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Physiology > Physiology final set A > Flashcards

Physiology final set A Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

the blood and the system of vessels or other passages through which it circulates

A

circulatory system

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2
Q

the pressure driven mass flow of blood through the circulatory system that brings the blood to all parts of the body

A

circulation

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3
Q

the processes by which oxygen is transported to the gas exchange membrane from the environmental medium and by which carbon dioxide is transported away from the membrane into the environment

A

external respiration

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4
Q

importance of oxygen

A
  1. the final electron acceptor in aerobic catabolism

2. required for the transfer of energy from the bonds of food molecules to the bonds of ATP

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5
Q

importance of carbon dioxide

A

must be voided since its accumulation can acidify the body fluids

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6
Q

4 steps for the transfer of respiratory gases

A
  1. ventilation
  2. diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory epithelium
  3. bulk transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by blood between gas exchange surface and tissues
  4. diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells
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7
Q

the individual pressure exerted by any particular gas in a gas mixture

A

partial pressure

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8
Q

movement of molecules from one region to another due to Brownian motion

A

diffusion

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9
Q

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide due to the bulk movement of the medium

A

convection

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10
Q

unidirectional flow

A

gill movement

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11
Q

tidal flow

A

breathing in and out

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12
Q

three things that can dictate how soluble a gas is in a solution

A
  1. type of gas
  2. temperature
  3. type of medium
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13
Q

oxygen or carbon dioxide is more soluble in water

A

carbon dioxide

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14
Q

oxygen or carbon dioxide is more soluble in blood

A

carbon dioxide

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15
Q

what makes oxygen more soluble in blood

A

binding of oxygen to hemoglobin

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16
Q

binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin subunits

A

carbamino carbon dioxide

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17
Q

ventilation usually more keyed toward this in water and this in air

A

water: oxygen
air: carbon dioxide

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18
Q

envaginated extension of body surface

A

gills

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19
Q

invaginated, internalized gas exchange surface

A

lungs

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20
Q

4 common design features of gas exchange organs

A
  1. large surface area
  2. thin epithelium
  3. high permeability
  4. richly vascularized
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21
Q

gills surface area…

A

increased by extensive folding and dependent on lifestyle

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22
Q

fish gills are protected by the

A

operculum

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23
Q

gills are between two chambers

A

buckle and operculum chambers

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24
Q

what causes water to move across the gills

A

pressure differential between buckle and operculum chambers

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25
swimming speed moves water across the gills
RAM ventilation
26
can RAM ventilate but can also pump water across gills
facultative RAM ventilators
27
have to RAM ventilate to survive
Obligate RAM ventilators
28
explain the pressure differential that moves water across the gills
1. when operculum is closed mouth is open moving water in | 2. when mouth closes operculum is open moving water across the gills
29
While water is flowing through the lamella...
blood is flowing in the opposite direction
30
cells involved in ion exchange
pave cells
31
gas exchange units of the gills
lamellae
32
diffusion barrier dependent on
lifestyle of fish
33
more active species of fish
have a thinner diffusion barrier
34
why is concurrent exchange less efficient
breaks down the gradient
35
humans- total surface area for gas exchange
80 square meters
36
how oxygen gets into blood when entering the lungs
oxygen dissolves in alveolar fluid, partial pressure of fluid causes oxygen to cross the exchange surface,
37
volume of air where gas exchange doesn't happen
anatomical dead space
38
tidal volume-anatomical dead space
alveolar ventilation volume
39
total volume in the lungs
residual volume
40
amount of anatomical dead space
150 ml
41
amount of tidal volume
500ml
42
alveolar ventilation volume
350 ml
43
residual volume
2000 ml
44
determines depth and amplitude of breathing
pattern generator
45
controls breathing frequency
rhythm generator
46
groups of neurons that input information to spinal motor neurons that activate respiratory muscles
medullary respiratory muscles
47
activity coincides with inspiration
inspiratory neurons
48
activity coincides with expiration
expiratory neurons
49
monitor changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood
chemoreceptors
50
where are the peripheral chemoreceptors in mammals
carotid and aortic bodies
51
what kind of chemoreceptors are found in the medulla
central proton sensitive chemoreceptors
52
in air breathers this is detected first
increase in carbon dioxide
53
in aquatic vertebrates this is the major factor in controlling breathing
oxygen
54
when there is an increase in PO2 causing a decrease in ventilation and decrease carbon dioxide excretion
hyperoxic hypercapnia
55
increases the depth of breathing and lung ventilation
pulmonary stretch receptors
56
causing bronchoconstriction and coughing
irritant receptors
57
stimulated by an increase in interstitial volume
justrapulmonary capillary receptors
58
oxygen in blood is carried in two forms
physically dissolved and bound to hemoglobin
59
how much physically dissolved oxygen is in the blood
4 ml per L
60
how many oxygens can bind to one hb molecule
4
61
how much oxygen as a whole is in the blood
20 ml per 100 ml of blood
62
the lower the P50 the ____the affinity of oxygen and Hb
higher
63
oxygenated Hb is
bright red
64
deoxygenated Hb is
blue red
65
PO2 where Hb is 50% saturated with oxygen
P50
66
large changes is PO2 have little effect on Hb-O2 saturation
plateau region
67
small changes in PO2 have a large effect on Hb-O2 saturation
steep region
68
sigmoidal curves are ____ | give an example
co-operative | hemoglobin
69
hyperbolic curves are ___ | give an example
single sub unit so no cooperative nature | myoglobin
70
what factors affect Hb-O2 binding
1. Bohr effect 2. Temperature 3. Organic Phosphates
71
what is the bohr effect at the tissues
an increase in carbon dioxide and decrease in pH causing a right shift in the curve, increases P50 and deceases affinity for Hb-O2 binding
72
what is the bohr effect at the lungs
decrease in carbon dioxide and increase in pH causing a left shift in the curve decreasing the P50 and increasing Hb-O2 affinity
73
increase in temperature shifts curve
right
74
decrease in temperature shifts curve
left
75
increase in organic phosphates shift curve
right
76
decrease in organic phosphates shifts curve
left
77
in mammals the main organic phosphate is
DPG
78
in fish the organic phosphates are
ATP and GTP
79
three forms of carbon dioxide in the blood
1. physically dissolved 2. carbamino carbon dioxide 3. Bicarbonate ions
80
what do lamprey and hagfish lack and why is it important
band 3 protein which would not allow for bicarbonate to be pumped out of the cell when carbon dioxide is being taken up by the tissues
81
deoxy-Hb has a higher affinity for H+ than oxy-Hb
Haldane effect
82
an important mechanism for internal pH regulation
CO2- HCO3- buffer system
83
increased PCO2 in blood
respiratory acidosis
84
decreased PCO2 in blood
respiratory alkalosis
85
addition of fixed acids
metabolic acidosis
86
addition of fixed bases
metabolic alkalosis

Physiology (8 decks)

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