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MODULE 5 - Reproduction > ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - Successful Reproduction > Flashcards

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - Successful Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main methods of breeding animals?

A

Natural covering
Artificial insemination
Embryo transfer

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2
Q

What are the roles of the vet to ensure a successful breeding season?

A

Routine disease prevention in the female and male
Optimise conception rates
Pregnancy diagnosis
Neonatal care

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3
Q

Out of the common farm animals which species has the highest conception rate?

A

Pig with an 85-90% conception rate

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4
Q

What is the conception rate for sheep?

A

65-80%

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5
Q

How does the conception rate differ between dairy and beef cattle?

A

The conception rate for dairy cattle is 30-50% whereas for beef cattle the conception rate is 50-65%

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6
Q

List six factors which can impact male fertility rates

A

Sexual drive towards females
Ability to mount
Intromission capabilities
Ejaculation capabilities
Sperm fertility
Pathogens or genetic mutations

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7
Q

What is a BSE?

A

Breeding Soundness Evaluation (BBSE)

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8
Q

What are the steps involved in a typical BSE evaluation?

A

General physical exam
Examination of external genitalia
Examination of internal genitalia
Semen evalualtion
Observation of libido and intromission

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9
Q

What are the five main things that you should look out for when examining the external male genitalia?

A

Persistent frenulums
Phimosis
Adhesions
Hernias
Inability to obtain or sustain erection

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10
Q

Give two examples of instruments that can be used for semen collection in large animals

A

Electro-ejaculator
Artificial vagina

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11
Q

What is the most essential factor that needs to be maintained when carrying out semen evaluation and why?

A

A temperature or around 37°C is essential for optimal sperm motility

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12
Q

Describe how semen evaluation should be carried out

A
  1. Dilution of the semen with normal saline
  2. Evaluate sperm motility (should be at least 30% motility)
  3. Stain the sperm with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain to evaluate the morphology (should be at least 60% normal morphology)
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13
Q

When collecting semen for artificial insemination, what should always be added to the sample?

A

Extender (water and buffer)
Energy source
Antibiotic

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14
Q

When collecting semen for artificial insemination, if you are cooling the collected sample what should be added to it?

A

A protector such as egg yolk, casein or caprogen should be added if the sample is being cooled

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15
Q

When collecting semen for artificial insemination, if you are deep freezing the collected sample what should be added to it?

A

An additional protector such as glycerol should be added if the sample is being deep freezed

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16
Q

List five advantages of artificial insemination in large animals

A
  1. Favourable genetics
  2. Safer
  3. Can use a variety of males without the costs of actually keeping them on the farm
  4. Less fertility variation
  5. Disease control
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17
Q

List three disadvantages of artificial insemination in large animals

A
  1. More management required
  2. Increased costs (collection, processing etc.)
  3. Storage facilities
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18
Q

List three reasons castration is done in farm animals?

A

Breeding control
Increased docility
Changes in the meat quality (meat will have a higher fat content)

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19
Q

What are the three different methods of castration used in farm animals?

A

Surgical castration
Burdizzo
Ring castration

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20
Q

Why are rams often vasectomised?

A

Vasectomised rams can be used to increased conception rates and to bring the breeding season forward through acting as a ‘teaser’ ram to align the ewe oestrus cycles ready for when an intact, fertile ram is turned out

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21
Q

Why are boars that are bred for meat killed or castrated at such a young age?

A

Because if the boar reaches sexual maturity, pheromones can result in ‘boar taint’ where the meat has a very unpleasant taste

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22
Q

How could you manipulate a mares breeding season to get her to come into season earlier in the year?

A

Artificial lights (reduces melatonin production and shortens the winter anoestrus period)

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23
Q

Which diseases should be tested for during a breeding soundness exam of the mare?

A

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)
Equine viral arteritis (EVA)

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24
Q

How do you test for Contagious equine metritis (CEM) in the mare?

A

Take a clitoral swab

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25
Q

How do you test for Equine viral arteritis (EVA) in the mare?

A

Blood sampling

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26
Q

What can often happen to the vulva of aged or poor body conditioned mares?

