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MODULE 5 - Reproduction > ANATOMY - Non-Pregnant Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Non-Pregnant Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the ovaries?

A

Ova development and release
Hormone production and release

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2
Q

What is the average size for the ovaries of the bitch, cow, sow and mare?

A

Bitch: 1-2cm long
Cow: 3-4cm long
Sow: 5cm long
Mare: up to 10cm long

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3
Q

What are the three main anatomical regions of the ovary?

A

Hilus
Vascular zone
Parenchymal zone

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4
Q

What is the function of the hilus of an ovary?

A

The hilus is the attachment site for the rest of the tubular tract and the entry point for blood vessels and nerves

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5
Q

Where is the vascular and parenchymal zone usually located in the ovary?

A

Vascular zone is usually central
Parenchymal zone is usually in the periphery

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6
Q

What occurs at the site of the parenchymal zone?

A

The parenchymal zone is the site of folliculogenesis

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7
Q

What are the two anatomical differences seen in mare ovaries?

A
  • The regions are reversed. The parenchymal zone is central while the vascular zone is on the outside
  • The ovary has an ovulation fossa
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8
Q

What is the purpose of the ovulation fossa present in the mare ovary?

A

The ovulation fossa is the site of ovulation in the mare ovary as ovulation cannot occur in the vascular zone

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9
Q

Which hormone is produced by follicles?

A

Oestrogen

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10
Q

How do fluid filled follicles appear on ultrasound?

A

Anechoic due to being fluid filled

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11
Q

Why do the pre-ovulatory follicles in the mare go from appearing spherical to pear shaped on the ultrasound?

A

Because the pre-ovulatory follicles migrate to the ovulation fossa, causing them to appear pear shaped

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12
Q

Pre-ovulatory follicles continue to grow and develop before ovulation. What is the correct size for pre-ovulatory follicles in cows and mares?

A

Cows: 1.5-2cm
Mares: 5cm

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13
Q

In the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle, what can accumulate in the antral cavity of the ovulated follicle?

A

Slight haemorrhage can accumulate in the antral cavity of the ovulated follicle, known as the corpus haemorrhagicum

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14
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

The temporary functional structure made up of luteal cells which develops in the antral cavity of the ovulated follicle

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15
Q

What is the name of the fluid filled centre often seen in the corpus luteum?

A

Lacuna

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16
Q

What is the structural difference seen in cow corpus luteums compared to other species?

A

Corpus luteum can project beyond the surface of ovary forming an ovulation papilla

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17
Q

What is a corpus albicans?

A

A non-functional small white scar left over from the regression of the corpus luteum

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18
Q

Define polyoestrous animals

A

Polyoestrous: continuous oestrous cycles until pregnancy or until reaching seasonal anoestrus

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19
Q

Define mono-oestrous animals

A

Mono-oestrous: one oestrous cycle annually

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20
Q

Describe how polyoestrous animals have continuous oestrous cycles until pregnancy or until reaching seasonal anoestrus

A

Prostaglandin is released from the uterus which causes lysis of the corpus luteum allowing the onset of the next oestrous cycle. As the corpus luteum is regressing, follicles begin to develop

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21
Q

Describe how mono-oestrous animals only have one oestrous cycle annually

A

There is no prostaglandin intervention so the corpus luteum regresses naturally so the animal enters a state of natural anoestrus until the corpus luteus is fully regressed and follicles can begin to develop

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22
Q

Why do cows undergo a short period of postpartum anoestrus?

A

To allow the uterus to return to its normal state before the oestrous cycle starts again

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23
Q

What is common cause of an abnormal prolonged period of postpartum anoestrus?

A

Luteal cysts

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24
Q

How can luteal cysts be treated in cows?

A

Administering prostaglandin

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25
Q

How can luteal cysts be differentiated from normal fluid filled follicles in cows on an ultrasound?

A

The luteal cysts are usually bigger than 2cm, which is the maximum size of normal fluid filled follicles in cows

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26
Q

What are the possible methods of ovary examination in large animals?

A

Transrectal palpation
Transrectal ultrasound

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27
Q

What are the possible methods of ovary examination in small animals?

A

Transabdominal ultrasound

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28
Q

What is the function of the oviducts?

A

The transportation of the ovum distally and the sperm proximally

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29
Q

What are the three main regions of the oviducts?

A
  • Infundibulum
  • Ampulla
  • Isthmus
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30
Q

What is the function of the infundibulum?

A

The fimbriae of the infundibulum catch the ovum released from the ovary during ovulation

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31
Q

What is the function of the ampulla?

A

The ampulla is the site of fertilisation

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32
Q

What are the two main regions of the uterus?

A

Uterine horns
Uterine body

33
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A
  • Transport of semen to the oviducts
  • Expulsion of seminal fluid after copulation
  • Preparation and maintenance of pregnancy
  • Expulsion of the foetus during parturition
34
Q

Describe the structure of the uterus of litter bearing animals (bitch, queen and sow)

A

The uterus has long uterine horns (to accommodate multiple foetuses) with a short uterine body and a short septum extending into the body of the uterus

35
Q

What is the anatomical difference in the sow uterus compared to other litter bearing animals?

A

The sow uterus has no septum but instead has a sphincter at the junction between the uterine body and horns

36
Q

Describe the structure of the uterus of animals which bear multiple foetuses (ruminants)

A

The uterus has relatively long, coiled uterine horns with a dorsal and ventral intercornual ligament between the horns. The uterine body is short with a long septum extending into the body of the uterus

37
Q

How can you tell the difference between the cow and ewe reproductive tract?

