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MODULE 5 - Reproduction > ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - The Sheep Industry > Flashcards

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - The Sheep Industry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main advantage of sheep farming?

A

Sheep are predominately grazing ruminants that can produce high quality meat within one grass growing season

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2
Q

Define the following terms: Ewe, Tup, Hogg, Gimmer, Shearling, Draft ewe, Closed flock, Open flock

A

Ewe: adult female sheep
Tup: adult (or working) male sheep
Hogg: young sheep between 6 and 12 month old
Gimmer: female sheep 12-24 months of age
Shearling: male sheep 12-24 months of age
Draft ewe: ewe produced on a hill that is sold for breeding
Closed flock: a flock that has not introduced new animals for the past three or more years
Open flock: a flock that regularly introduces new animals

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3
Q

Where can the largest populations of sheep be found in the developed world?

A

China, India, Australia, UK and New Zealand

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4
Q

In Europe (before Brexit) which country has the largest sheep population?

A

UK

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5
Q

What is the major output of the sheep industry in the UK?

A

Meat

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6
Q

What is the general tend in the ruminant population in Europe?

A

The ruminant population is generally declining

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7
Q

What are the three main factors which affect the sheep farming population in the UK?

A

Weather
Politics
Disease

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8
Q

What is the general trend seen in sheep farms in the UK in regards to flock and farm size?

A

There are more ‘hobby’ sheep farmers with smaller flocks and large commercial sheep farmers with large flocks - there are a lot less ‘middle’ sized flocks

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9
Q

What is the general trend in mutton and lamb imports and exports in the UK?

A

Imports: imports have decreased slightly
Exports: exports have stayed roughly the same

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10
Q

What is the general trend in mutton and lamb consumption in the UK?

A

Consumption: consumption has decreased (due to increased expense of mutton and lamb products)

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11
Q

Though there is decreased consumption of mutton and lamb in the UK, why have the exports stayed the same?

A

Due to the exporting of lamb to Europe (mostly France) which increases the value of mutton and lamb

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12
Q

How are sheep carcasses classified?

A

Sheep carcasses are classified by their muscle mass and fat content

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13
Q

List the different farm level outputs in sheep farming

A
  • Fat lambs (66% of lambs sold)
  • Store lambs (17% of lambs sold)
  • Breeding sheep
  • Cull animals
  • Wool
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14
Q

What is the average profit per ewe in the UK sheep farming industry?

A

£13 per ewe on average

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15
Q

List the factors which influence profitability in UK sheep farming

A
  • Stocking rate (sheep per hectare)
  • Lambs reared
  • Lamb sales per ewe
  • Feed costs
  • Flock replacement costs
  • Carcase compliance
  • Ewe wool production
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16
Q

Which factors of profitability in UK sheep farming are influenced by veterinary intervention?

A
  • Lambs reared
  • Flock replacement costs
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17
Q

(T/F) Wool is now a niche product

A

TRUE

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18
Q

List the categories of sheep breeds

A
  • Hill
  • Long wool cross
  • Terminal sire
  • Pure bred/composites
  • Dairy sheep
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19
Q

What are the main roles of hill sheep?

A

Hill sheep are more adaptable and survive much better than other sheep. The purpose of these sheep is to cross-breed these animals with other sheep categories to achieve hybrid vigour

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20
Q

What are the main roles of long wool crossing sheep?

A

Long wool crossing sheep are crossed with hill sheep to achieve hybrid vigour, allowing for better conformation and prolificy

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21
Q

What is the benefit of farming Easycare sheep?

A

Easycare sheep shed their own wool which is beneficial as wool generally reduces profitability

22
Q

What is the ideal diet for sheep?

A

Roughage diet

23
Q

What is the average gestation period for sheep?

A

147 days

24
Q

At how old should lambs be weaned?

A

120 days old

25
Q

What is the basic annual cycle in sheep farming?

A

Tupping in autumn –> Scanning of ewes –> Lambing in spring –> Weaning–> Cull lambs in summer/autumn (before the grass stops growing)

26
Q

Why do pedigree breeders have an earlier lambing season?

A

Pedigree breeders have an earlier lambing season to provide bigger offspring in preparation for showing season. This is also done to provide more meat when the price for lamb peaks in the spring

27
Q

What are the ‘three t’s’ used to determine if ewes should be culled?

A

‘Toes, teats and teeth’ ewes with health problems, mastitis, lameness, teeth incisors and/or molars problems are usually culled

28
Q

What are the ‘four t’s’ used to determine if tups should be culled?

A

‘Toes, teeth, tone and testicles’ tups with health problems, lameness, teeth incisors and/or molars problem or testicular disease are usually culled

29
Q

Which factors impact the fertility of ewes at mating season?

A
  • Correct nutrition
  • Body condition score
  • Avoiding stress pre-implantation
30
Q

At what body condition score should ewes be to increases fertility?

A

2.5 to 3.5 body condition score

31
Q

Why is it important to use odd numbers (3 minimum) of tups during the breeding season?

A
  • One tup is more high risk of low fertility or illness
  • Two tups together will fight so another tup is required to do most of the ‘work’
32
Q

How much does a ewes appetite reduce when it approaches lambing?

A

Ewe appetite reduces around 30% before lambing

33
Q

What are some of the factors that influence the growth rate of growing lambs (between 0-8 weeks)?

A
  • Genetics
  • In utero nutrition
  • Colostrum intake
  • Ewe milk yield
34
Q

When do lambs become dependent on solid pasture as well as milk for growth and begin rumination?

A

6 weeks of age

35
Q

What are the sheep farm legislative requirements?

A
  • Record of mortality
  • Movement documents
  • Up to date medicine records
  • Eartagging
36
Q

List four factors which can contribute to sub/infertility in sheep?

A

Nutrition
Immaturity
Disease
Genetics

37
Q

What are some of the diseases seen during mid-pregnancy (winter)?

A

Abortion
Fluke
Lice (scab)

38
Q

(T/F) Most infectious causes of abortion are zoonotic

A

TRUE. Do not lamb when pregnant or immunocompromised

39
Q

List two infectious diseases which often cause abortion in ewes

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Campylobacter
40
Q

What are some of the methods used to reduce abortion in ewes?

A

Biosecurity
Biocontainment
Responsible sourcing of ewes
Vaccination

41
Q

What are some of the diseases seen in ewes during lambing?

A

Pregnancy toxaemia
Prolapse
Dystocia
Mastitis

42
Q

Which factors make ewes more vulnerable to pregnancy toxaemia?

A
  • Inappropriate body condition scoring
  • Carrying multiple foetuses
  • Stress
43
Q

How should pregnancy toxaemia be prevented/treated?

A
  • Correct nutrition
  • Induce lambs/caesarean
44
Q

Which factors make ewes more vulnerable to vaginal/uterine prolapse?

A

Ewes on low dry matter diets
Hill ewes

45
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Challenging or obstructed labour

46
Q

Which factors make ewes more vulnerable to dystocia?

A

Inappropriate body condition

47
Q

How can ewe dystocia impact the neonatal lamb?

A

Dystocia can cause inadequate/delayed colostrum provision for the lamb which increases the probability of disease

48
Q

What are some of the diseases commonly seen in lambs in the summer?

A

Teladorsagia circumcincta infection
Coccidiosis
Tick associated disease

49
Q

What are some of the diseases commonly seen in all sheep in the summer?

A

Fly strike
Lameness

50
Q

What are some of the skin diseases commonly seen in sheep in the winter?

A

Scab
Lice
Blowfly
Photosensitisation

MODULE 5 - Reproduction (22 decks)

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