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Physiology > Physiology final set A > Flashcards

Physiology final set A Flashcards

1
Q

the blood and the system of vessels or other passages through which it circulates

A

circulatory system

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2
Q

the pressure driven mass flow of blood through the circulatory system that brings the blood to all parts of the body

A

circulation

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3
Q

the processes by which oxygen is transported to the gas exchange membrane from the environmental medium and by which carbon dioxide is transported away from the membrane into the environment

A

external respiration

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4
Q

importance of oxygen

A
  1. the final electron acceptor in aerobic catabolism

2. required for the transfer of energy from the bonds of food molecules to the bonds of ATP

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5
Q

importance of carbon dioxide

A

must be voided since its accumulation can acidify the body fluids

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6
Q

4 steps for the transfer of respiratory gases

A
  1. ventilation
  2. diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory epithelium
  3. bulk transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by blood between gas exchange surface and tissues
  4. diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and cells
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7
Q

the individual pressure exerted by any particular gas in a gas mixture

A

partial pressure

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8
Q

movement of molecules from one region to another due to Brownian motion

A

diffusion

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9
Q

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide due to the bulk movement of the medium

A

convection

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10
Q

unidirectional flow

A

gill movement

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11
Q

tidal flow

A

breathing in and out

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12
Q

three things that can dictate how soluble a gas is in a solution

A
  1. type of gas
  2. temperature
  3. type of medium
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13
Q

oxygen or carbon dioxide is more soluble in water

A

carbon dioxide

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14
Q

oxygen or carbon dioxide is more soluble in blood

A

carbon dioxide

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15
Q

what makes oxygen more soluble in blood

A

binding of oxygen to hemoglobin

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16
Q

binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin subunits

A

carbamino carbon dioxide

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17
Q

ventilation usually more keyed toward this in water and this in air

A

water: oxygen
air: carbon dioxide

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18
Q

envaginated extension of body surface

A

gills

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19
Q

invaginated, internalized gas exchange surface

A

lungs

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20
Q

4 common design features of gas exchange organs

A
  1. large surface area
  2. thin epithelium
  3. high permeability
  4. richly vascularized
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21
Q

gills surface area…

A

increased by extensive folding and dependent on lifestyle

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22
Q

fish gills are protected by the

A

operculum

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23
Q

gills are between two chambers

A

buckle and operculum chambers

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24
Q

what causes water to move across the gills

A

pressure differential between buckle and operculum chambers

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25
Q

swimming speed moves water across the gills

A

RAM ventilation

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26
Q

can RAM ventilate but can also pump water across gills

A

facultative RAM ventilators

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27
Q

have to RAM ventilate to survive

A

Obligate RAM ventilators

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28
Q

explain the pressure differential that moves water across the gills

A
  1. when operculum is closed mouth is open moving water in

2. when mouth closes operculum is open moving water across the gills

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29
Q

While water is flowing through the lamella…

A

blood is flowing in the opposite direction

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30
Q

cells involved in ion exchange

A

pave cells

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31
Q

gas exchange units of the gills

A

lamellae

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32
Q

diffusion barrier dependent on

A

lifestyle of fish

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33
Q

more active species of fish

A

have a thinner diffusion barrier

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34
Q

why is concurrent exchange less efficient

A

breaks down the gradient

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35
Q

humans- total surface area for gas exchange

A

80 square meters

36
Q

how oxygen gets into blood when entering the lungs

A

oxygen dissolves in alveolar fluid, partial pressure of fluid causes oxygen to cross the exchange surface,

37
Q

volume of air where gas exchange doesn’t happen

A

anatomical dead space

38
Q

tidal volume-anatomical dead space

A

alveolar ventilation volume

39
Q

total volume in the lungs

A

residual volume

40
Q

amount of anatomical dead space

A

150 ml

41
Q

amount of tidal volume

A

500ml

42
Q

alveolar ventilation volume

A

350 ml

43
Q

residual volume

A

2000 ml

44
Q

determines depth and amplitude of breathing

A

pattern generator

45
Q

controls breathing frequency

A

rhythm generator

46
Q

groups of neurons that input information to spinal motor neurons that activate respiratory muscles

