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Meducina > Histology: Glands and secretion > Flashcards

Histology: Glands and secretion Flashcards

1
Q

Organs in the human body that would be made up of epithelial cells that function mainly to produce and secrete various macromolecules.

A

Glands

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2
Q

___can be used in the body or they can be discharged into the surroundings

A

Macromolecules

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3
Q

Macromolecules that are useful

A

secretions from pancreatic gland
salivary gland

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4
Q

Macromolecules that can be discharged

A

secretions from the sweat glands

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5
Q

Functions of glands

A

Synthesize, store and release proteins, lipids, complexes of carbohydrates and proteins

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6
Q

secretes substances mainly made up of proteins

A

Pancreas

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7
Q

secretes lipids

A

Adrenal and Sebaceous glands

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8
Q

secretes complexes of carbohydrates and proteins

A

Salivary gland

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9
Q

secretes milk which is actually composed of all of the above substances (proteins, lipids, complexes of carbohydrates and proteins)

A

Mammary gland

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10
Q

Some glands have ____ activity and secrete mostly ___ and ____

A

little synthetic
water and electrolytes

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11
Q

Elaboration or release or discharge of fluids by epithelial cells containing various substances usually mucin, enzymes or hormones needed by the body

A

Secretion

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12
Q

Secretion does not require expenditure of energy (ATP) thus work is performed, T/F

A

False- requires

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13
Q

Elaboration or release of waste products not
needed by the body

A

Excretion

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14
Q

T/f, Excretion doesn’t require energy therefore no work is
Performed

A

true

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15
Q

Epithelial linings of internal body surfaces
lubricated by mucin

A

Mucous membranes

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16
Q

___is a product of combination of water and glycoprotein (mucin

A

Mucus

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17
Q

a.k.a. scattered secretory cells

A

UNICELLULAR GLANDS

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18
Q

T/F, Secretory cells are not distributed among non-secretory cells

A

False- distributed

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19
Q

Class of glands common in columnar, cuboidal and pseudostratified epithelium

A

UNICELLULAR GLANDS

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20
Q

Example of Unicellular glands

A

Goblet cells

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21
Q

important component in the lining of the intestines (columnar epithelium) and respiratory tract (pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium)

A

Goblet cells

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22
Q

Secretes lubricating mucus that aids in the function of the intestines and respiratory tract

A

Goblet cells

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23
Q

Developed from the covering epithelia in the fetus by self-proliferation and growth in the underlying connective tissue followed by further differentiation

A

MULTICELLULAR GLANDS

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24
Q

Formed by invagination of epithelial layers in deeper tissue to form a diverticulum

A

MULTICELLULAR GLANDS

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25
Q

Parts of MULTICELLULAR GLANDS

A

o Proximal part
o Distal part

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26
Q

Part of MULTICELLULAR GLANDS that forms duct

A

Proximal part

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27
Q

Parts of MULTICELLULAR GLANDS

A

o Distal part

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28
Q

MULTICELLULAR GLANDS differentiate into?

A

exocrine and endocrine glands.

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29
Q

TYPES OF MULTICELLULAR GLAND

A

EXOCRINE GLAND
ENDOCRINE GLAND

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30
Q

Glands will remain connected with the surface epithelium through the duct and deliver the secreted material where it is going to be used.

A

EXOCRINE GLAND

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31
Q

Example of Exocrine glands

A

Lacrimal gland (in the eyes),
Salivary gland,
Urethral gland,
Intestinal glands

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32
Q

Releases hormones which will exert their effect at a distant target organ and loose their connection to their original epithelium

A

ENDOCRINE GLAND

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33
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND do not have ducts, T/F

A

True

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34
Q

They have thin walled vessels (capillaries) that are going to be adjacent to the endocrine cells

A

ENDOCRINE GLAND

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35
Q

secrete products directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

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36
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland, Pineal Gland, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Ovaries

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37
Q

___ have both endocrine and exocrine components

A

Testis, Pancreas

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38
Q

pancreatic gland that discharge pancreatic juice into small intestine

A

EXOCRINE GLAND

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39
Q

pancreatic gland that discharge various hormones such as insulin from beta cells

A

endocrine

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40
Q

pour their secretions onto an epithelial surface directly or through ducts

A

EXOCRINE GLAND

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41
Q

Organ that secretes erythropoietin (EPO)