A

The ewe reproductive tract is smaller than the cow and often has pigmentation around the areas of the oviducts

38
Q

Describe the structure of the uterus of animals which bear only one foetus (mare)

A

The uterine horns and body are relatively the same length with no septum

39
Q

What are the three histological layers of the uterine wall?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

40
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

The cervix is a sphincter which controls the passage between the uterus and the vagina

41
Q

Where do the internal and external endings of the cervical canal open into?

A

Internal os: opens into the uterus
External os: opens into the vagina

42
Q

Describe the appearance of the cervix during oestrus

A

The cervix is open due to reduced myometrial tone and increased lubricant mucus production

43
Q

Describe the appearance of the cervix during the luteal phase and pregnancy

A

The cervix is closed due to increased myometrial tone and sticky mucous production

44
Q

What are pulvini present in the sow cervix?

A

Pulvini are a series of interlocking cushions which form a spiral within the sow cervix

45
Q

What should be used to visually examine the cervix?

A

Vaginoscope

46
Q

Why does the vagina have long longitudinal mucosal folds?

A

To allow the vagina to be distensible for copulation and parturition

47
Q

Why do veterinary practitioners often swab the mare clitoral fossa?

A

To test for Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)

48
Q

What are the functions of the vestibular glands located in the vestibular mucosa?

A

Mucus and pheromone secretion

49
Q

Why is it often difficult to place a urinary catheter in a bitch?

A

Because the urethral orifice has two depressions on either side which the catheter can get stuck on

50
Q

Why is it often difficult to place a urinary catheter in a cow?

A

Because the urethral orifice has a sub-urethral diverticulum which the catheter can get stuck on

51
Q

What is the hymen?

A

The hymen is a transverse mucosal fold located at the vaginal-vestibular junction

52
Q

Describe the structure of the vulva

A

The vulva is formed by two skin covered folds known as the labia with a vertical opening known as the vulval cleft

53
Q

What is the function of the broad ligament?

A

Suspension of the female reproductive tract from the body wall

54
Q

What are the regions of the broad ligament and which regions of the reproductive tract do each of them support?

A

Mesovarium: supports the ovaries
Mesosalphinx: fold of the mesovarium which supports the oviducts
Mesometrium: supports the uterus and cervix

55
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligament within the mesovarium?

A

Suspensory ligament: attaches the ovaries to the abdominal wall

56
Q

What is the function of the proper ligament within the mesovarium?

A

Proper ligament: attaches the ovaries to the uterine horns

57
Q

What is the function of the round ligament within the mesometrium?

A

Round ligament: located within the mesometrium running continually from the proper ligament to attach the uterine horns to the inguinal canal

58
Q

What forms the ovarian bursa?

A

Mesovarium and Mesosalphinx

59
Q

What are the intra-abdominal/peritoneal components of the female tubular tract?

A

Ovaries, uterus, cervix, cranial vagina

60
Q

What is the extra-abdominal/retroperitoneal component of the female tubular tract?

A

Caudal vagina

61
Q

What are the extra-pelvic structures of the female tubular tract?

A

Vestibule and vulva

62
Q

Where are the ovaries located within the abdominal cavity of the bitch?

A

Ovaries are caudal to the ipsilateral kidney with the right ovary being more cranial than the left

63
Q

Where are the uterine horns located within the abdominal cavity of the bitch?

A

Uterine horns are dorsal to the intestines, passing lateral to the colon

64
Q

Where is the uterine body, cervix and cranial vagina located in most animals?

A

These structures will be located between the colon and the bladder

65
Q

What causes the ovaries of the mare, sow and ruminants to be more caudal to the kidneys than those in the bitch?

A

This is due to the absence of the suspensory ligament

66
Q

List the four peritoneal pouches

A
  • Para-rectal fossa
  • Genito-rectal pouch
  • Vesico-genital pouch
  • Pubo-vesicle pouch
67
Q

Where is the caudal vagina located within the pelvic cavity?

A

Between the rectum and the urethra

68
Q

Why is the use of a vaginoscope more challenging in bitches and mares compared to cows?

A

Because the vagina and vestibule of the cow are both horizontal, whereas the vestibule of the bitch and mare is angled caudo-ventral to the horizontal vagina

69
Q

In a healthy mare, where should the vulval cleft of the vulva be located?

A

The vulval cleft should be ventral to the ischium (pelvic floor)

70
Q

What are the three arteries which supply the female reproductive tract?

A
  • Ovarian artery
  • Uterine artery
  • Vaginal artery
71
Q

Why is it so important to properly ligate the ovarian artery during an ovariohysterectomy?

A

Because the ovarian artery is a high pressure artery which branches directly off of the aorta. If the ligatures fail then the animal could bleed out

72
Q

Which structures of the female reproductive tract are supplied by the ovarian branch of the ovarian artery?

A

Ovaries

73
Q

Which structures of the female reproductive tract are supplied by the uterine branch of the ovarian artery?

A

Oviducts and uterus

74
Q

The uterine artery usually branches from the internal or external iliac artery. How does this differ in bitches?

A

In bitches, the uterine artery branches off of the vaginal artery

75
Q

Which structure of the female reproductive tract are supplied by the uterine artery?

A

Uterus

76
Q

Describe how both the uterine branch of the ovarian artery and the uterine artery supply the uterus

A

The uterine branch of the ovarian artery and the uterine artery anastomose to form an arterial arcade to both supply the uterus

77
Q

Which structures of the female reproductive tract are supplied by the uterine branch of the vaginal artery?

A

Caudal region of the tubular tract

78
Q

What are the lymph nodes which are involved in the drainage of the ovaries and cranial tubular tract?

A

Aortic lymph nodes
Medial iliac lymph nodes

79
Q

What are the lymph nodes which are involved in the drainage of the caudal tubular tract?

A

Medial iliac lymph nodes
Pelvic lymph nodes

MODULE 5 - Reproduction (22 decks)

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