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Meducina > Physiology: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Physiology: Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Internal environment

A

ECF

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2
Q

Mileu interior

A

ECF

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3
Q

__% of the human body is body fluid

A

60%

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4
Q

two major compartments where total body water is distributed

A

intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)

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5
Q

___ of the fluid is inside cells (intracellular fluid)

A

2/3

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6
Q

___ of fluid is found in spaces outside the cells (extracellular fluid)

A

1/3

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7
Q

Percentage of ECF composition

A

80% interstitial fluid 20% blood plasma

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8
Q

surround the cells and makes up ¾ of the ECF volume

A

Interstitial fluids

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9
Q

blood plasma is contained in what compartment

A

ECF: intravascular

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10
Q

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity of individuals with liver disease

A

ascites

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11
Q

Who first articulated the ECF as the internal environments

A

Claude Bernard, a French physiologist

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12
Q

“The environment within”

A

Mileu interior/ECF/Internal environment

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13
Q

He recognized that the organ systems of the body are designed and functioned to maintain a constant milieu interior (“constant internal environment”

A

Claude Bernard

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14
Q

T/F, All cells live in the same environment (ECF)

A

True

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15
Q

T/F, inorder for cell to function, it requires the proper concentration of oxygen, glucose, ions, amino acids, fatty substances and other constituents available in its internal environment (ECF)

A

true

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16
Q

ECF/ ICF, Contains large amounts of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions

A

ECF

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17
Q

ECF/ ICF, contains Large amounts of potassium, magnesium and phosphate ions

A

ICF

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18
Q

ECF/ ICF, contains Nutrients for cells (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)

A

ECF

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19
Q

ECF/ICF, transports Carbon dioxide and other waste products (kidneys and lungs)

A

ECF

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20
Q

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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21
Q

The tendency of our body to achieve a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements

A

Homeostasis

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22
Q

provide oxygen to the extracellular fluid in order to replenish the oxygen that are used by the cells

A

Lungs

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23
Q

responsible for maintaining constant ion concentration

A

Kidneys

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24
Q

contribute to homeostasis by providing nutrients so that when cells use up the nutrients that are found in the ECF they will now be replenished from the nutrients that have been absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract

A

GI tract

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25
Q

T/F, Each organ system will have a role in the maintenance of homeostasis

A

True

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26
Q

T/F, different organ systems will work together in order to return your body to the steady state in case there is a stimulus that disrupts this balance

A

True

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27
Q

Detects change that causes imbalance to the homeostasis

A

receptor

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28
Q

Pathway where receptor sends signal toward control center

A

afferent pathway

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29
Q

process the information that has been sent and give a command

A

Control center of the nervous system

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30
Q

Pathway where control center send the command towards effector

A

efferent pathway

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31
Q

Aim of the command/response sent by the NS to the effector cell

A

reduce the effect of the disrupting stimulus in order to return your body to the homeostatic level or to the balanced level

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32
Q

Describe general process when a state of imbalance occurs

A
  1. Stimulus produces change in variable 2. Receptor detects changes 3. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center 4. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector 5. Reduce effect of stimulus and return body to balance level
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33
Q

2 Stages in ECF Transport

A
  1. Movement of blood through the body in the blood vessels 2. Movement of fluids between the blood capillaries and the intracellular spaces between the tissue cells
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34
Q

the smallest blood vessel, they are the ones that would be located closest to the cells and also to the intercellular spaces

A

Capillaries

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35
Q

T/F, continual exchange of extracellular fluid occurring between the blood plasma and the interstitial space will happen as blood pass thru capillaries

A

true

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36
Q

T/F, The walls of these capillaries are permeable to most molecules

A

true

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37
Q

T/F, The molecules can go in and out of these capillaries because of their size

A

false, permeability

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38
Q

The process of diffusion is going to be caused by?

