physiology Test 1 Set B Flashcards

(76 cards)

1
Q

a fluid called sweat is secreted by a way of the ducts of sweat glands, through the epidermis of the skin onto the skin surface

A

sweating

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2
Q

an increase in the rate of breathing in response to heat stress

A

panting

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3
Q

many birds but not mammals augment evaporative cooling by rapidly vibrating their gular area while holding their mouth open

A

gular fluttering

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4
Q

increases the maximal rate at which it can produce heat by sustained, aerobic catabolism

A

acclimatization of peak metabolic rate

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5
Q

an increase in the length of time that a high rate of metabolic heat production can be maintained

A

acclimatization of metabolic endurance

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6
Q

an increase in the animal’s maximal resistance to dry heat loss

A

insulator acclimatization

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7
Q

dissolved materials

A

solutes

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8
Q

any and all movements of solutes or water across cell membranes or epithelia, regardless of the mechanisms of movement

A

transport

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9
Q

fluid inside the cells

A

intracellular fluid

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10
Q

fluid outside the cells

A

extracellular fluid

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11
Q

fluid found between cells in ordinary tissues

A

interstitial fluids

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12
Q

part of the blood other than the blood cells

A

blood plasma

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13
Q

the intracellular fluids, interstitial fluids, and blood plasma are often described as the

A

fluid compartments of the body

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14
Q

the maintenance of a constant or nearly constant osmotic pressure in the blood plasma

A

osmoregulation

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15
Q

line of equality between the blood osmotic pressure and the ambient pressure

A

isosmotic line

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16
Q

the blood osmotic pressure always equals the osmotic pressure of the environmental water and thus falls on the isosmotic line

A

osmotic conformity

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17
Q

the maintenance of a constant or nearly constant concentration of an inorganic ion in the blood plasma

A

ionic regulation

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18
Q

if an animal allows the concentration of the ion in the blood plasma to match the concentration in its external environment

A

ionic conformer

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19
Q

regulation of the total amount of water in a body fluid

A

volume regulation

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20
Q

completely passive changes of body fluid volume

A

volume conformity

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21
Q

number of dissolved inorganic matter per kilogram of water -total concentration of all salts taken together

A

salinity

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22
Q

where ocean water mixes with freshwater

A

brackish waters

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23
Q

any body of water that is partially surrounded by land and that has inflows of both freshwater and seawater

A

estuaries

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24
Q

the change of water from liquid to gas

A

evaporation

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25
the portion of the total atmospheric pressure that is exerted by the water vapor present
water vapor pressure
26
informal term referring loosely to the water content of the air
humidity
27
air that has reached its maximum water vapor pressure
saturated
28
any particular aqueous solution if it is placed in contact with air in a closed system, will tend to establish a characteristic, equilibrium water vapor pressure in the air
water vapor pressure of the aqueous solution
29
properties of tissues, organs, or whole animals that will never, in principle, be predictable from mere knowledge of molecules and cells because the properties emerge only when cells are assembled into interactively functional sets
emergent properties
30
separates the inside of a cell from the cell's surroundings
cell membrane
31
examples are the endoplasmic reticulum, inner and outer membranes of each mitochondrion,, and two closely associated membranes that form the nuclear envelope
intracellular membranes
32
carbohydrate chains bonded to cell membrane proteins
glycoproteins
33
carbohydrate chains bonded to lipids
glycolipids
34
proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
integral proteins
35
noncovalently bonded to integral proteins or lipids but are not within the bilayer
peripheral proteins
36
electrons are unevenly distributed so some regions are partially negative and others are partially positive
polar molecule
37
electrons are evenly distributed and there are no charge imbalances between different molecular regions
nonpolar molecule
38
lipids that contain phosphate groups
phospholipids
39
a molecule that consists of a polar regions and a nonpolar region
amphipathic
40
the two layers of the phospholipid molecules in any particular membrane know as the two____ of the membrane, typically are composed of different mixes of phospholipid molecules
leaflets
41
individual phospholipid molecules are not covalently bound to one another therefore, they move relative to each other and are able to move about rather freely by diffusion within each membrane leaflet
fluid motion
42
ease of motion of the phospholipid molecules in a membrane leaflet
fluidity
43
a hydrocarbon with no double bonds
saturated
44
a hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds
unsaturated
45
a membrane consists of a mosaic of protein and lipid molecules, all of which move about in directions parallel to the membrane faces because of the fluid state of the lipid matrix
fluid mosaic model
46
integral proteins that span the membrane
transmembrane proteins
47
permits simple or quasi-simple diffusion of solutes in aqueous solution or osmosis of water through a membrane
channel
48
binds noncovalently and reversibly with specific molecules or ions to move them across a membrane intact
transporter(carrier)
49
catalyzes a chemical reaction in which covalent bonds are made or broken
enzyme
50
binds noncovalently with specific molecules and as a consequence of this binding, initiates a change in membrane permeability or cell metabolism
receptor
51
attaches to other molecules to anchor intracellular elements to the cell membrane, creates junctions between adjacent cell or establishes other structural elements
structural proteins
52
repeating structural patterns in a protein
domains
53
a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or organ or lines a cavity
epithelium
54
consists of a single layer of cells
simple epithelium
55
the mucosal surface facing into a cavity or open space
apical surface
56
the serosal surface facing toward the underlying tissue to which the epithelium is attached
basal surface
57
composed of glycoproteins and particular types of collagen that the epithelium typically rests on, is nonliving sheet of matrix material, positioned beneath the basal cell surface
basement membrane
58
exceedingly fine fingerlike projections of the apical cell membrane
microvilli
59
a place where the cell membranes of adjacent cells are tightly joined so that there is no intercellular space between the cells
tight junction
60
block the spaces between adjacent epithelial cells preventing open passage between the fluids on either side of an epithelium
occluding junctions
61
a junction at which mutually adhering glycoprotein filaments from two adjacent cells intermingle across the space between the cells
desmosome
62
the two adjacent cells lack cell membrane boundaries and there is continuity between the cytoplasm of the cells
gap junctions
63
pores of gap junctions are formed by
connexin proteins
64
in some cells the tight junctions permit extensive paracellular movement of certain sorts of molecules or ions and are described as
leaky
65
based on the second law of thermodynamics which describes the behavior of systems. the state toward which an isolated system changes, that is it is the state toward which a system moves internally when it has no inputs or outputs of energy or matter
equilibrium
66
having no inputs or outputs of energy or matter
isolated systems
67
are capable of carrying material only in the direction of equilibrium
passive transport mechanisms
68
can carry material in the direction opposing equilibrium
active transport mechanisms
69
transport that arises from the molecular agitation that exists in all systems above absolute zero and from the simply statistical tendency for such agitation to carry more molecules out of regions of relatively high concentrations that into such regions
simple solute diffusion
70
solution always in contact with the membrane and the concentrations of positive and negative charges are always equal
bulk solution
71
permit the passive transport of inorganic ions by diffusion through a membrane
ion channels
72
channels that open and close because the proteins of which they are composed are able to undergo conformational changes that cause their central passageways to increase or decrease the ease with which ions pass through
gated channel
73
open and close in response to changes in the voltage difference across a membrane, important in generation of nerve impulses
voltage-gated channels
74
open or close in response to stretching or pulling forces that alter the physical tension on a membrane
stretch-gated channels
75
open or close according to whether the channel proteins are phosphorylated, under the control of protein kinases
phosphorylation-gated channels
76
act both as receptors of extracellular signals and as ion channels
ligand-gated channels