21
Q

the ability of an individual animal to express two or more genetically controlled phenotypes

A

phenotypic plasticity

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22
Q

the progression of life stages from conception to senescence in an individual

A

development

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23
Q

different genes are internally programmed to be expressed at different stages of development

A

developmental changes in an animal’s phenotype

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24
Q

mechanisms that give organisms an internal capability to keep track of the passage of time

A

biological clocks

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25
Q

these sort of biological clocks emit signals that cause cells and organs to undergo internally programmed, repeating cycles in their physiological states

A

periodic, clock controlled changes in an animal’s phenotype

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26
Q

the study of the ways In which animals vary in body size

A

scaling

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27
Q

all the chemical, physical and biotic components of an organism’s surroundings

A

environment

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28
Q

the measure of the intensity of the random motions that the atoms and molecules in the material undergo

A

temperature

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29
Q

places within an environment that potentially differ from the environment at large in their physical or chemical conditions

A

microenvironments

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30
Q

a set of climatic conditions prevailing in a subset of a system

A

microclimates

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31
Q

a change of gene frequencies over time in a population of organisms

A

evolution

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32
Q

because of chance, an allele that provides a lower probability of survival and reproduction than an available alternative comes to be the predominant allele in the population

A

nonadaptive evolution

33
Q

processes in which chance assumes the preeminent role in altering gene frequencies

A

genetic drift

34
Q

the control by an allele of a single gene of two or more distinct and seemingly unrelated traits

A

pleiotropy

35
Q

seeks to identify adaptive traits by comparing how a particular function is carried out by related and unrelated species in similar and dissimilar environments

A

the comparative method

36
Q

a progressive change in allele frequencies or gene-controlled phenotype frequencies along an environmental gradient

A

clines

37
Q

animals tissues are warmed by its metabolic production of heat

A

endothermy

38
Q

maintenance of a relatively constant tissue temperature

A

thermoregulation

39
Q

thermal conditions outside their body determine their body temperature

A

ectotherms

40
Q

an animal that has variable body temperatures

A

poikilotherm

41
Q

an animal that regulates temperature by physiological means rather than just by behavioral

A

homeotherm

42
Q

a difference in thermal relations from one time to another or one body region to another within a single individual

A

heterothermy

43
Q

a measure of the speed or intensity of the incessant random motions

A

temperature

44
Q

a form of energy, depending on the number of atoms and molecules in the piece as well as the speed of each atom and molecule

A

heat

45
Q

temperature of the environment

A

ambient temperature

46
Q

the transfer of heat through a material substance that is macroscopically motionless

A

conduction

47
Q

the transfer of heat through a material substance by means of macroscopic motion of the substance

A

convection

48
Q

the amount of heat required to vaporize water

A

latent heat of vaporization

49
Q

occurs by means of beams of radient energy that all objects emit and that travel between objects at the speed of light

A

thermal radiation heat transfer

50
Q

if a poikilotherm behaviorally maintains a relatively constant body temperature

A

behavioral thermoregulation

51
Q

poikilotherms that can function over a wide range of body temperatures

A

eurythermal

52
Q

poikilotherms that can only function in a narrow range of body temperatures

A

stenothermal

53
Q

a measure of how readily the phospholipid molecules in a membrane move

A

membrane fluidity

54
Q

a maintenance of a relatively constant membrane fluidity of tissue temperature

A

homeoviscous adaptation

55
Q

when aqueous solutions are progressively cooling, they commonly remain unfrozen even when their temperatures have fallen below their freezing points

A

supercooling

56
Q

if the temperature of a supercooled solution is gradually lowered while the solution is not otherwise perturbed, a temperature is reached at which the likelihood of freezing becomes so great that the solution spontaneously freezes within a short time

A

supercooling point

57
Q

the temperature above which a solution cannot freeze and below which it deterministically freezes in the presence of preexisting ice

A

freezing point

58
Q

the lowest temperature at which melting occurs

A

melting point

59
Q

the regulation of body temperature by physiological means, gives mammals and birds a great deal more independence from external thermal condition that is observed in lizards, frogs, or other poikilotherms

A

homeothermy

60
Q

an animals resting metabolic rate is independent of ambient temperature and constant

A

thermoneutral zone

61
Q

the lowest ambient temperature in the TNZ zone

A

lower-critical value

62
Q

the highest ambient temperature in the TNZ zone

A

upper-critical value

63
Q

animals metabolic rate when resting and fasting in its thermoneutral zone

A

basal metabolic rate

64
Q

a measure of how readily heat can move by dry heat transfer from an animals body to its environment

A

thermal conductance

65
Q

the heat transfer that does not involve the evaporation or condensation of water

A

dry heat transfer

66
Q

resistance to dry heat loss

A

insulation

67
Q

most mammals and birds actively increase the rate at which water evaporates from certain body surfaces

A

active evaporative cooling

68
Q

some mammals and most birds allow their body temperatures to rise to unusually high levels

A

hyperthermia

69
Q

responses termed this when the hair on mammals rises and falls to regulate body temperature

A

pilomotor responses

70
Q

responses termed this when the feathers on mammals rise and fall to regulate body temperature

A

ptilomotor responses

71
Q

responses that alter the rate of blood flow to the skin surface an other superficial parts of the body

A

vasomotor responses

72
Q

alter the amount of body surface area directly exposed to ambient conditions

A

postural responses

73
Q

mammals and birds have evolved mechanisms specialized to generate heat for thermoregulation

A

thermogenic mechanisms

74
Q

unsynchronized contraction and relaxation of skeletal-muscle motor units in high-frequency rhythms mediated by motor neurons of the somatic nervous system

A

shivering

75
Q

when a placental mammal doesn’t have to shiver to keep warm in low ambient temperatures

A

nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)

76
Q

occurs in discrete masses, located in such parts of the body as the intercapular region, neck, axillae, and abdomen

A

brown adipose tissue

77
Q

BAT contains this distinctive proton-transport protein in the inner membrane of its mitochondria that allows for uncoupling to take place

A

uncoupling protein 1 (UPC1- thermogenin)

78
Q

heat exchange depending on the transfer of heat between two closely juxtaposed fluid streams flowing in opposite directions

A

counter current heat exchange

79
Q

complex network of blood vessels created when major arteries and veins split off into many small intermingling vessels

A

rete mirable

Physiology (8 decks)

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