A

medullary respiratory muscles

47
Q

activity coincides with inspiration

A

inspiratory neurons

48
Q

activity coincides with expiration

A

expiratory neurons

49
Q

monitor changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

A

chemoreceptors

50
Q

where are the peripheral chemoreceptors in mammals

A

carotid and aortic bodies

51
Q

what kind of chemoreceptors are found in the medulla

A

central proton sensitive chemoreceptors

52
Q

in air breathers this is detected first

A

increase in carbon dioxide

53
Q

in aquatic vertebrates this is the major factor in controlling breathing

A

oxygen

54
Q

when there is an increase in PO2 causing a decrease in ventilation and decrease carbon dioxide excretion

A

hyperoxic hypercapnia

55
Q

increases the depth of breathing and lung ventilation

A

pulmonary stretch receptors

56
Q

causing bronchoconstriction and coughing

A

irritant receptors

57
Q

stimulated by an increase in interstitial volume

A

justrapulmonary capillary receptors

58
Q

oxygen in blood is carried in two forms

A

physically dissolved and bound to hemoglobin

59
Q

how much physically dissolved oxygen is in the blood

A

4 ml per L

60
Q

how many oxygens can bind to one hb molecule

A

4

61
Q

how much oxygen as a whole is in the blood

A

20 ml per 100 ml of blood

62
Q

the lower the P50 the ____the affinity of oxygen and Hb

A

higher

63
Q

oxygenated Hb is

A

bright red

64
Q

deoxygenated Hb is

A

blue red

65
Q

PO2 where Hb is 50% saturated with oxygen

A

P50

66
Q

large changes is PO2 have little effect on Hb-O2 saturation

A

plateau region

67
Q

small changes in PO2 have a large effect on Hb-O2 saturation

A

steep region

68
Q

sigmoidal curves are ____

give an example

A

co-operative

hemoglobin

69
Q

hyperbolic curves are ___

give an example

A

single sub unit so no cooperative nature

myoglobin

70
Q

what factors affect Hb-O2 binding

A
  1. Bohr effect
  2. Temperature
  3. Organic Phosphates
71
Q

what is the bohr effect at the tissues

A

an increase in carbon dioxide and decrease in pH causing a right shift in the curve, increases P50 and deceases affinity for Hb-O2 binding

72
Q

what is the bohr effect at the lungs

A

decrease in carbon dioxide and increase in pH causing a left shift in the curve decreasing the P50 and increasing Hb-O2 affinity

73
Q

increase in temperature shifts curve

A

right

74
Q

decrease in temperature shifts curve

A

left

75
Q

increase in organic phosphates shift curve

A

right

76
Q

decrease in organic phosphates shifts curve

A

left

77
Q

in mammals the main organic phosphate is

A

DPG

78
Q

in fish the organic phosphates are

A

ATP and GTP

79
Q

three forms of carbon dioxide in the blood

A
  1. physically dissolved
  2. carbamino carbon dioxide
  3. Bicarbonate ions
80
Q

what do lamprey and hagfish lack and why is it important

A

band 3 protein which would not allow for bicarbonate to be pumped out of the cell when carbon dioxide is being taken up by the tissues

81
Q

deoxy-Hb has a higher affinity for H+ than oxy-Hb

A

Haldane effect

82
Q

an important mechanism for internal pH regulation

A

CO2- HCO3- buffer system

83
Q

increased PCO2 in blood

A

respiratory acidosis

84
Q

decreased PCO2 in blood

A

respiratory alkalosis

85
Q

addition of fixed acids

A

metabolic acidosis

86
Q

addition of fixed bases

A

metabolic alkalosis

Physiology (8 decks)

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