A

kidney

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42
Q

hormone that stimulates blood cell production

A

Erythropoietin

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43
Q

Target organ of Erythropoietin

A

Target organ: Bone Marrow

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44
Q

organized as a continuous system of many small secretory portions and ducts that transport the secretion out of the gland

A

Epithelia of exocrine glands

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45
Q

small secretory systems that transport secretions out of the gland

A

Secretory acini

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46
Q

both endocrine and exocrine gland, units are supported by a ___.

A

stroma of connective tissue

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47
Q

layers of tissue are surrounding the larger ducts to form ____ separating the glands into lobes and lobules.

A

partitions or septa

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48
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF EXOCRINE GLANDS ACCORDING TO BRANCH FEATURE

A

SIMPLE GLANDS
COMPOUND GLANDS

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49
Q

Type of exocrine glands in which DUCTS do not branch, open directly to surfaces

A

SIMPLE GLANDS

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50
Q

Type of exocrine glands in which DUCTS branch out into several secretory units

A

COMPOUND GLANDS

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51
Q

Secretory units drain into smaller ducts that converge into one large duct

A

COMPOUND GLANDS

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52
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF EXOCRINE GLANDS ACCORDING TO MECHANISM OF EXOCRINE GLAND SECRETION

A

I. MEROCRINE SECRETION
II. HOLOCRINE SECRETION
III. APOCRINE SECRETION

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53
Q

Most common method of protein or glycoprotein secretion

A

MEROCRINE SECRETION

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54
Q

Involves exocytosis from membrane bound vesicles or secretory granules

A

MEROCRINE SECRETION

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55
Q

MEROCRINE SECRETION release their secretion either by ___ or ____ with the glandular cell remaining intact;

A

diffusion or exocytosis

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56
Q

most common manner of secretion

A

MEROCRINE SECRETION

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57
Q

Manner at which Salivary glands and pancreatic glands are secreted

A

MEROCRINE SECRETION

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58
Q

T/f, Most exocrine glands are merocrine

A

true

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59
Q

Releases product and debris into the gland’s lumen as cells disintegrate

A

HOLOCRINE SECRETION

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60
Q

Seen in sebaceous glands producing lipids rich materials in the skin.

A

HOLOCRINE SECRETION

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61
Q

As the cell grows larger, it accumulates more and more products and eventually, this cell will disintegrate and would release their secretion into the lumen of the duct

A

HOLOCRINE SECRETION

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62
Q

Meibomian gland of the eyelid undergoes what type of secretion

A

HOLOCRINE SECRETION

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63
Q

Best example of Holocrine glands

A

Sebaceous glands of hair follicles

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64
Q

Products accumulate in the apical ends where a portion of cell will be extruded to release products with small amounts of cytoplasm and cell membrane

A

APOCRINE SECRETION

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65
Q

lipid droplets by mammary glands undergoes what type of secretion

A

APOCRINE SECRETION

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66
Q

Part of the glandular cell usually the ___ is discharged with the secretion which causes damage to the part of cell/loss of cytoplasm

A

apical portion

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67
Q

Example of apocrine secretion

A

Mammary glands

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68
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF EXOCRINE GLANDS ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SECRETORY PRODUCTS

