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MODULE 5 - Reproduction > ANATOMY - Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the male reproductive system?

A

Gamete/spermatozoa production
Semen production
Androgenic hormone production (testosterone)

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2
Q

What makes up the external male genitalia?

A

Penis, Prepuce, Scrotum, Testes

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3
Q

What type of penis do canines have?

A

Musculocavernous

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4
Q

What are the distinguishing features of a musculocavernous penis

A

Copious cavernous and erectile tissue

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5
Q

What are the four main regions of the penis?

A

Root, Body, Glans, Os penis

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6
Q

What forms the root and body of the penis?

A

Two crura which arise from the ischial arches to form the root and then combine to form the body of the penis

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7
Q

What are the two types of cavernous tissue found in the crura?

A

Corpus cavernosum and Corpus spongiosum

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8
Q

What is the fibrous coat surrounding the cavernous tissue (corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum)?

A

Tunica albuginea

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9
Q

Describe the corpus cavernosum

A

Corpus cavernosum is distensible, erectile tissue which makes up the majority of the crura

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10
Q

What are the different structures formed from the corpus spongiosum?

A

The corpus spongiosum enlarges to form the bulb of the penis, a thin vascular sleeve around the penile urethra and then enlarges again to form the glans at the distal end of the corpus cavernosum

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11
Q

Why is the corpus spongiosum more delicate than the corpus cavernosum?

A

The corpus spongiosum has larger potential blood spaces making the tissue more distensible and thus more delicate

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12
Q

In which animal is the os penis the easiest to see on a radiograph?

A

Canine (dog)

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13
Q

What is the os penis?

A

The penile bone located at the distal end of the corpus cavernosum

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14
Q

What is the function of the ventral groove of the canine os penis?

A

The ventral groove allows the penile urethra to pass through the distal glans of the penis

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15
Q

What is the clinical significance of the ventral groove of the os penis?

A

Bladder stones tend to get stuck as they can’t pass through the urethra due to the occlusion of the ventral groove

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16
Q

What are the two areas of the canine glans?

A

Bulbus glandis and Pars longa glandis

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17
Q

Describe where the Bulbus glandis is located in the glans?

A

The Bulbus glandis is the proximal, expanded region of the glans secured firmly to the os penis

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18
Q

Describe where the Pars longa glandis is located in the glans?

A

The Pars longa glandis is the distal, cylindrical region of the glans forming the apex of the penis

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19
Q

In which of the glans is the urethral orifice found in the musculocavernous penis?

A

The urethral orifice is found at the distal end of the Pars longa glandis

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20
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

An invagination of the abdominal skin which covers the retracted penis

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21
Q

What are the two layers of the prepuce?

A

Lamina externa
Lamina interna

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22
Q

What is found in the lamina interna of the prepuce?

A

Smega-secreting preputial glands and lymphoid tissue

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23
Q

Where do the paired preputial muscles which twitch the skin of the prepuce arise from?

A

Cutaneous trunci muscle

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24
Q

Where is the preputial orifice found in the canine?

A

The preputial orifice is found caudal to the umbilicus

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25
Q

What is different in the prepuce of neonates?

A

In neonates, the prepuce and penis are fused together to prevent extrusion of the penis

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26
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Phimosis is the congenital narrowing of the preputial orifice preventing the extrusion of the penis

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27
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Paraphimosis is the inability to retract the penis

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28
Q

What are some of the causes of paraphimosis?

A
  • Preputial orifice slightly too narrow
  • Fur wrapping around the extruded penis creating a stricture
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29
Q

Why is it essential to correct paraphimosis quickly?

A

Paraphimosis can lead to impaired circulation to the penis

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30
Q

What are the four penile muscles?

A

Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
Ischiourethralis
Retractor penis

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31
Q

Describe where the bulbospongiosus muscle runs within the penis

A

The bulbospongiosus is a continuation of the urethralis muscle and forms a muscular sleeve around the penile urethra

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32
Q

Describe where the ischiocavernosi muscles run within the penis

A

The ischiocavernosi are paired muscles which wrap around the crura and attach to the corpus cavernosum

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33
Q

Where does the ischiourethralis muscle arise from?

A

The ischiourethralis muscle arises from the ischium of the pelvis

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34
Q

Which of the penile muscles is particularly important in the erection process?

A

Ischiourethralis muscle

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35
Q

Where do the retractor penis muscles arise from?

A

The retractor penis muscles are paired muscles which arise from the caudal vertebrae, run lateral to the anal canal, along the perineum and attach to the penis at the prepuce

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36
Q

What is the function of the retractor penis muscles?

