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MODULE 5 - Reproduction > PHYSIOLOGY - Pregnancy Maintenance and Diagnosis > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY - Pregnancy Maintenance and Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine function of the placenta?

A

The placenta produces hormones to support the growth of the conceptus and maternal adaptations

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2
Q

What are the three hormones produced by the placenta?

A

Progesterone
Placental lactogens
Oestrogens

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3
Q

Other than the placenta, which other structure can produce progesterone during pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum

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4
Q

In which species’ does the placenta not take over the corpus luteum for progesterone production?

A

Sow
Bitch

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5
Q

In which species does both the corpus luteum and the placenta produce progesterone?

A

Cow

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6
Q

Why is it clinically important to know the source of progesterone during gestation?

A

It is important to know the source of progesterone during gestation for pharmacological termination of pregnancy if necessary

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7
Q

Within the ruminant placenta, which cells produce progesterone?

A

Uninuclear and binuclear trophectoderm cells

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8
Q

Other than progesterone, which other hormone is produced by binuclear trophectoderm cells in the ruminant placenta?

A

Placental lactogens

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9
Q

What are the three main functions of placental lactogens?

A

‘Uterine milk’ production to support conceptus growth
Regulate maternal glucose metabolism
Mammogenesis

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10
Q

Describe the formation of endometrial cups in the mare?

A

After maternal recognition of pregnancy in the mare, foetal cells invade the maternal endometrium to form a chorionic girdle. Endometrial cups develop along this chorionic girdle

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11
Q

Which hormone is produced by endometrial cups in the mare?

A

Equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG)

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12
Q

Between which days of gestation are endometrial cups present in the mare?

A

Endometrial cups are present between 35 to 120 days of gestation

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13
Q

What is the function of Equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG)?

A

Equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) promotes the production of accessory corpus lutea allowing for elevated progesterone production to maintain the pregnancy between 35 to 120 days of gestation

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14
Q

What is the immunological function of the placenta?

A

The placenta protects the antigenically different placenta from the maternal immune system

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15
Q

Give an example of maternal rejection of foetal cells in the mare that is actually essential for foetal survival?

A

There is localised rejection of foetal cells at the level of the chorionic girdle leading to endometrial cup rejection, loss of function and sloughing off. This however ensures there is no generalised placenta rejection which is required for foetal survival

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16
Q

What are the three main oestrogens produced by the placenta?

A

Oestrodiol
Oestrone
Oestriol

17
Q

What can oestrone sulphate levels be used too detect in all animals?

A

Oestrone sulphate can be used to detect pregnancy in all species. It can be measured in the blood, milk, urine and faeces

18
Q

What can oestriol levels be used to detect in all animals?

A

Oestriol is a biomarker or foetal health

19
Q

What are the two horse specific oestrogens produced by the mare placenta?

A

Equilin
Equilenin

20
Q

Which eight organs are influenced by placental hormones to mediate maternal metabolism changes during pregnancy?

A

Thyroid
Kidneys
Liver
Bones
Pancreas
Uterus
Mammary glands
Adrenal glands

21
Q

Why is progesterone not used to diagnose pregnancy in the bitch?

A

Progesterone cannot be used for pregnancy diagnosis in the bitch as progesterone levels are the same in pregnant bitches compared to cyclic bitches

22
Q

Why is prolactin not used to diagnose pregnancy in the bitch?

A

Prolactin cannot be used for pregnancy diagnosis in the bitch as prolactin is luteotrophic and thus will support pregnancy but also the corpus luteum in cyclic bitches

23
Q

Which hormone can be used to diagnose pregnancy in the bitch?

A

Relaxin hormone

24
Q

When can ultrasonography be used to diagnose small animal pregnancies?

A

Ultrasonography can be used from four weeks of gestation

25
Q

What are the two main benefits of using ultrasonography to diagnose pregnancies?

A

Judge foetal viability by observing the heart beat
Detect pathology

26
Q

When can radiography be used to diagnose small animal pregnancies?

A

Radiography can be used from six weeks of gestation

27
Q

Why can radiography only be used to diagnose pregnancy from six weeks of gestation?

A

Radiography only be used to diagnose pregnancy from six weeks of gestation because this is when the foetal skeletons will have fully mineralised

28
Q

What is the main benefit of using radiography to diagnose pregnancies?

A

Radiography is useful for counting the number of foetuses

29
Q

List four methods of pregnancy diagnosis in the cow

A

Behavioural observations
Progesterone ELISA
Trans-rectal palpation
Trans-rectal ultrasound

30
Q

On which days after mating should you carry out a progesterone ELISA to diagnose pregnancy in the cow?

A

You should carry out a progesterone ELISA on day 18, 21 and 24

31
Q

When can trans-rectal ultrasound be used to diagnose cow pregnancies?

A

Trans-rectal ultrasound can be used from four weeks of gestation

32
Q

When can trans-rectal palpation be used to diagnose cow pregnancies?

A

Trans-rectal palpation can be used from 5-6 weeks of gestation

33
Q

List six methods of pregnancy diagnosis in the mare

A

Behavioural observations
Progesterone ELSIA
Equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) ELISA
Oestrone sulphate detection
Trans-rectal palpation
Trans-rectal ultrasound

34
Q

When can trans-rectal ultrasound be used to diagnose mare pregnancies?

A

Trans-rectal ultrasound can be used from day eleven of gestation

35
Q

When can trans-rectal palpation be used to diagnose mare pregnancies?

A

Trans-rectal palpation can be used from day sixteen of gestation

MODULE 5 - Reproduction (22 decks)

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