A

I. MUCOUS GLANDS
II. SEROUS GLANDS

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69
Q

SECRETORY PRODUCTS WILL HAVE DISTINCT STAINING PROPERTIES

A

secretions of mucous and serous glands

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70
Q

Contain mucous cells

A

MUCOUS GLANDS

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71
Q

Goblet cells are what type of exocrine

A

MUCOUS GLANDS

72
Q

The Cytoplasm of MUCOUS GLANDS is filled with secretory granules containing ___

A

mucinogen

73
Q

MUCOUS GLANDS stain ___ with H&E and therefore gives ___

A

very lightly
empty look

74
Q

In Mucous glands, the Nuclei is basally placed and rounded, T/F

A

F- flattened

75
Q

___pushes the nuclei of Mucous glands

A

mucoid

76
Q

Mucous glands have___ and ___that are filled apically with secretory granules

A

RER
Golgi complexes

77
Q

heavily glycosylated proteins in mucous glands

A

mucin

78
Q

Mucin has ___binding properties

A

water

79
Q

Mucin is ___when released from the cell

A

hydrated

80
Q

Water + Mucin =

A

Mucus layer

81
Q

____ is usually washed from cells during routine histological preparation

A

Hydrophilic mucus

82
Q

Hydrophilic mucus stain ___with eosin; therefore looks ___

A

poorly
empty

83
Q

What should be present in a developing mucinogen granules to allow the mucous cells to be stained by the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) Method

A

sufficient oligosaccharides

84
Q

Mucous gland secretions contain ___which collects in the ___ part of cell

A

mucopolysaccharides
apical

85
Q

Contain serous cells

A

SEROUS GLANDS

86
Q

In SEROUS GLANDS, the cells have well developed RER and Golgi complex. T/F

A

true

87
Q

Serous cells are filled apically with ___ in different stages of maturation

A

secretory granules

88
Q

Serous cells stain intensely with ___ and ____

A

basophilic and acidophilic stains

89
Q

Secretions of SEROUS GLANDS are

A

thin, watery, rich in enzymes, protein in nature

90
Q

The cytoplasm of SEROUS GLANDS are

A

granular & rich in RER

91
Q

The cytoplasm of SEROUS GLANDS stains

A

darkly from pink to dark purple with H&E

92
Q

The nuclei of SEROUS GLANDS are

A

Rounded and basally placed

93
Q

SEROUS GLANDS synthesize proteins that are mostly ____

A

not glycosylated

94
Q

Example of serous gland secretion

A

Digestive Enzymes

95
Q

E.g. of serous cells

A

Acini of Pancreas and
Parotid Salivary glands

96
Q

Contain both serous and mucous secretory units

A

MIXED GLANDS

97
Q

They have serous acini and mucous tubules with clustered serous cells

A

MIXED GLANDS

98
Q

Product of MIXED GLANDS are a mixture of ___ and ____

A

digestive enzymes and watery mucous

99
Q

Serous cells form crescentic caps on mucous acini called ____

A

serous demilunes

100
Q

Contractile cells that are rich in actin filaments and myosin

A

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS

101
Q

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS are found at _____

A

basal ends of secretory units

102
Q

Have long processes that will embrace an acinus as an octopus might embrace a rounded boulder

A

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS

103
Q

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS are bound to basal lamina by ____

A

hemidesmosomes

104
Q

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS are connected to epithelial cell by ___ and ____

A

gap junction and desmosomes

105
Q

Contraction of MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS propel secretory products from the ____ to the ___

A

acini to the duct system

106
Q

Includes sweat glands, lacrimal glands, salivary glands and mammary glands

A

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS

107
Q

Lack myoepithelial cells

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

108
Q

Specialized for protein or steroid hormone synthesis

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

109
Q

Proteins of ENDOCRINE GLANDS are released by ___

A

exocytosis

110
Q

Lipophilic steroids are released by ___through ____ for uptake by binding proteins outside the cell

A

diffusion
cell membrane

111
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS targets _____

A

cells throughout the body

112
Q

__ glands in which secreted substances are hormones carried throughout the body by the interstitial fluid and blood, with specificity produced by the hormone receptors of target cells.

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

113
Q

ENDOCRINE GLANDS lack ducts, T/F

A

true

114
Q

Substance Action of ENDOCRINE GLANDS

A

Autocrine action
Paracrine action
Endocrine action

115
Q

substance produced will act on itself

A

Autocrine action

116
Q

substances produced will act on

A

Paracrine action

117
Q

substance produced is transferred to distant cell through circulatory system

A

Endocrine action

118
Q

The liver’s endocrine gland produces and secrete ____, ____, and ___ into the bloodstream.

A

plasma proteins, clotting factors and insulin-like growth factors

119
Q

The liver’s exocrine gland secretes___ into the digestive system for chemical digestion of lipids.

