physiology of training terms (ch5)

Question 1

a group of specialized myocardial cells, located in the wall of the right atrium that controls the hearts rate of contraction

the pacemaker of the heart

Answer 1

sinoatrial node (SA node)

Question 2

the specialized mass of conducting cells in the heart located at the atrioventricular junction

Answer 2

atrioventricular node (AV node)

Question 3

to decrease the electrical potential across a membrane, as when the inside of a neuron becomes less negative to the outside

Answer 3

depolarize

Question 4

to restore the difference in charge between the inside and outside of the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber or cell following depolarization

Answer 4

repolarize

Question 5

local control of blood distribution (through vasodilation) in response to a tissues changing metabolic needs

Answer 5

autoregulation

Question 6

fat cells

Answer 6

adipocytes

Question 7

the mechanism by which an increased amount of blood in the ventricle places a stretch on the cardiac muscle fibers, thereby causing a stronger ventricular contraction to increase the amount of blood ejected

Answer 7

Frank-Starling mechanism

Question 8

the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk, that the left and right ventricles of the heart must overcome to eject blood

Answer 8

afterload

Question 9

the pumping up of muscle that happens during a single exercise bout, resulting mainly from fluid accumulation in the interstitial and intracellular spaces of the muscle

Answer 9

transient hypertrophy

Question 10

swelling resulting from an excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body

Answer 10

edema

Question 11

a measure of the amount of air that passes through the lungs in one minute; calculated as the tidal volume multiplied by the ventilatory rate

Answer 11

minute ventilation

Question 12

the sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle against too much stress

Answer 12

muscle spindles

Question 13

a sensory organ with a tendon that, when stimulated, causes an inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force

Answer 13

Golgi tendon organs (GTO)

Question 14

point of transition between predominately aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production; involves recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers and identified via gas exchange during exercise testing

Answer 14

ventilatory threshold

Question 15

a branch of the autonomic nervous system responsible for mobilizing the body’s energy and resources during times of stress and arousal

opposes the physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

sympathetic nervous system

Question 16

a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is involved in regulating the routine functions of the body

opposes the physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 16

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 17

the production of glucose from non-sugar substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids

Answer 17

gluconeogenesis

Question 18

the release of triglycerides from fat cells

Answer 18

lipolysis

Question 19

three fatty acids joined to a glycerol (carbon and hydrogen structure) backbone; how fat is stored in the body

Answer 19

triglycerides

Question 20

soreness that occurs 24 to 48 hours after strenuous exercise, the exact cause of which is unknown

Answer 20

delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

Question 21

an abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body; usually the result of a low-carbohydrate diet, fasting, or starvation

Answer 21

ketosis

Question 22

polypeptide structurally similar to insulin that is secreted either during fetal development or during childhood and that mediates growth hormone activity

Answer 22

insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

Question 23

type of stretching that involves taking the joints through their ranges of motion while continuously moving

often beneficial in warming up for a particular sport or activity that involves the same joint movements

Answer 23

dynamic stretching

Question 24

a series of chemical reactions that act to break pyruvate down to carbon dioxide, water, and many hydrogen-powered molecules known as NADH and FADH2

Answer 24

Kreb’s cycle

Question 25

a deficiency of glucose in the blood commonly caused by too much insulin, too little glucose, or too much exercise

most commonly found in the insulin-dependent diabetic and characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, confusion, headache, nausea, or anxiety

Answer 25

hypoglycemia

Question 26

an internal state of physiological balance

Answer 26

homeostasis

Question 27

a metabolic by-product of anaerobic glycolysis

when accumulates it increases blood pH, which slows down enzyme activity and ultimately causes fatigue

Answer 27

lactic acid

Question 28

the narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly in the periphery of the body (limbs)

Answer 28

peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 29

the process by which the body generates heat from energy production

Answer 29

thermogenesis

Question 30

a cluster of factors associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease and diabetes

Answer 30

metabolic syndrome (MetS)

Question 31

the amount of resistance that can be moved though the range of motion one time before the muscle is temporarily fatigued

Answer 31

one-repetition maximum (1 RM)

Question 32

the frequency of impulses sent to a muscle

increased force can be generated through an increase in either the number of muscle fibers recruited or the rate at which the impulses are sent

Answer 32

rate coding

Question 33

the tension generating response following the application of a single stimulus to muscle

Answer 33

twitch

Question 34

the repeated stimulation of a muscle that leads to an increase in tension compared to single twitch

Answer 34

summation

Question 35

the highest tension developed by a muscle in response to high frequency of stimulation

Answer 35

tetanus

Question 36

a chemical substance such as acetylcholine or dopamine that transmits nerve impulses across synapses

Answer 36

neurotransmitter

Question 37

the form of endoplasmic reticulum where calcium is stored to be used for muscle activation; located in striated muscle fibers

Answer 37

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 38

the principle that a physiological system subjected to above-normal stress will respond by increasing in strength or function accordingly

Answer 38

overload

Question 39

the systematic process of applying overload

Answer 39

progression

Question 40

the principle of exercise training that suggests that any improvement in physical fitness due to physical activity is entirely reversible with the discontinuation of the training program

Answer 40

reversibility

Question 41

holding a nonmoving (static) position to immobilize a joint in a position that places the desired muscles and connective tissues passively at their greatest possible length

Answer 41

static stretching

Question 42

the reflex inhibition of the motor neurons of antagonists when the agonists are contracted

Answer 42

reciprocal inhibition

Question 43

an involuntary motor response that, when stimulated, causes a suddenly stretched muscle to respond with a corresponding contraction

Answer 43

stretch reflex

Question 44

the basic functional unit of the myofibril containing the contractile proteins that generate skeletal muscle movements

Answer 44

sarcomere