A

The function of the retractor penis muscles is to retain the penis within the prepuce

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37
Q

Out of the four penile muscles, which one is made up of mostly smooth muscle?

A

Retractor penis muscles

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38
Q

What are the nerves which innovate the penile muscles?

A

Motor, parasympathetic fibres arising from the pelvic nerves

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39
Q

What is the main artery which supplies the penis?

A

Internal pudendal artery

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40
Q

What is the main artery which supplies the prepuce?

A

External pudendal artery

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41
Q

What are the three branches of the internal pudendal artery?

A

Dorsal artery of the penis
Deep artery of the penis
Artery of the bulb

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42
Q

Which region of the penis is supplied by the dorsal artery of the penis?

A

Glans

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43
Q

Which region of the penis is supplied by the deep artery of the penis?

A

Corpus cavernosum

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44
Q

Which regions of the penis are supplied by the artery of the bulb?

A

Corpus spongiosum and the proximal region of the penis

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45
Q

What is the predominant venous drainage route for the penis?

A

Dorsal vein

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46
Q

Which vein does the dorsal vein drain into?

A

Internal pudendal vein

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47
Q

Which structures of the penis drain directly into the dorsal vein and into the internal pudendal vein?

A

Bulbus glandis, Corpus cavenosum, Bulb of the penis

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48
Q

Describe the possible routes of venous drainage for the Pars longa glandis

A

Pars longa glandis can either drain into the bulbus glandis and into the dorsal vein which drains into the internal pudendal vein, or the Pars longa glandis can drain directly into the external pudendal vein

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49
Q

What are the two structures which prevent venous reflux in the penis?

A

Valves and the Ischiourethralis ring

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50
Q

What vein is occluded by a fibrous Ischiourethralis ring during erection?

A

Dorsal vein

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51
Q

What is the first step of erection?

A

Increased arterial flow into the penis and occlusion of venous outflow due to the valves and the ischiourethralis ring, allowing arterial pressure to be reached in the cavernous spaces

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52
Q

What is the second step of erection?

A

Rhythmic contractions of the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles squeeze more blood into the cavernous spaces to reach above arterial pressure

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53
Q

Describe the ‘tie’ which occurs in dogs during copulation

A

Further occlusion of venous drainage causes the bulbus glandis to remain swollen, ‘tying’ the penis with the vulva to keep the semen secure within the female to increases the chances of fertilisation

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54
Q

What is the main function of the scrotum?

A

Thermoregulation of the testes to allow for optimal testicular production

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55
Q

What is the position of the scrotum in the dog and the cat?

A

Dog: intermediate position
Cat: perineal position

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56
Q

What are the external features of the scrotum

A

The external scrotum is a thin skin with copious sweat and sebaceous glands

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57
Q

What is the unique feature that can be seen on the cranial external face of the ruminant scrotum?

A

Rudimentary teats can be seen on the cranial external face of the ruminant scrotum

58
Q

What are the internal features of the scrotum?

A

The internal features of the scrotum consist of the testes, fasia lining and dartos which are closely adhered to the scrotal skin

59
Q

What is the dartos?

A

The dartos is a thermoregulatory fibromuscular layer of the scrotum

60
Q

What is the vaginal tunic?

A

The vaginal tunic is an outpouching of parietal peritoneum through the inguinal canal

61
Q

What are the two layers of the vaginal tunic?

A

Parietal outer layer
Visceral inner layer

62
Q

What is the clinical significance of the fluid filled space between the parietal outer layer and visceral inner layer of the vaginal tunic?

A

This fluid filled space is directly connected to the peritoneal cavity and if strict preparation and asepsis is not used during castration surgery, this can be a direct route for infection and peritonitis

63
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

The inguinal canal is the slit between the abdominal muscles made up of the superficial and deep inguinal ring

64
Q

What is the function of the inguinal canal in males?

A

The vaginal tunic and external pudendal vessels pass through the inguinal canal

65
Q

What is clinically significant about the size of the inguinal canal in the stallion

A

The inguinal canal of the stallion is to wide that there is a risk of abdominal herniation through the inguinal canal

66
Q

What type of penis does the feline have?

A

Musculocavernous

67
Q

Where is the feline penis located?

A

The feline penis is located caudoventrally with the preputial orifice facing caudoventrally

68
Q

Where is the groove of the os penis located in the feline compared to the canine os penis?

A

On the dorsal surface of the feline os penis compared to on the ventral surface of the canine penis

69
Q

What is the unique secondary sexual characteristic that develops on the glans of the feline penis?

A

The glans of the feline penis develop small keratinised spines on the surface

70
Q

What is the function of the keratinised spines on the surface of the feline glans?