A

bile

120
Q

endocrine cells of pancreas is called

A

Islet of Langerhans

121
Q

exocrine cells of pancreas is/are called

A

cells surrounding the Islet

122
Q

Adrenal Cortex of the Adrenal Gland only has (endocrine or exocrine) Function???

A

endocrine

123
Q

layer of adrenal gland that secretes Aldosterone

A

Zona Glomerulosa

124
Q

layer of adrenal gland that secretes cortisol

A

Zona Fasciculata

125
Q

layer of adrenal gland that secretes androgens

A

Zona Reticularis

126
Q

Layers of adrenal cortex

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
Capsule

127
Q

Simple branched acinar exocrine glands within the skin

A

SEBACEOUS GLANDS

128
Q

SEBACEOUS GLANDS release a fatty substance known as___ in follicular ducts

A

sebum

129
Q

Sebum helps the skin to be ___ and ___.

A

flexible and prevents water loss.

130
Q

SEBACEOUS GLANDS is a what type of secretion

A

holocrine

131
Q

The sebum in SEBACEOUS GLANDS is going to be released when these secretory cells _____

A

degenerate or disintegrate

132
Q

Entire sebaceous cell is filled up with ____- rich product as they differentiate

A

lipid

133
Q

separate and disintegrate to release lipid that serves to protect and lubricate adjacent skin and hair

A

Mature cells (a.k.a. Terminally differentiated cell)

134
Q

SEBACEOUS GLANDS is filled with myoepithelial cells, T/F

A

false, lacks

135
Q

____ in SEBACEOUS GLANDS inside a dense, inelastic consecutive tissue capsule continuously forces product into the duct

A

Cell proliferation

136
Q

T/F. MAMMARY GLANDS demonstrate apocrine secretion

A

true

137
Q

Products of MAMMARY GLANDS are lack cell membrane

A

false- enclosed

138
Q

Only Apocrine secretion can occur in MAMMARY GLANDS, T/F

A

False- both Apocrine and Merocrine secretion can occur

139
Q

Contractile cells

A

Myoepithelial cells

140
Q

Light stained cells

A

Mucous Cell

141
Q

Heavily stained cells

A

Serous Cell

142
Q

Crescentic caps on mucous acini

A

Serous demilunes

143
Q

Process in which protein is release in endocrine glands

A

Exocytosis

144
Q

Action when substances produced will act on nearby cells

A

Paracrine Action

145
Q

Lipophilic steroids are released through cell membrane by

A

Diffusion

146
Q

Type of secretion seen in sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles.

A

Holocrine secretion

147
Q

Most common type of gland that release secretory products via exocytosis.

A

Merocrine glands

148
Q

Contractile cells that are absent in sebaceous glands.

A

Myoeopithelial cells

149
Q

Secretes lubricating substance that aid stomach

A

Goblet cells

150
Q

Identify

A

Respiratory epithelium with goblet cells (top) and intestinal epithelium with goblet cells (bottom)

151
Q

Identify all parts

A
152
Q

Identify

A

Simple tubular

153
Q

Identify

A

Branched tubular

154
Q

Features of simple tubular

A
155
Q
A

Branched tubular

156
Q

Example of simple tubular

A
157
Q

Example of branched tubular

A
158
Q

Identify

A

Coiled tubular

159
Q

Identify

A

Acinar or alveolar

160
Q

Identify

A

Branched acinar

161
Q
A

Coiled tubular

162
Q
A

Acinar/ Alveolar

163
Q
A

Branched acinar

164
Q

sweat gland structure

A

Coiled tubular

165
Q

small mucous glands along urethra structure

A

acinar/alveolar

166
Q

sebaceous glands on skin structure

A

branched acinar

167
Q

identify

A

acinar/alveolar

168
Q

identify

A

tubuloacinar

169
Q
A

acinar/alveolar

170
Q
A

tubuloacinar

171
Q

submucosal glands of brunner in the duodenum structure

A

tubular

172
Q
A

Merocrine

173
Q
A

holocrine

174
Q
A

aprocrine

175
Q
A

Meducina (6 decks)

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