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Meducina > Physiology: Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology: Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

2 major parts of the cell

A

Nuclues and Cytoplasm

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2
Q

The difference substances that make up the cell are collectively called

A

protoplasm

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3
Q

Contents of protoplasm

A

Water, IOns, CHONs, CHO, Lipids

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4
Q

the principal fluid medium of the cell

A

Water

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5
Q

COncentration of water inside cell

A

70-80%

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6
Q

the most important ions in the cell

A

potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate and smaller quantities of sodium, chloride and calcium

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7
Q

T/F, The ions provide inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions, they are necessary for operation of some cellular control mechanisms

A

true

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8
Q

Types of proteins in cell

A

Structure and functional proteins

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9
Q

Present in the cell in the form of long filaments they are polymers of many protein molecules.

A

Structural proteins

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10
Q

They are tubuloglobular proteins, such as enzymes of the cell, often mobile in the cell fluid and adherent to membranous structures inside the cell

A

Functional proteins

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11
Q

Proteins like elastin, collagen (found in connective tissues, walls of blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments)

A

extracellular proteins

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12
Q

Two types of lipids inside the cell

A

a. Phospholipids and cholesterol

b. Triglycerides/Neutral Fat

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13
Q

They are mainly insoluble in water which allows them to be used in forming the cell membrane and intracellular membrane barriers that separate the different cell compartments.

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

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14
Q

They are the body’s main storehouse of energy-giving nutrients. This stored fat can be converted into energy wherever in the body it is needed.

A

Triglycerides/Neutral Fat

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15
Q

Play a major role in the nutrition of the cell

A

Carbohydrate

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16
Q

Separates cell from other substances in the body, and covers most intracellular organelles to separate them from other substances

A

Cell membrane

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17
Q

CM are composed primarily of __ and __

A

lipids and proteins

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18
Q

What does lipid bilayer of the CM implies?

A

Has two layers of hydrophilic end and hydrophobic end

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19
Q

Composition of basic lipid bilayer

A

Phospholipid molecule (phosphate + Llipid or fatty acid)

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20
Q

Phosphate end is hydro__?

A

Hydrophilic

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21
Q

Fatty acid end is hydro___?

A

Hydrophobic

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22
Q

Water soluble substances inside the CM

A

ions, glucose, urea

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23
Q

Fat soluble substances inside the CM

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, steroid hormone

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24
Q

They cross cell membranes because

they can dissolve in the hydrophobic lipid bilayer.

A

Lipid-soluble substances

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25
Q

They cannot dissolve in the lipid of the

membrane, but may cross through water-filled channels, or pores, or may be transported by carriers

A

Water-soluble substances

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26
Q

protrude all the way to the membrane, provide structural channels or pores through which water molecules and water-soluble substances (ex. ions), diffuse between extra and intracellular fluids

A

Integral proteins

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27
Q

only attached to 1 surface, are not imbedded in the cell membrane, are not covalently bound to membrane components, are loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions

A

Peripheral proteins

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28
Q

may span the cell membrane. Include ion channels, transport proteins, receptors, and guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)–binding proteins (G proteins)–carrier protein and enzyme

A

Integral proteins

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29
Q

a loose carbohydrate coat of the entire outside surface of the cell occur in combination with proteins or lipids (glycoproteins or glycolipids)

A

Glycocalyx

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30
Q

carbohydrate compounds loosely attach to the outer surface of the cell “glycosylated proteins”

A

proteoglycans

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31
Q

The clear fluid portion of the cytoplasm in which the particles are dispersed.

A

Cytosol

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32
Q

5 important organelles that is dispersed by cytosol

A 
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Lysosomes
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33
Q

Is responsible for metabolism in the cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

Site for production of ATP

A

Mitochondria

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35
Q

A network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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36
Q

T/F, for ER, the tubules and vesicles interconnect with one another, their walls are constructed of lipid bilayer membranes

A

True

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37
Q

a watery medium different from the fluid in the cytosol that fills the space inside the tubules and vesicles of the ER

A

endoplasmic matrix

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38
Q

T/F, the vast area of the endoplasmic reticulum and the multiple enzyme systems attached to its membranes, provide machinery for a major share of the metabolic function of the cell

A

true

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39
Q

Two types of Endoplasmic reticulum

A

a. Granular ER (rough ER)

b. Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

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40
Q

function to synthesize new protein molecules

A

Granular ER

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41
Q

granular particles attached to the outer surface; composed of the mixture of RNA and proteins

A

Ribosomes

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42
Q

function for lipid synthesis and for other processes of the cells promoted by intrareticular enzymes.

A

Agranular Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

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43
Q

Provides the enzymes that control glycogen breakdown

A

ER

44
Q

It provides a vast number of enzymes that are capable of detoxifying substances (e.g Drugs) via Coagulation, Oxidation, hydrolysis, conjugation with glucuronic acid

A

ER

45
Q

composed of 4 or more stacked layers of thin, flat and closed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus

A

Golgi Apparatus

46
Q

prominent in secretory cells and function in association with ER

A

Golgi Apparatus

47
Q

Small “transport vesicles” continually pinch off from the ER and fuse with the Golgi apparatus.

A

endoplasmic reticulum vesicles

48
Q

It is where transported substances are then processed to form lysosomes, secretory vesicles and other cytoplasmic components

A

Golgi Apparatus

49
Q

Major function of Golgi apparatus

A

provide additional processing of substances already formed in the ER

50
Q

T/F, Golgi App has the capability of synthesizing certain carbohydrates that cannot be formed in the ER

A

true

51
Q

Special function of golgi app

A

a. Synthetic functions

b. Formation of vesicles

52
Q

They are major components of proteoglycans secreted in mucus and other glandular secretions

A

Hyaluronic acid

chondroitin sulfate

53
Q

principal components of organic matrix in both cartilage and bone.