A

To induce ovulation in the queen (female cat)

71
Q

What type of penis does the stallion have?

A

Musculocavernous

72
Q

What are the three regions of the glans of the stallion penis?

A

Collum glandis
Corona glandis
Dorsal process extending over the corpus cavernosum

73
Q

Where is the urethral orifice located in the stallion?

A

The urethral orifice is located at the end of the corona glandis within the urethral sinus of the fossa glandis

74
Q

What is the clinical significance of the urethral sinus and fossa glandis of the stallion glans?

A

The urethral sinus and the fossa glandis is a blind ending pocket which can accumulate smega and harbour bacteria which can cause infection and infertility

75
Q

Describe the two parts of the stallion prepuce

A

Preputial orifice: the opening to the outer layer of the prepuce
Preputial ring: the opening to the inner layer of the prepuce

76
Q

In which orientation do the stallion testes lie within the scrotum?

A

Horizontal orientation

77
Q

What type of penis do ruminants have (bull, ram and billy goat)?

A

Fibroelastic penis

78
Q

What is the distinguishing anatomical feature of the fibroelastic penis?

A

Sigmoid flexure

79
Q

(T/F) The penis of ruminant neonates does not have a sigmoid flexure

A

TRUE

80
Q

Which features of the fibroelastic penis allow more rapid erection?

A

There are small blood spaces in the cavernous tissue as well as copious fibroelastic tissue which remains rigid even when the penis isn’t erect, allowing for a more rapid erection with less blood required. The sigmoid flexure also allows for more rapid extension

81
Q

Where do the retractor penis muscles attach to on the fibroelastic penis?

A

The paired retractor penis muscles attach to the second bend of the sigmoid flexure

82
Q

What is the function of the retractor penis muscles in regards to the fibroelastic penis?

A

The retractor penis muscles maintain the bend of the sigmoid flexure when the penis is flaccid

83
Q

Other than the size, how would it be possible to differentiate a bull penis from a ram or billy goat penis?

A

In the ram and the billy goats, there is a distinctive urethral process which extends cranial to the glans

84
Q

What type of penis does the boar have?

A

Fibroelastic

85
Q

What is unique about the shape of the boar penis?

A

The shaft of the boar penis twists one full anticlockwise turn and there is another anticlockwise turn at the apex of the penis

86
Q

How does the number of anticlockwise turns change when the boar penis is erect?

A

When the boar penis is erect, there are six anticlockwise turns

87
Q

What is the unique structure present on the dorsal surface of the cranial end of the boar prepuce?

A

Preputial diverticulum

88
Q

What is the function of the preputial diverticulum?

A

The preputial diverticulum is involved in pheromone production and distribution

89
Q

What is the clinical significance of the preputial diverticulum?

A

The preputial diverticulum can become infected and resemble an umbilical hernia

90
Q

What is the main function of the testes?

A

Gamete/spermatozoa production

91
Q

At what temperature do the testes achieve optimal testicular production?

A

3°C below body temperature

92
Q

What can commonly affect ram fertility?

A

Rams can often have a thick covering of wool over the scrotum which can affect the thermoregulation of the testes and thus result in fertility issues

93
Q

What is the outer capsule of the testis called?

A

Tunica albuginea

94
Q

What can be obviously seen on the surface of the tunica albuginea of the ruminant testes?

A

The tunica albuginea of the ruminant testes has very tortuous vessels seen on the surface

95
Q

What can be obviously seen on the surface of the tunica albuginea of the boar testes?

A

The tunica albuginea of the boar testes has linear vessels seen on the surface

96
Q

What makes up the parenchyma contained within the tunica albuginea of the testis?

A

Interstitium which supports the seminiferous tubules

97
Q

What causes the lobules seen in the testicular parenchyma?

A

The lobules are caused by invaginations of the tunica albuginea

98
Q

What is contained within the central mediastinum running through the centre of the testicular parenchyma?

A

Rete testis

99
Q

(T/F) There is no visible mediastinum in the stallion testes

A

TRUE

100
Q

What is the function of the rete testis?

A

Rete testis is the collecting point for sperm as they leave the seminiferous tubules

101
Q

What is the function of the epididymus?

A

The epididymus allows the storage and maturation of sperm

102
Q

Describe where the sperm travels from the rete testis to the vas deferens

A

Sperm exits the rete testis via small efferent ductiles which combine to form the epididymal tract which runs through the epididymus, exiting as the tail of the epididymus to form the vas deferens

103
Q

Which regions of the epididymis are tightly connected to the testis and which region is free?

A

The head and the tail of the epididymis are tightly connected to the testis whereas the body of the epididymus is free

104
Q

What is the name of the space between the body of the epididymus and the testes?