A

Kinetic motion of molecules

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39
Q

refers to the state where in fluid and dissolved molecules are continuously moving and bouncing in all directions within the plasma and the fluid in the interstitial space and the capillary space

A

Kinetic motion

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40
Q

ensures the diffusion of substances from the capillary to the cell within a few seconds

A

distance of capillary to cell

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41
Q

T/F, both that of plasma and that of the interstitial fluid is continuously being mixed hence they appear homogenous

A

true

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42
Q

sources of nutrients and substances necessary for the functioning?

A

o Respiratory system o Gastrointestinal tract o Liver and other metabolic organs o Musculoskeletal system

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43
Q

The function of respiratory system will be in coordination with what system

A

circulatory system

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44
Q

The final destination of oxygen in the respiratory tract

A

alveoli

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45
Q

Oxygenated blood is found in?

A

arteries

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46
Q

unoxygenated blood is found in?

A

veins

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47
Q

T/F, Each time blood passes through the body, it also flows through the lungs

A

True

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48
Q

organ that changes the composition of absorbed substances into more usable forms

A

Liver

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49
Q

They help modify the absorbed substances or store them until needed

A

Liver, Fat cells, GI mucosa, kidneys and endocrine glands

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50
Q

Provide motility for protection against adverse surroundings and obtain food & nutrients

A

Musculoskeletal System

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51
Q

Systems responsible for REMOVAL OF METABOLIC WASTE PRODUCT

A

Lungs Kidneys GI Liver

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52
Q

T/F, removal of carbon dioxide occurs at the same time blood picks up oxygen in the lungs, carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the lung alveoli

A

true

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53
Q

Part of kidney responsible for the reabsorption of Glucose, Amino acids, water and ions

A

Renal tubule

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54
Q

End product of poorly absorbed substance in the kidney

A

Urea

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55
Q

A consequences due to the accumulation of metabolic waste products

A

Disease states

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56
Q

It secretes many of these wastes into the bile and eventually in the feces

A

Liver

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57
Q

Organs responsible for the removal of waste products in the body

A

Lung, Kidney, GI tract, Liver

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58
Q

Main systems that regulate body functions

A

Nervous system, Hormonal system, Reproductive system

59
Q

3 major part of the nervous system

A

Sensory input CNS Motor output

60
Q

detect state of the body and surroundings

A

Sensory input

61
Q

Is where sensory input is integrated for processing

A

CNS

62
Q

Part of CNS where it store information, generate thoughts, determine reactions

A

Brain and Spinal cord

63
Q

Part of NS in which command is carried out

A

Motor output

64
Q

It operates subconsciously and controls functions of many internal organs

A

ANS

65
Q

important in generating new beings to help take place those that are dying

A

Reproductive system

66
Q

regulates metabolic function and complements the nervous system

A

Hormonal system

67
Q

Hormone that control glucose metabolism

A

Insulin

68
Q

Hormone that control sodium ion, potassium ion, and protein metabolism

A

adrenocortical hormone

69
Q

Hormone that increase rate of chemical reactions in the cell & metabolic functions (act on other organs)

A

Thyroid hormone

70
Q

Hormone that act on bone to control calcium and phosphate levels; control calcium reabsorption in bone

A

Parathyroid hormone

71
Q

It stimulates hormones (TSH > controls thyroid gland)

A

Pituitary gland

72
Q

The most intricate control system that would operate in all cells to help control intracellular and extracellular functions.

A

genetic control system

73
Q

operates in association with nervous system in order to control the carbon dioxide concentration in the extracellular fluid

A

Respiratory system

74
Q

They coordinate to regulate concentration of glucose in ECF

A

Liver and pancreas

75
Q

regulate the concentration of different ions and substances like hydrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphate and other ions in ECF

A

Kidneys

76
Q

T/F, The mechanism of oxygen buffering actually depends on the chemical characteristic of hemoglobin.