A

The vulva can slip cranio-dorsally over the ischium leading to the loss of the airtight seal of the vulval cleft. This can lead to vaginal irritation, infection and even reduced fertility

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27
Q

What can be used to correct poor conformation of the mare vulva?

A

Caslicks procedure

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28
Q

Which hormones can be administered to induce ovulation in the mare?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

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29
Q

Which hormones can be administered to synchronise a mare’s oestrus cycle?

A

Progesterone
Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)

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30
Q

In which breed of horse can artificial insemination and embryo transfer not be used?

A

Thoroughbred horses

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31
Q

Why are thoroughbred mares often bred within the postpartum period also known as ‘foal heat’?

A

Thoroughbred mares are often bred during their first oestrus cycle postpartum to improve the chances of maintaining yearly foal production

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32
Q

What are some of the consequences of prolonged post-mating endometritis (longer than 48 hrs)?

A

Reduced fertility
Affected embryonic attachment and survival

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33
Q

What can be used to prevent prolonged post-mating endometritis?

A

Reduced contamination
Post-breeding uterine lavage

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34
Q

How long is the gestation period in the mare?

A

320-365 days (approx. 11 months)

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35
Q

What is the most accurate method of pregnancy diagnosis in the mare?

A

Ultrasonography

36
Q

At which days of gestation should a mare be scanned for pregnancy?

A

First scan at 15 days, second scan between 25-28 days and the third scan at 34 days

37
Q

Why is ultrasonography so useful when scanning mares for pregnancy?

A

Ultrasonography allows the identification of twins very early on in the pregnancy, allowing the twin pregnancy to be rectified before there are too many complications

38
Q

What is the most common cause of abortion/stillbirth in the mare?

A

Placental dysfunction

39
Q

What are the common causes of placental dysfunction in the mare?

A

Premature separation of the foetus from the placenta
Twin foals
Placentitis

40
Q

What should be examined while investigating abortion in the mare?

A

Mare, foetus and placenta should all be investigated

41
Q

What is a colt?

A

An uncastrated male horse under four years of age

42
Q

What is a stallion?

A

An uncastrated male horse over four years of age

43
Q

What is a gelding?

A

A castrated male horse

44
Q

Which diseases should be tested for during a breeding soundness exam of the stallion?

A

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)
Equine viral arteritis (EVA)
Equine infectious anaemia (EIA)

45
Q

How do you test for Contagious equine metritis (CEM) in the stallion?

A

Urethral fossa swab

46
Q

How do you test for Equine viral arteritis (EVA) and Equine infectious anaemia in the stallion?

A

Blood sampling

47
Q

What are two signs that the stallion has ejaculated?

A

Tail flagging
Pulsation at the base of the penis as ejaculate passes through the urethra

48
Q

What are the two fractions of ejaculate?

A

Gel fraction: removed by filtation and discarded
Gel-free fraction: Contains majority of speramtozoa

49
Q

When performing artificial insemination of a mare what is the maximum time for the use of extended fresh semen?

A

Extended fresh semen should be used within 12 hours

50
Q

List six reasons why a male horse would be castrated?

A

Breeding control
Increased docility
Testicular neoplasia
Testicular trauma
Inguinal herniation
Spermatic cordtorsion

51
Q

Why are most male horses castrated at a young age (within 1-2 years)?

A

Castration can be done at any age but it becomes more risky with age

52
Q

Why are male horses not castrated in the summer?

A

When a horse is castrated, the scrotal incision is left open and there is a higher risk of miasis (fly strike) in the summer

53
Q

How do emasculators prevent haemorrhage in horse castration?

A

Emasculators crush the testicular vessels proximally and cut distally to achieve haemostasis

54
Q

What method of castration can not be used on stallions but can be used on colts?

A

Open castration

55
Q

Which complications are at higher risk following an open castration of a horse?

A

Haemorrhage
Profusion of tissue
Evisceration

56
Q

What is the term ‘rig’ used to describe the talking about horses?

A

‘Rig’ is the term used to describe a cryptorchid horse that behaves like a stallion even though it has no visible testicles

57
Q

What is the most common malignant skin tumour found in the horse?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

58
Q

Where on the horse is squamous cell carcinoma found?

A

Occular tissue
Genitalia
Nasal tissue
Mouth

59
Q

What are some of the physical signs that a bitch is in proestrus?

