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Meducina > Module 1 [cont]: Methods of cytology and histology > Flashcards

Module 1 [cont]: Methods of cytology and histology Flashcards

1
Q

How many lenses does compound light microscope hae.

A

Two or more

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2
Q

Light source for compound LM?

A

Transmitted light

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3
Q

T/F, compound light mic. Uses live specimens such as examination of stool for parasites

A

True

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4
Q

Total magnification of CLM?

A

Not more than 2000x

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5
Q

Max magnification of CLM?

A

400x

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6
Q

T/F: eye piece only enlarges the images obtain by the objective and doesnt improve the resolution of the image

A

True

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7
Q

3 objectives of CLM & their magnifications

A

a. Scanning objective- 4x
b. Low power objective- 10x
c. High power objective -40x (blue line)

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8
Q

Part of CLM where it serves as a platform upon which the slide rests

A

Stage

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9
Q

A transparent lens through which light reveals. Size and brightness can be adjusted

A

Iris diaphragm

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10
Q

Light source of the clm

A

Lamp

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11
Q

Steps on using microscope (shortcut)

A

a. Power on, make sure light is working; objective is set to LPO or scanning
b. Always start at scanning objective
c. Place glass slide on stage; fix using specimen holder
d. Move the slide to focus on image you want to see
e. Adjustment of course adjustment & fine adjustment knob
f. Adjust light intensity
g. Once image is clear, you can switch to a higher magnification to see individual details
h. If finished, switch back to LPO
i. Remove slide carefully and put it in proper box
J. Turn off microscope

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12
Q

Knob that lowers the objective lenses

A

Course adjustment knob

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13
Q

Knob that gives clearer image

A

Fine adjustment knob

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14
Q

T/F, to preserve the morphologic and chemical integrity of the cell in as life-like manner as possible is the primary aim of fixatives

A

True

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15
Q

Size of a tissue block used in light microscopy

A

2 x 0.4 sq. cm

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16
Q

Size of a tissue block used in electron microscopy

A

1-2 sq. mm

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17
Q

Main factors involved in fixation

A

a. Hydrogen ion concentrion (6-8)
b. Temperature
c. thickness of sxn
d. Osmolality
e. Concn. of Fixative
f. Duration of fixative (6-24hrs)

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18
Q

Process of removing intracellular and extracellular water

A

Dehydration

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19
Q

What percent of alcohol is used to dehydrate delicate tissues (i.e embryonic tissues)

A

30%

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20
Q

Most recommended alcohol for dehydration and best dehydrating agent

A

Ethanol

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21
Q

Why do we need to dehydrate tissue samples?

A

To remove water from previous fixation where in melted paraffin that will be used to infiltrate the tissue subsequently is Hydrophobic

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22
Q

Most used clearing agent

A

Xylene

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23
Q

Most common embedding medium being used

A

Paraffin

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24
Q

It is used to adhere tissue sections in an untreated glass slide

A

Bonding Agent/ Adhesive

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25
Q

Two example of bonding agents

A

a. albumin

b. poly-l-lysine

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26
Q

Most common bonding agent

A

Albumin

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27
Q

Two methods of staining

A

a. direct staining

b. indirect staining

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28
Q

A process of giving color to the given sections by using aqueous or alcoholic dyes

A

Direct staining

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29
Q

A staining method wherein the action of dye is intensified by using a mordant which serves as a link between tissue and dye

A

Indirect staining

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30
Q

T/F, nucleus is basic in nature hence stains blue by Hematoxylin

A

False, acidic

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31
Q

T/F, Cytoplasm is basic in nature hence in stained by Eosin pink

A

True

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32
Q

A dye of combination of an acid and basic dye

A

Neutral dye

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33
Q

Example where Neutral dye is used?

A

Leishman staining

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34
Q

It gives a protective cover over the smear and make a permanent bond between the coverslip and the slides

A

Mounting media

35
Q

Requirement for a mounting media

A

a. same refractive index as the coverslip and glass slide (1.52 -1.54)
b. should be colorless
c. quick drying and stick to the slide
d. resist contamination particularly the growth of microbes
e. miscible with clearing agent

36
Q

What structures can PAS stains?