A

True

77
Q

T/F, if there is already too much oxygen that is present, hemoglobin having strong affinity to oxygen would not immediately release oxygen in tissues

A

true

78
Q

T/F, if oxygen concentration in the tissue fluid is too high then it would release sufficient oxygen levels

A

false, it will not release

79
Q

major product of oxidative reaction of cells

A

Carbon dioxide

80
Q

T/F, Higher than normal carbon dioxide concentration excites the respiratory center.

A

true

81
Q

T/F, Elevated carbon dioxide concentration is very dangerous because it can stop the production of energy in the body

A

true

82
Q

T/F, Hyperventilation is a consequence of elevated CO2 in the blood

A

true

83
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Baroreceptors

84
Q

How baroreceptor works when BP is elevated?

A

arterial pressure rises too high, baroreceptors will send nerve impulses to medulla of brain, decreasing the impulses that would be sent from medulla to the blood vessel causing relaxation of blood vessel and a decrease in blood pressure.

85
Q

How baroreceptor works when BP is too low?

A

Stretch receptors relaxes, allowing vasomotor center to become more active than usual. This causes vasoconstriction and increased heart pumping.

86
Q

Site of the vasomotor center

A

Medulla

87
Q

Normal value for Oxygen

A

40 (35-45) mmhg

88
Q

Normal value for CO2

A

40 (35-45) mmhg

89
Q

Normal value for Sodium ion

A

142 (138-146) mmhg

90
Q

Normal value for Potassium ion

A

4.2 (3.8-5.0)

91
Q

Normal value for calcium ion

A

102 (1.0-1.4)

92
Q

Normal value for chloride ion

A

106 (103-112)mmhg

93
Q

Normal value for Bicarbonate ion

A

24 (24-32)

94
Q

Normal value for glucose

A

90 (75-95)

95
Q

Normal body temperature

A

37C/98.4F (98-98.8 F)

96
Q

Normal acid base balance

A

7.4 (7.37.5)

97
Q

increase in body temperature more than 11F or 7C, will lead to ?

A

vicious cycle of increasing cellular metabolism that can destroy the cell

98
Q

very high potassium levels can cause

A

abnormality in cardiac contraction

99
Q

very low potassium concentration can cause

A

paralysis as a result of inability of nerves to carry signals.

100
Q

fall to more than half of the normal level of calcium could cause

A

tetanic contraction of the muscles

101
Q

less than half concentration of glucose could cause

A

mental irritability and sometimes convulsions

102
Q

Cycle in which the output of a system “feed backs” or communicates back to either modify or reinforce the action taken by the system

A

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

103
Q

The single objective of feedback mechanism is

A

maintaining balance or homeostasis

104
Q

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS may operate at what levels

A

o Tissue level o Organ level o System level o Body level, integrating other organ systems

105
Q

Components of Feedback System

A

o Sensor or receptor o Integrator o Effector

106
Q

detects specific changes in the environment

A

Sensor or receptor

107
Q

act to direct impulses to the place where response can be made

A

Integrator

108
Q

performs the appropriate response

A

Effector

109
Q

Mechanism that maintains a factor at some mean value

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

110
Q

Reverse a change and Restore abnormal values to normal

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

111
Q

How negative feedback system works?

A

Stimulus->imbalance –>Detected by receptor/sensor–>Input set via afferent pathway–>Control center–>output sent via efferent pathway–>effector–>response–>return to balance

112
Q

Examples of Negative feedback system

A

o Regulation of CO2 concentration o Blood Pressure Regulation Through Negative Feedback Mechanism o Thyroid Hormone Regulation Through Negative Feedback Mechanism o Thermoregulation

113
Q

The major mechanisms of compensation in shock is

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

114
Q

Signs and symptoms of shock include

A

systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg; hypotension; rapid resting heart rate; weak rapid pulse; clammy, cool, pale skin; sweating; altered mental state; decreased urinary output; thirst; and acidosis

115
Q

Explain how Thyroid Hormone Regulation Through Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

The thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) –>stimulate anterior pituitary gland–>thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) –>stimulate the gland to secrete thyroid hormones. High levels of T; negative feedback –>anterior pituitary & hypothalamus–>decrease the levels of released TRH –>decrease the levels of the TSH–>decrease the levels of thyroid hormones.

