physiology Test 1 Set B

Question 1

a fluid called sweat is secreted by a way of the ducts of sweat glands, through the epidermis of the skin onto the skin surface

Answer 1

sweating

Question 2

an increase in the rate of breathing in response to heat stress

Answer 2

panting

Question 3

many birds but not mammals augment evaporative cooling by rapidly vibrating their gular area while holding their mouth open

Answer 3

gular fluttering

Question 4

increases the maximal rate at which it can produce heat by sustained, aerobic catabolism

Answer 4

acclimatization of peak metabolic rate

Question 5

an increase in the length of time that a high rate of metabolic heat production can be maintained

Answer 5

acclimatization of metabolic endurance

Question 6

an increase in the animal’s maximal resistance to dry heat loss

Answer 6

insulator acclimatization

Question 7

dissolved materials

Answer 7

solutes

Question 8

any and all movements of solutes or water across cell membranes or epithelia, regardless of the mechanisms of movement

Answer 8

transport

Question 9

fluid inside the cells

Answer 9

intracellular fluid

Question 10

fluid outside the cells

Answer 10

extracellular fluid

Question 11

fluid found between cells in ordinary tissues

Answer 11

interstitial fluids

Question 12

part of the blood other than the blood cells

Answer 12

blood plasma

Question 13

the intracellular fluids, interstitial fluids, and blood plasma are often described as the

Answer 13

fluid compartments of the body

Question 14

the maintenance of a constant or nearly constant osmotic pressure in the blood plasma

Answer 14

osmoregulation

Question 15

line of equality between the blood osmotic pressure and the ambient pressure

Answer 15

isosmotic line

Question 16

the blood osmotic pressure always equals the osmotic pressure of the environmental water and thus falls on the isosmotic line

Answer 16

osmotic conformity

Question 17

the maintenance of a constant or nearly constant concentration of an inorganic ion in the blood plasma

Answer 17

ionic regulation

Question 18

if an animal allows the concentration of the ion in the blood plasma to match the concentration in its external environment

Answer 18

ionic conformer

Question 19

regulation of the total amount of water in a body fluid

Answer 19

volume regulation

Question 20

completely passive changes of body fluid volume

Answer 20

volume conformity

Question 21

number of dissolved inorganic matter per kilogram of water -total concentration of all salts taken together

Answer 21

salinity

Question 22

where ocean water mixes with freshwater

Answer 22

brackish waters

Question 23

any body of water that is partially surrounded by land and that has inflows of both freshwater and seawater

Answer 23

estuaries

Question 24

the change of water from liquid to gas

Answer 24

evaporation

Question 25

the portion of the total atmospheric pressure that is exerted by the water vapor present

Answer 25

water vapor pressure

Question 26

informal term referring loosely to the water content of the air

Answer 26

humidity

Question 27

air that has reached its maximum water vapor pressure

Answer 27

saturated

Question 28

any particular aqueous solution if it is placed in contact with air in a closed system, will tend to establish a characteristic, equilibrium water vapor pressure in the air

Answer 28

water vapor pressure of the aqueous solution

Question 29

properties of tissues, organs, or whole animals that will never, in principle, be predictable from mere knowledge of molecules and cells because the properties emerge only when cells are assembled into interactively functional sets

Answer 29

emergent properties

Question 30

separates the inside of a cell from the cell's surroundings

Answer 30

cell membrane

Question 31

examples are the endoplasmic reticulum, inner and outer membranes of each mitochondrion,, and two closely associated membranes that form the nuclear envelope

Answer 31

intracellular membranes

Question 32

carbohydrate chains bonded to cell membrane proteins

Answer 32

glycoproteins

Question 33

carbohydrate chains bonded to lipids

Answer 33

glycolipids

Question 34

proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 34

integral proteins

Question 35

noncovalently bonded to integral proteins or lipids but are not within the bilayer

Answer 35

peripheral proteins

Question 36

electrons are unevenly distributed so some regions are partially negative and others are partially positive

Answer 36

polar molecule

Question 37

electrons are evenly distributed and there are no charge imbalances between different molecular regions

Answer 37

nonpolar molecule

Question 38

lipids that contain phosphate groups

Answer 38

phospholipids

Question 39

a molecule that consists of a polar regions and a nonpolar region

Answer 39

amphipathic

Question 40

the two layers of the phospholipid molecules in any particular membrane know as the two____ of the membrane, typically are composed of different mixes of phospholipid molecules