A

Testicular bursa

105
Q

What are the three testicular ligaments?

A

Proper ligament
Ligament tail of the epididymus
Scrotal ligament

106
Q

Which of the testicular ligaments attaches the tail of the epididymus to the testis?

A

Proper ligament

107
Q

Which of the testicular ligaments attaches the tail of the epididymus to the parietal layer of the vaginal tunic?

A

Ligament tail of the epididymis

108
Q

Which of the testicular ligaments attaches the vaginal tunic to the scrotum?

A

Scrotal ligament

109
Q

Which testicular ligament is usually broken down during a castration?

A

Scrotal ligament

110
Q

What are the structures that make up the spermatic cord?

A

Vas deferens
Deferential artery and vein
Testicular artery and vein
Lymphatics
Sympathetic testicular nerves

111
Q

Why might it be difficult to palpate the spermatic cord in small ruminants?

A

Due to the deposition of ‘cod fat’ around the spermatic cord

112
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

Vas deferens carries sperm to the prostate urethra

113
Q

Which artery is the testicular artery a branch of?

A

Abdominal aorta

114
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein?

A

The pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein wraps around the distal convoluted testicular artery to allow heat exchange between the vessels. The venous blood cools the arterial blood so the blood entering the testis is below body temperature to allow for optimal testicular production

115
Q

Which vein does the testicular vein drain into?

A

Caudal vena cava

116
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

The cremaster muscle acts as a thermoregulatory mechanism as when it contracts, the testes are drawn closer to the abdominal wall to increase testicular heat

117
Q

From which muscle does the cremaster muscle originate?

A

Internal abdominal oblique muscle

118
Q

What is the structure responsible for testicular descent?

A

Gubernaculum

119
Q

What are the three layers of the gubernaculum?

A

Pars propria
Pars vaginalis
Pars infravaginalis

120
Q

Describe how the gubernaculum allows testicular descent

A

The shortening and the swelling of the gubernaculum opens the inguinal canal wide enough to draw the testis into the scrotum

121
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

The uni or bilateral failure of testicular descent

122
Q

In animals with cryptorchidism, where in the body is the testis most likely to be found?

A

Near the inguinal canal

123
Q

What are the main risks of cryptorchidism

A

Infertility and increased chances of malignant neoplasia

124
Q

Why is it not always abnormal to see temporary cryptorchidism in the stallion?

A

In the stallion there is marked, temporary enlargement of the foetal testes during gestation which can delay testicular descent

125
Q

What are the two regions of the urethra?

A

Pelvic urethra
Penile urethra

126
Q

What is the best way to image the urethra using diagnostic imaging?

A

Contrast radiography

127
Q

Where in the ruminant is there commonly bladder stone obstructions?

A

There are commonly bladder stone obstructions in the region of the sigmoid flexure of the penis due to the constriction of the urethra in this area

128
Q

What is the function of the accessory reproductive glands?

A

Seminal fluid production

129
Q

What are the accessory glands found in dogs?

A

Ampullary glands
Prostate gland

130
Q

What are the accessory glands found in cats?

A

Bulbourethral glands
Prostate gland

131
Q

Which of the accessory reproductive glands produces the most seminal fluid in carnivores?

A

Prostate gland

132
Q

What are the accessory glands found in stallions, ruminants and boars?

A

Prostate gland
Vesicular glands
Bulbourethral glands
Ampullary glands

133
Q

Which of the accessory reproductive glands produces the most seminal fluid in the stallion?

A

Vesicular glands

134
Q

Describe how the bi-lobed structure of the prostate gland differs in dogs and cats

A

In dogs, the bi-lobed structure of the prostate completely encloses the proximal urethra, however in cats, the bi-lobed structure of the prostate only covers the dorsal surface

135
Q

Which artery supplies the prostate gland?

A

Prostatic artery

136
Q

Which artery does the prostatic artery branch from?

A

Internal pudendal artery

137
Q

What is the most common cause of prostatic enlargement (prostamegaly)?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

138
Q

What are some of the consequences of prostamegaly?

A

Compression of the urethra and/or rectum causing tenesmus and constipation

139
Q

Other than benign prostatic hyperplasia, what are some of the other causes of prostamegaly?

A

Prostatitis (inflammation)
Prostatic tumours
Cystic disease

140
Q

What is the best way to image the prostate using diagnostic imaging?

A

Ultrasound (however prostamegaly can be seen on a radiograph)

141
Q

What is the best way to image the testis using diagnostic imaging?

A

Ultrasound

MODULE 5 - Reproduction (22 decks)

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