116
Q

Hypothyroidism: ___TSH

A

High

117
Q

Hyperthyroidism: ___TSH

A

Low

118
Q

T/F, In hypothyroid patient, hypothalamus is stimulated to release TRH; there is increased TSH to try to compensate for low thyroid hormones

A

True

119
Q

T/F, In hyperthyroid patient, negative feedback will be sent to decrease TRH and TSH

A

True

120
Q

Receptors in thermoregulation

A

Thermoreceptor in skin and hypothalamus

121
Q

Integrators in thermoregulation

A

Control centers (preoptic area and heat promoting center in hypothalamus, and hypothalamic neurosecretory cells)

122
Q

Effectors in thermoregulation

A

Vasoconstriction, increased cellular metabolism, shivering, increased metabolic rate

123
Q

What is stimulated in the anterior pituitary gland to release TSH?

A

Thyrotrophs

124
Q

How vasoconstrictions works in thermoregulation?

A

decreases flow of warm blood, and thus transfer of heat from the internal organs to the skin;

125
Q

stimulated release of ___ and _____ increases cellular metabolism which increases heat production;

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

126
Q

repetitive muscle contraction that produce heat

A

shivering

127
Q

increased levels of _____ slowly increase metabolic rate which then rises the body temperature.

A

thyroid hormones

128
Q

Strengthens or reinforces a change and  Produces a “vicious cycle”

A

Positive Feedback

129
Q

T/F, A mild degree of positive feedback can be overcome by the negative feedback control mechanisms of the body

A

true

130
Q

T/F, positive feedback may promote instability leading to development of diseases

A

true

131
Q

Example of positive feedback in the body

A

Action potential Blood clot formation Parturition Release of calcium Sexual arousal LH surge

132
Q

How AP works in positive feedback

A

Membrane of a nerve fiber is stimulated–>Leakage of sodium ions through sodium channels–>Sodium in the interior of the nerve fiber–>Change in membrane potential–>Opening of more channels–>Sodium entering cells–>Creates nerve action potential–>Flow of electrical currents–>Further initiates additional action potential

133
Q

How blood clot formation works in positive feedback

A

Rupture of blood clot–>Formation of primary plug–>Activation of clotting factors–>Secondary plug formation

134
Q

Why is blood clot formation needs to be regulated?

A

Pathological blood clot –> thrombus –> causes Myocardial infarction/Heart Attack

135
Q

How Parturition works in positive feedback

A

Uterine contractions become strong enough–> stretch of cervix send signals through uterine muscles back to the body of uterus –>more powerful contractions If powerful enough= baby will be born; if not=will stop and repeat

136
Q

What is the positive feedback of estrogen on the anterior pituitary?

A

surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) just before ovulation

137
Q

 Degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant conditions is determined by ?

A

gain of negative feedback.

138
Q

Interconnected control mechanisms

A

Adaptive Control

139
Q

Types of adaptive control

A

o Simple feedback systems o Complex feedback systems

140
Q

Mechanism is used when movements of the body occur so rapidly that there is not enough time for nerve signals to travel from the peripheral parts of the body all the way to the brain and then back to the periphery again to control the movement

A

FEED-FORWARD CONTROL

141
Q

Process of FEED-FORWARD CONTROL

A

Sensory nerve signals from moving parts of the periphery appraise the brain if movement is done correctly Sends corrected signals on the next movement If further correction is need, done on the next movement.

142
Q

T/F, adaptive control occurs in Delayed negative feedback

A

true

143
Q

Negative vs Positive feedback

A
144
Q

Computation for gain

A

Meducina (6 decks)

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