A

a. glycoprotein
b. mucin
c. mucoprotein
d. glycoprotein
e. basement membranes
f. capsules
g. blood vessels

37
Q

Color stain of PAS for positive

A

Purple/ Red/Magenta

38
Q

Color stain of PAS for nuclei

A

Blue

39
Q

Modified PAS which can stain DNA of cell nuclei

A

Feulgen reaction

40
Q

Lipid soluble dyes that lipid rich structure (phospholipids and neutral fats)

A

Sudan black

41
Q

Color stain of Sudan black if positive

A

blue black

42
Q

Color stain of Sudan black for nuclei

A

red

43
Q

Uses silver salts to stain certain ECM fibers and specific cellular elements in nervous tissues

A

Metal impregnation

44
Q

What is produced in Metal impregnation?

A

opaque black deposit on bacteria or cell surface

45
Q

T/F, Light is either passed through or Reflected in Brightfield microscopy

A

True

46
Q

Other term for eyepiece

A

Ocular lens

47
Q

T/F, eyepiece or ocular lenses improves the resolution of the object

A

False, it does not improve but only enlarges the image

48
Q

Objective used for locating objects and scanning slides quickly

A

Scanning objective

49
Q

Color and magnification of line in scanning obj

A

red line- 4x

50
Q

color and magnification of line in Low power obj

A

yellow line- 10x

51
Q

color and magnification of line in high power obj

A

blue line- 40x

52
Q

Lens that allows you to find and center object in a slide

A

Low power object

53
Q

Lens used to zoom in for closer viewing

A

High power objective

54
Q

It determines the quality of the image, clarity, and richness of detail

A

Resolving power

55
Q

What is the fluorescent stain used?

A

Acridine orange

56
Q

T/F, acridine orange binds only to the DNA

A

False, both DNA and RNA

57
Q

Light emitted by DNA and RNA under fluorescence microscopy

A

DNA- Yellow

RNA- orange

58
Q

Specimen for Phase contrast microscopy

A

unstained cells and tissue sections

59
Q

uses lens that produces visible images from transparent objects

A

PCM

60
Q

Used to study cell cycle in live cell

A

PCM

61
Q

Digitally reconstructs the specimen into a 3D image; records ion movements; determines enzymatic activities in tissues

A

Confocal microscopy

62
Q

Used in detecting cardiac amyloidosis (apple green birefringence)

A

cardiac amyloidosis

63
Q

It can visualize individual viral particles, diagnosis of glumerulopathies

A

Electron microscopy

64
Q

Fixative for electron microscopy

A

Glutaraldehyde

65
Q

Cut object in TEM

A

40-90 nm

66
Q

T/F, in TEM, electrons pass directly through the specimen

A

true

67
Q

T/F. in SEM, electrons bounce off the surface of the specimen at an angle and 3D image is produced

A

true

68
Q

Complex solutions that is used to sustain cells and tissue culture

A

Salts, Amino acid, vitamins, serum and specific growth factor

69
Q

Refers to as low passage or finite cell lines, aka diploid

A

Established cell line

70
Q

T/F, established cell lines can be maintained longer than primary cell line

A

True

71
Q

Altered cells that can be maintained indefinitely, the cells are heteroploid

A

Continuous cell lines

72
Q

W1-38, MRC-5, IMR-90 are examples of what cell line

A

Established cell line

73
Q

Hela, Hep-2, A549 and vero cells are example of what cell lines

A

Continuous cell line

74
Q

What is used in autoradiography as microdetector

A

Silver bromide crystals

75
Q

In autoradiography, they indicate the cells or regions of cells where macromolecules are synthesized

A

Silver grains

76
Q

Technique used to identify diagnostically useful enzyme or other tissues

A

Enzyme histo/Cytochemistry

77
Q

T/F, histochemistry and cytochemistry serves to detect early metabolic changes in biopsies and autopsy tissues

A

true

78
Q

T/F, immunohistochemistry, enables us to visualize the distribution and localization of specific cellular components within cell or tissue

A

true

79
Q

The most important requirement of Immunohistochemistry is the availability of an antibody against the protein to be detected

A

true

80
Q

A procedure in IHC wherein it uses heat , couple with specific buffered solutions to recover antigen reactivity

A

Antigen retrieval

81
Q

Procedure for IHC

A

(insert photo)

82
Q

Clinical application for IHC

A

useful in cancer diagnosis

83
Q

Allows a specific identification of sequences in genes or RNA

A

hybridization technique

Meducina (6 decks)

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