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Meducina > Physiology: Signal transduction > Flashcards

Physiology: Signal transduction Flashcards

1
Q

A ligand/transmitter/chemical binds to its specific receptor and it will initiate a cascade of events that will ultimately result in the response that the specific cell should manifest

A

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

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2
Q

What type of signal transduction is Cholinergic nicotinic receptors under?

A

Ligand – gated ion channels

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3
Q

What type of signal transduction is α and β adrenoceptors under?

A

G protein - coupled receptors

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4
Q

What type of signal transduction is insulin receptors under?

A

Enzyme - linked receptors

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5
Q

What type of signal transduction is steroid receptors under?

A

Intracellular receptors

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6
Q

Receptor for caffeine in Ligand gated ion channel

A

Ryanodine receptor

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7
Q

What ion channel is opened by Ryanodine receptor?

A

calcium channel

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8
Q

They are opened or closed by hormones, second messengers, or neurotransmitters.

A

Ligand-gated channels

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9
Q

What enzyme does caffeine inhibit in G protein coupled receptor

A

Phosphodiesterase

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10
Q

opened or closed by changes in membrane potential.

A

Voltage-gated channels

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11
Q

mediate direct and rapid synaptic signaling between electrically excitable cells

A

Ligand-gated channels

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12
Q

regulate the activity of other proteins, such as enzymes and ion channels

A

GPCR

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13
Q

G protein sub units

A

α, β, and γ subunits

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14
Q

either function as enzymes or are associated with and regulate enzymes

A

Enzyme-linked receptors

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15
Q

T/F, Most enzyme-linked receptors are protein kinases or are associated with protein kinases,

A

True

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16
Q

small hydrophobic molecules, that have a long biological half-life (hours to days), diffuse across the plasma membrane, and bind to nuclear receptors or to cytoplasmic receptors that, once bound to their ligand, translocate to the nucleus

A

Nuclear receptors

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17
Q

Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, retinoids, and vitamin D bind to what type of receptor

A

Nuclear receptors

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18
Q

This class of receptors transduces a chemical signal into an electrical signal, which elicits a response.

A

Ligand-gated channels

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19
Q

Activation of G protein stimulates ___ enzyme

A

Adenylate cyclase

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20
Q

Adenylate cyclase increases that level of___

A

cAMP

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21
Q

Increase level of cAMP activates what enzyme?

A

Protein Kinase A

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22
Q

Enzyme that breaks down cAMP

A

Phosphodiesterase enzymes

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23
Q

Phosphodiesterases facilitate the breakdown of cAMP and cGMP to

A

AMP and GMP,

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24
Q

Another way to degrade cAMP or cGMP is

A

dephosphorylation of effectors by protein phosphatases.

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25
Q

Effect of caffeine activation of cAMP and PKA

A

stimulate the release of calcium from the ER/SR Therefore, having more cardiac contraction and eventual palpitations.

26
Q

promote the translocation of the glucose transporters from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane.

A

PI-3K pathway

27
Q

glucose in the circulation can get into the cell by way of

A

glucose transporters.

28
Q

General mechanism of Steroid when bound to DNA receptor

A

anti-inflammatory proteins are increased while pro-inflammatory proteins are inhibited

29
Q

anti-inflammatory proteins that have been induced by steroid

A

Lipocortin-1 IL-10 IL1- receptor

30
Q

inflammatory proteins are inhibited that have been inhibited by steroids

A

o ICAM-1 o IL-4 o IL- 5 o IL-6 o IL-13 o TNF- alpha o VCAM-1

31
Q

released during penile erection and binds to its guanylyl cyclase receptor (similar to adenylyl cyclase) which will increases the formation of cGMP.

A

Nitric oxide

32
Q

stimulate smooth (corpora cavernosa) muscle relaxation in penile erection

A

cGMP

33
Q

an oral drug, inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme.

A

Sildenafil (blue pill)

34
Q

enzyme that releases arachidonic acid (AA)

A

Phospholipase A2

35
Q

Three Pathways of A.A

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX) 5-Lipoxygenase Epoxygenase (Cytochrome P 450):

36
Q

facilitates metabolism of AA to prostaglandin, thromboxane and prostacyclin

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX)

37
Q

initiates conversion of AA to leukotrienes

A

5-Lipoxygenase

38
Q

enzyme that facilitates generation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) and cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET)

A

Epoxygenase (Cytochrome P 450):

39
Q

mediate platelet aggregation, causes airway constriction, and induce inflammation

A

Prostaglandin

40
Q

induces platelet aggregation, constrict blood vessels

A

Thromboxanes

41
Q

inhibits platelet aggregation, dilates blood vessels

A

Prostacyclins

42
Q

participates in allergic and inflammatory responses

A

Leukotrienes

43
Q

increases release of Ca++ from ER and stimulate cell proliferation

A

HETE & EET

44
Q

Explain the THE cAMP and Ca Pathway

A

 Signal Molecule (e.g. epinephrine) binds to a cell surface receptor protein it activates a G protein inside of the cell.  The G protein then stimulates adenylyl cyclase produce large amounts of cAMP within the cell.  cAMP binds to and activates a target protein such as α-kinase which adds phosphates to specific proteins in the cell.  The effect of this phosphorylation depends on the identity of the cell and the proteins that are phosphorylated  Calcium Ions also serve as second messengers. In response to a signal molecule from other cells. The cell surface receptor proteins activates a G protein which in turn activates enzyme Phospholipase C.  Phospholipase C catalyzes the production of Inositol triphosphate diffuses through the cytoplasm to the ER.  The Inositol triphosphate binds to and opens Ca channels allowing Ca ions to flow from the ER into the cytoplasm.  The Ca ions trigger protein sensitive to Ca to initiate a variety of activities.

45
Q

catalyzes the production of Inositol

A

Phospholipase C

46
Q

T/F, Steroid Hormone are not water soluble

A

true

47
Q

DNA regions where steroid hormones bind

A

hormone response elements.

48
Q

How does steroid works to reduce inflammation?

A

It binds to certain parts of the DNA which effect on the level of transcription of that site. The mRNA is produced which then codes for the synthesis of specific protein.

49
Q

What is attached to the G protein subunit intracellularly prior to ligand binding

A

guanosine diphoshate(GDP)

50
Q

What forms in the alpha subunit after ligand binding to G protein receptor

A

guanosine triphosphate(GTP)

51
Q

photo receptors cells in the retina of the eye motor

A

Rod cells

52
Q

photo receptor protein found in the outer segment of the rods are stacks of membranous disks and embedded in the disk membrane is called

A

Rhodopsin

53
Q

light sensitive molecule found in the rhodopsin is called

A

retinal

54
Q

Found in the outer membrane of the rod cGMP-gated

A

Na ion channels.

55
Q

What happense when a photon of light strikes rhodopsin

A

retinal isomerization initiates rhodopsin activation

56
Q

Active rhodopsin binds ___, a trimeric G protein.

A

transducin

57
Q

aggressive breast cancer are driven by a transmembrane receptor protein known

A

HER2

58
Q

How HER2 causes breast cancer

A

over expression is a trememdous increase in receptor mediated intracellular signaling

59
Q

Ligands of Ligand gated ion channel

A
60
Q

Ligand of GPCR

A
61
Q

Ligands for Enzyme link receptor

A
62
Q

Ligands for nuclear receptor

A

Meducina (6 decks)

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