A

Hyaluronic acid

chondroitin sulfate

54
Q

major components of the ground substance outside the cells in the interstitial spaces acting as filler between collagen fibers and cells

A

Hyaluronic acid

chondroitin sulfate

55
Q

vesicular organelles formed by breaking off from the GA and dispersing throughout the cytoplasm

A

lysosome

56
Q

provide the intracellular digestive system that allows the cell to digest

A

lysosome

57
Q

What does lysosome digest

A
  • damaged cellular structures
  • food particles ingested by the cell
  • unwanted matter ex. Bacteria
58
Q

Enzyme of lysosome

A

Hydrolase enzyme

59
Q

capable of splitting an organic compound into 2 or more parts by combining H from H20 molecule with one part of the compound and combining the hydroxyl portion of the water molecule with the other part of the compound

A

Hydrolytic enzyme

60
Q

protein is hydrolyzed to __?

A

Amino acid

61
Q

glycogen is hydrolyzed to __?

A

Glucose

62
Q

lipids are hydrolyzed to

A

fatty acid and glycerol

63
Q

responsible for much removal of damaged cells or portions of cells in tissues

A

lysosome

64
Q

Mechanism of lysosome digestion

A

released hydrolases immediately begin to digest the surrounding organic substances

65
Q

bactericidal agents content of lysosome

A

Lysozyme,
Lysoferrin,
Acid @ a pH of about 5.0

66
Q

Lysosome enzyme that dissolves the Bacterial cell membrane

A

Lysozyme

67
Q

Lysosome enzyme binds iron and other substances before they can promote bacterial growth

A

Lysoferrin

68
Q

activates the hydrolases and inactivates bacterial metabolic systems.

A

Acid @ a pH of about 5.0

69
Q

Similar to lysosomes, formed by self-replication by budding off from the Smooth ER rather than the GA.

A

Peroxisomes

70
Q

Where does peroxisome breaks off?

A

Smooth ER

71
Q

Enzyme content of peroxidase

A

Oxidases

72
Q

Enzyme capable of combining oxygen with hydrogen ions from other intracellular chemical (hydrogen peroxide) that make H2O2

A

Oxidases

73
Q

A highly oxidizing substance used in association with catalase to oxidize substances poisonous to cell

A

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

74
Q

one of its most important functions is secretion of special chemical substances

A

Secretory Vesicles

75
Q

Forms all secretory vesicles

A

ER and the GA system

76
Q

They store protein pro-enzymes

A

Secretory Vesicles

77
Q

enzymes that are not yet activated and becomes activated in the duodenum

A

pro-enzyme

78
Q

the “powerhouse” of the cell

A

Mitochondria

79
Q

T/F, Mitochondria is self-replicative

A

True

80
Q

What synthesizes the precursor for filaments and tubular structures

A

Filaments and Tubular Structures

81
Q

Filament that large in numbers frequently occur in the outer zone of the cytoplasm (ectoplasm) to form an elastic support for the cell membrane

A

Actin filaments

82
Q

organized into a special contractile machine that is the basis for muscular contraction

A

Actin and myosin filaments

83
Q

a special type of stiff filament used in constructing the microtubules

A

Tubulin

84
Q

act as a cytoskeleton providing rigid, physical structures for certain parts

A

microtubules

85
Q

control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

86
Q

contains large quantities of DNA which are the genes

A

Nucleus

87
Q

Determine the characteristics of the cell’s proteins and enzymes controlling nuclear activities, control and promote reproduction of the cell itself

A

Genes

88
Q

cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules “Drink”

A

Pinocytosis

89
Q

Pinocytosis is powered by

A

ATP

90
Q

What ion is utilized by pinocytosis

A

Calcium ion

91
Q

Cells capable of phagocytosis

A

tissue macrophages and some WBCs

92
Q

Process wherein a specific antibody (Opsonin) attaches to bacteria which instigate phagocytosis.

A

Opsonization

93
Q

Cell death

A

Auto-lysis

94
Q

T/F, Light cell damage to only a portion of the cell is removed followed by repair of the cell

A

True

95
Q

movement of an entire cell in relation to its surroundings

A

Ameboid Movement

96
Q

most important initiator of ameboid locomotion

A

chemotaxis

97
Q

T/F, chemotaxis moves toward source of chemotactic substance

A

True

98
Q

any chemical substance that causes chemotaxis to occur

A

Chemotactic substance

99
Q

Chemotaxis where cells move from lower to higher concentration

A

positive chemotaxis

100
Q

Chemotaxis where cells move from higher to lower concentration; cells move away from the source

A

negative chemotaxis

101
Q

whip-like movement of cilia on the surface of the cells

A

Ciliary Movements

102
Q

Where does cilliary movement occur

A

only in respiratory airways and Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) of the reproductive tract

103
Q

Clinical application of cilia and ciliary movement

A

a. Immotile cilia syndrome (ICS)

b. Dynein arm defects

104
Q

an autosomal recessive disease of the cilia

A

Immotile cilia syndrome (ICS)

105
Q

Manifest as a total or a partial absence of either both inner or both outer dynein arms and Involve just the inner or outer arms.

A

Dynein arm defects

106
Q

A latticework of fibrillar protein found in the inside of the cell membrane beneath coated pits.

A

Clathrin

Meducina (6 decks)

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