A

Swollen vulva
Bloody discharge

60
Q

What are some of the physical signs that a bitch is in oestrus?

A

Bloody discharge stops
Bitch will ‘stand’ for the male

61
Q

Other than physical signs, what else can be used to determine which phase of oestrous a bitch is in?

A

Vaginal cytology

62
Q

What type of cells would you see on a vaginal smear of a bitch that was in proestrus?

A

Erythrocytes and nucleated epithelial cells

63
Q

What type of cells would you see on a vaginal smear of a bitch that was in oestrus?

A

Fewer erythrocytes and cornified epithelial cells

64
Q

What can be used to determine the time of ovulation in the bitch?

A

Progesterone levels (most often used)
Luteinising hormone (LH) levels

65
Q

How would you use progesterone levels to determine when a bitch is ovulating?

A

Carry out a progesterone ELISA every two days, when progesterone levels have reached 5ng/ml, ovulation is most likely to occur

66
Q

What are the disadvantages of using luteinising hormone (LH) levels to determine when a bitch is ovulating?

A

Daily testing required
Expensive
Ovulation time is often missed due to the rapid LH surge

67
Q

Why is the optimal conception time for the bitch 2-5 days after ovulation?

A

After ovulation, it takes the ova a further 48 hours to fully mature into secondary ova and become fertilisable. The ova can then survive and remain fertilisable for a further 2-3 days within the female reproductive tract

68
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in the bitch?

A

The most common cause of infertility in the bitch is mating at the wrong time

69
Q

How long can sperm survive within the female reproductive system of the bitch?

A

Sperm can survive 5-7 days

70
Q

What are some of the benefits of artificial insemination in dogs?

A

Reduced risk of disease transmission
Increased gene pool
Improved fertility

71
Q

What type of insemination should fresh/chilled semen be used for in the bitch?

A

Fresh/chilled semen should be used for intravaginal insemination

72
Q

What type of insemination should frozen semen be used for in the dog?

A

Frozen semen should be used for intracervical insemination

73
Q

What are the four different methods of pregnancy diagnosis that can be used in the bitch?

A

Abdominal palpation
Ultrasonography
Radiography
Relaxin assay

74
Q

At which stage of gestation can abdominal palpation be used to diagnose pregnancy in the bitch?

A

Abdominal palpation can be used to diagnose pregnancy from 28-35 days into gestation

75
Q

At which stage of gestation can a foetal heartbeat be heard using ultrasonography in a bitch pregnancy?

A

A foetal heartbeat can be heard using ultrasonography from 24-28 days into gestation

76
Q

What is the only method of pregnancy diagnosis in the bitch that can be used to accurately determine the number of and position of the foetuses?

A

Radiography

77
Q

When can a relaxin assay be used to diagnose pregnancy in the bitch?

A

Relaxin assay can be used to diagnose pregnancy 3-4 weeks after mating has occurred

78
Q

Why do all bitches have a physiological pseudopregnancy?

A

Pseudopregnancy is due to the long luteal phase and thus increased prolactin production seen in the bitch

79
Q

What can be used to treat a prolonged pseudopregnancy in the bitch?

A

Prolactin inhibitors

80
Q

What are the three main reasons for neutering in dogs?

A

Breeding control
Medical reasons
Behavioural reasons

81
Q

List three reasons why a dog may not be neutered?

A

If the dog is being used for breeding
Risk of behavioural changes
Risks of weight gain

82
Q

Why should an elective ovariohysterectomy be carried out when the bitch is in anoestrus?

A

To prevent a prolonged state of pseudopregnancy

83
Q

What are the three main medical reasons for carrying out an ovariohysterectomy in the bitch?

A

Pyometra
Ovarian neoplasia
Mammary neoplasia

84
Q

What are the four main medical reasons for carrying out a castration in the male dog?

A

Prostatic hyperplasia
Testicular neoplasia
Perineal hernia
Cysteine urolithiasis

85
Q

(T/F) There is an increased risk of prostatic neoplasia in neutered males

A

TRUE

86
Q

What is the non-surgical option used for dog castrations?

A

Subcutaneous Deslorin implant (GnRH antagonist)

MODULE 5 - Reproduction (22 decks)

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