Answer 40

leaflets

Question 41

individual phospholipid molecules are not covalently bound to one another therefore, they move relative to each other and are able to move about rather freely by diffusion within each membrane leaflet

Answer 41

fluid motion

Question 42

ease of motion of the phospholipid molecules in a membrane leaflet

Answer 42

fluidity

Question 43

a hydrocarbon with no double bonds

Answer 43

saturated

Question 44

a hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds

Answer 44

unsaturated

Question 45

a membrane consists of a mosaic of protein and lipid molecules, all of which move about in directions parallel to the membrane faces because of the fluid state of the lipid matrix

Answer 45

fluid mosaic model

Question 46

integral proteins that span the membrane

Answer 46

transmembrane proteins

Question 47

permits simple or quasi-simple diffusion of solutes in aqueous solution or osmosis of water through a membrane

Answer 47

channel

Question 48

binds noncovalently and reversibly with specific molecules or ions to move them across a membrane intact

Answer 48

transporter(carrier)

Question 49

catalyzes a chemical reaction in which covalent bonds are made or broken

Answer 49

enzyme

Question 50

binds noncovalently with specific molecules and as a consequence of this binding, initiates a change in membrane permeability or cell metabolism

Answer 50

receptor

Question 51

attaches to other molecules to anchor intracellular elements to the cell membrane, creates junctions between adjacent cell or establishes other structural elements

Answer 51

structural proteins

Question 52

repeating structural patterns in a protein

Answer 52

domains

Question 53

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or organ or lines a cavity

Answer 53

epithelium

Question 54

consists of a single layer of cells

Answer 54

simple epithelium

Question 55

the mucosal surface facing into a cavity or open space

Answer 55

apical surface

Question 56

the serosal surface facing toward the underlying tissue to which the epithelium is attached

Answer 56

basal surface

Question 57

composed of glycoproteins and particular types of collagen that the epithelium typically rests on, is nonliving sheet of matrix material, positioned beneath the basal cell surface

Answer 57

basement membrane

Question 58

exceedingly fine fingerlike projections of the apical cell membrane

Answer 58

microvilli

Question 59

a place where the cell membranes of adjacent cells are tightly joined so that there is no intercellular space between the cells

Answer 59

tight junction

Question 60

block the spaces between adjacent epithelial cells preventing open passage between the fluids on either side of an epithelium

Answer 60

occluding junctions

Question 61

a junction at which mutually adhering glycoprotein filaments from two adjacent cells intermingle across the space between the cells

Answer 61

desmosome

Question 62

the two adjacent cells lack cell membrane boundaries and there is continuity between the cytoplasm of the cells

Answer 62

gap junctions

Question 63

pores of gap junctions are formed by

Answer 63

connexin proteins

Question 64

in some cells the tight junctions permit extensive paracellular movement of certain sorts of molecules or ions and are described as

Answer 64

leaky

Question 65

based on the second law of thermodynamics which describes the behavior of systems. the state toward which an isolated system changes, that is it is the state toward which a system moves internally when it has no inputs or outputs of energy or matter

Answer 65

equilibrium

Question 66

having no inputs or outputs of energy or matter

Answer 66

isolated systems

Question 67

are capable of carrying material only in the direction of equilibrium

Answer 67

passive transport mechanisms

Question 68

can carry material in the direction opposing equilibrium

Answer 68

active transport mechanisms

Question 69

transport that arises from the molecular agitation that exists in all systems above absolute zero and from the simply statistical tendency for such agitation to carry more molecules out of regions of relatively high concentrations that into such regions

Answer 69

simple solute diffusion

Question 70

solution always in contact with the membrane and the concentrations of positive and negative charges are always equal

Answer 70

bulk solution

Question 71

permit the passive transport of inorganic ions by diffusion through a membrane

Answer 71

ion channels

Question 72

channels that open and close because the proteins of which they are composed are able to undergo conformational changes that cause their central passageways to increase or decrease the ease with which ions pass through

Answer 72

gated channel

Question 73

open and close in response to changes in the voltage difference across a membrane, important in generation of nerve impulses

Answer 73

voltage-gated channels

Question 74

open or close in response to stretching or pulling forces that alter the physical tension on a membrane

Answer 74

stretch-gated channels

Question 75

open or close according to whether the channel proteins are phosphorylated, under the control of protein kinases

Answer 75

phosphorylation-gated channels

Question 76

act both as receptors of extracellular signals and as ion channels

Answer 76

ligand-gated channels